Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Geography”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Variation in organochlorine bioaccumulation by a predatory fish; gender, geography, and data analysis methods.

SigmaPCB and p,p'-DDE levels within and among walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) populations were examined to determine how the method of data analysis could influence the interpretation of (i) gender differences and (ii) geographic variation. In the lower Great Lakes (Huron, Erie, and Ontario) whole-body burdens of both contaminants tended to increase with body mass at a faster rate in males than in females. Thus, males generally had higher burdens than females at large body sizes but not at small body sizes. This result was not strongly influenced by the method of expressing contaminant level (burden, wet mass concentration, or lipid mass concentration) but was influenced by the choice of covariate (body mass, body length, or age) in some cases. Mean sigmaPCB and p,p'-DDE concentrations of walleye muscle declined along a gradient from the lower Great Lakes to the Northwest Territories. Analyses using means adjusted for age yielded a stronger contrast between Great Lakes and non-Great Lakes populations than analyses using means adjusted for body length. The gender composition of fish samples and the type and level of covariate used in statistical analyses should be considered in studies of spatiotemporal variation in organochlorine bioaccumulation in fish.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Expanded school mental health services: assessing needs related to school level and geography.

We surveyed 62 school administrators from three midatlantic (MD, VA, WV) and one northeastern (CT) state on factors relevant to developing school-based mental health programs. Administrators were from schools that varied on education level (elementary, middle, and high) and geographic location (urban, suburban, and rural), with equivalent numbers in each subgroup. Administrators provided ratings to questions grouped in five categories: (a) Stressful Conditions, (b) Internalizing Behavioral Problems, (c) Externalizing Behavioral Problems, (d) Substance Abuse, and (e) Barriers to Mental Health Care, and provided open-ended comments on needs of youth and mental health programs for them. They rated behavioral and substance abuse problems as progressively more serious as students advanced in school level. Urban youth were reported to encounter higher stress and present more severe internalizing problems than suburban or rural youth. Suburban and rural schools provided more health and mental health services than urban schools. Across geographic locales, physical health services far outnumbered mental health services. Findings related to barriers to mental health care, and the viability of schools as delivery sites for comprehensive mental health services, are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the near east.

About 12,000 years ago, humans began the transition from hunter-gathering to a sedentary, agriculture-based society. From its origins in the Near East, farming expanded throughout Europe, Asia and Africa, together with various domesticated plants and animals. Where, how and why agriculture originated is still debated. But newer findings, on the basis of genome-wide measures of genetic similarity, have traced the origins of some domesticated cereals to wild populations of naturally occurring grasses that persist in the Near East. A better understanding of the genetic differences between wild grasses and domesticated crops adds important facets to the continuing debate on the origin of Western agriculture and the societies to which it gave rise.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Geographies of infant feeding and access to primary health-care.

Although the benefits of breastfeeding to mother and infant are now well established, within Britain initiation rates are low and have changed little since 1980. This is despite many health promotion initiatives aiming to increase breastfeeding. In this paper we discuss some of the findings of an exploratory qualitative research study of infant feeding decisions in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, where health professionals are actively seeking to increase local breastfeeding initiation and duration rates. Our findings suggest that for health promotion initiatives to be effective across all social groups, there needs to be (i) a socio-cultural understanding of different social groups' access to and interpretation of pre- and postnatal formal breastfeeding support health services, and (ii) more appreciation of how mothers' informal support networks impact on their access to, interpretation and use of formal breastfeeding support.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The relationship between socio-economic status, geography, symptomatic carotid territory disease and carotid endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: recent evidence suggests a strong association between socio-economic status and atherosclerosis. However, little information exists on the relationship between socio-economic status, symptomatic carotid disease and rates of carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The aim was to evaluate the Carstair Deprivation Score (CDS) of (1) patients admitted with symptomatic carotid disease, and (2) those undergoing CEA in one health board. METHOD: the CDS score was determined from the post-codes of all patients admitted with a diagnosis of transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke due to cerebral infarction (ISD 9 codes 433.1, 433.09, 435, 437.1; ICD-10: 165.2, 163, 163.2, G45.1, G45.3, G45.9) between 1st April 1995 and 31st March 2000. Expected and actual rates for each of the CDS (1 to 7) were determined by direct and indirect methods of standardisation allowing for age and sex. A similar analysis was performed for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Results were analysed using the Mantel-Haenszel test. Only first time admissions and CEA were included. RESULTS: 1203 patients were admitted with the main diagnosis of symptomatic carotid disease. The admission rate of symptomatic patients was less than expected in the more affluent group (Carstair 1, p < 0.005) and significantly higher in the most deprived group (Carstair 7, p < 0.001). In comparison 192 patients underwent CEA. There were no differences between the expected and actual rates of CEA in each CDS, but the rates tended to be higher in the most affluent group. Geographical variation was also demonstrated with an increased rate of CEA in those patients living in the cities and a reduced rate in those in the rural communities. CONCLUSION: patients from deprived socio-economic groups had a higher rate of symptomatic carotid disease, but this was not matched by an increased rate of CEA. This suggests that socio-economic inequalities in the prevalence of symptomatic carotid artery disease and treatment exist.

Carotid Artery Diseases↗
PubMed2004

The world of geography: visualizing a knowledge domain with cartographic means.

From an informed critique of existing methods to the development of original tools, cartographic engagement can provide a unique perspective on knowledge domain visualization. Along with a discussion of some principles underlying a cartographically informed visualization methodology, results of experiments involving several thousand conference abstracts will be sketched and their plausibility reflected on.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1990

The end of an affair? Geography and fertility in late post-transitional societies.

A common theme in the writings of population geographers with a fertility interest has been a concern with the convergence of interregional fertility differentials. It is now clear, however, that the widespread achievement in western societies of below-replacement fertility has resulted in a dramatic diminution of most forms of differential fertility, whether sectoral or spatial. The question of "what remains for the spatial analyst working in the traditional ecological mode?" must therefore be asked. An analysis of small-area fertility differentials in NSW in 1986 suggests (a) that most of the variability in local marital and total fertility is not statistically significant, and (b) that even if this problem is ignored, traditional ecological analysis has only trivial 'explanatory' power. While complete spatial uniformity is unlikely ever to be achieved, it is argued that the intrasocietal convergence of reproductive norms and behavior has proceeded so far that conventional geographic approaches to the analysis of fertility are unlikely any longer to be, if they ever were, fruitful

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The changing geography of U.S. Hispanics, 1850-1990.

"In 1930, the majority of Hispanics were of Mexican descent and lived in the five Southwestern states of Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. After World War II the Latino migrant stream began to diversify and include large numbers of Caribbeans, and Central and South Americans who generally settled in the Eastern states and California.... The U.S. Hispanic population has increased from approximately one million in 1930, to approximately 32 million in 1997. County maps chronicle the changing distribution and numbers of Hispanics from 1850 to 1990."

Americas↗
PubMed1992

The changing geography of mortality in Norway, 1969-1989.

"Changes in the geographical mortality pattern for Norway between 1969 and 1989 are explored for total mortality, coronary heart disease, stomach cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, infant mortality and suicide. The period has shown considerable flux. Coronary heart disease mortality used to be higher in urban than rural areas, but the situation has now reversed (for men) or equalized (for women). The excess infant mortality in the periphery has been eliminated. Suicide has increased faster in fishing and farming areas than in the cities. The changes are interpreted through some concepts and models: the epidemiological transition, geographical and social diffusion, regional restructuring, changes of the physical environment and geographical uniqueness." Data are from official sources.

Biology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The geography of elderly minority populations in the United States.

"Because minority populations often have greater needs for health care and fewer resources to pay for it, it is important to assess the demand for services. This paper takes an initial step in that direction by focusing upon the geographic distribution of elderly minority populations in the United States. The study is carried out at several spatial scales, and it is concluded that elderly minority populations tend to be even more segregated than their non-elderly counterparts."

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Can census offices publish statistics for more than one small area geography? An analysis of the differencing problem in statistical disclosure.

"The paper describes a problem faced by National Statistical Offices when publishing the results of decennial censuses for small geographical areas. If they publish statistical tables for two or more sets of areas, users can compare the tables and produce new statistics for the areas formed by differencing, which may have populations below confidentiality thresholds. To investigate the problem, the authors construct a software system and carry out a series of experiments using a large synthetic population base for Yorkshire and Humberside [in England]. The results indicate that publishing statistics for zones close in size to the primary areas is not safe unless the zones have been carefully designed. However, publishing statistics for sufficiently large areas such as 5km grid squares or postal sectors alongside enumeration districts is safe."

Censuses↗