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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Phenomenology of gasoline intoxication and withdrawal symptoms among adolescents in India: a case series.

Inhalant withdrawal symptoms have previously been described but not well documented. This case-series describes the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of nine children and adolescents with gasoline abuse. Gasoline inhalation was the drug of choice in our patients. The mean age was 13.6 years and all the subjects belonged to low socioeconomic status. Most of the subjects used daily and all subjects reported alcohol abuse in the father. All subjects reported a syndrome of intoxication as described in previous reports. All subjects also reported a withdrawal syndrome including irritability, psychomotor retardation, anhedonia, dry mouth, sleep disturbances, craving, and increased lacrimation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The uptake, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of methyl tertiary-butyl ether inhaled alone and in combination with gasoline vapor.

The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the tissue uptake, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in rats and to determine the effects of coinhalation of the volatile fraction of unleaded gasoline on these parameters. Male F344 rats were exposed nose-only once for 4 h to 4, 40, or 400 ppm 14C-MTBE and to 20 and 200 ppm of the light fraction of unleaded gasoline (LFG) containing 4 and 40 ppm 14C-MTBE, respectively. To evaluate the effects of repeated inhalation of LFG on the fate of inhaled MTBE, rats were exposed for 7 consecutive days to 20 and 200 ppm LFG followed on d 8 by exposure to LFG containing 14C-MTBE. Three subgroups of rats were included for evaluation of respiratory parameters, rates and routes of excretion, and tissue distribution and elimination. MTBE and its chief metabolite, tertiary-butyl alcohol, were quantitated in blood and kidney (immediately after exposure), and the major urinary metabolites, 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid and 2-methyl-1,2- propanediol, were identified and quantified in urine. Inhalation of MTBE alone or as a component of LFG had no concentration-dependent effect on respiratory minute volume. The initial body burdens (IBBs) of MTBE equivalents achieved after 4 h of exposure to MTBE did not increase linearly with exposure concentration. MTBE equivalents rapidly distributed to all tissues examined, with the largest percentages distributed to liver. Between 40 and 400 ppm, there was a significant reduction in percentage of the IBB present in the major organs examined, both immediately and 72 h after exposure. At 400 ppm, the elimination rates of MTBE equivalents from tissues changed significantly. Furthermore, at 400 ppm there was a significant decrease in the elimination half-time of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath and a significant increase in the percentage of the IBB of MTBE equivalents eliminated as VOCs in breath. LFG coexposure significantly decreased the percentage of the MTBE equivalent IBBs in tissues and increased rates of elimination of MTBE equivalents. The study results indicate that the uptake and fate of inhaled MTBE are altered upon increasing exposure levels from 4 to 400 ppm, suggesting that toxic effects observed previously upon repeated inhalation of concentrations of 400 ppm or greater may not necessarily be linearly extrapolated to effects that might occur at lower concentrations. Furthermore, coexposure to LFG, whether acute or repeated, decreases tissue burdens of MTBE equivalents and enhances the elimination rate of MTBE and its metabolites, thereby potentially reducing the toxic effects of the MTBE compared to when it is inhaled alone.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1993

Hepatocyte cell proliferation in mice after inhalation exposure to unleaded gasoline vapor.

Chronic inhalation exposure to unleaded gasoline (UG) induced an increase in liver tumors in female but not male mice. Unleaded gasoline exhibits little, if any, genotoxic activity in vitro or in vivo in the female mouse liver, suggesting that other biological effects such as the induction of cell turnover or altered growth control may play a role in this carcinogenic process. To better understand the role of UG-induced hepatocyte proliferation with respect to the dose- and sex-specific tumor response, male and female B6C3F1 mice were housed in 1-m3 single-pass flow-through inhalation chambers and administered UG under exposure conditions that produced tumors in the chronic studies. Mice were exposed to targeted concentrations of 67, 292, or 2056 ppm PS-6 blend of UG vapor 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for up to 13 wk. Liver weights were elevated significantly in male and female mice exposed to 2056 ppm UG at wk, 1, 3, 6, and 13. No elevation in liver-specific serum enzymes was noted in treated animals, nor were there any significant histopathological changes in the liver, indicating a lack of overt hepatotoxicity. Hepatocyte proliferation, expressed as nuclear labeling index (Ll), was measured immunohistochemically after 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine administration via an osmotic minipump implanted three days before the animals were killed. A 6-to 10-fold increase in Ll compared to controls was observed in male and female mice exposed to 2056 ppm UG at wk 1, with a return to control levels at wk 3, 6, and 13. Mice exposed to 67 or 292 ppm UG did not show any increase in Ll. The mode by which an agent induces cell proliferation is an important consideration in mechanistic studies and the risk assessment process. These data indicate an early transient mitogenic stimulation of cell proliferation, rather than regeneration secondary to cytotoxicity, in the livers of UG-treated mice. The observed proliferative response after UG exposure in the male mouse in the absence of a tumorigenic response suggests that effects in addition to the early transient hepatocyte proliferation response are critical in understanding the sex-specific hepatocarcinogenic response of this complex mixture.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1979

Service station attendants' exposure to benzene and gasoline vapors.

Service station attendants' exposure to benzene, based on 85 TWA results at 7 stations, were well below 1 ppm except one exposure of 2.08 ppm. Short term exposures were 1.21 ppm or less over 15 minutes. Attendants' TWA exposures to total gasoline vapor were 114 ppm or less, with measured 15 minute exposures no higher than 100 ppm during actual filling operations. One station had vapor recovery nozzles; exposures here were below the detectable level (0.01 ppm benzene) on 10% more days than the next lowest station. Still, the magnitude of overall exposures and the degree of reduction indicate that vapor recovery is not needed to control exposures. Some attendants had consistently higher exposures than others. This is felt to be due to work practices, such as standing close to the fill opening, plus local wind conditions around the car as it is filled with gasoline.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1986

Gasoline vapor exposures. Part II. Evaluation of the nephrotoxicity of the major C4/C5 hydrocarbon components.

Analysis of workplace exposures to gasoline vapors revealed that C4 and C5 hydrocarbons constitute anywhere from 67 to 74% by weight of a typical vapor. Furthermore, it was found that n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, and isopentane together comprise greater than 90% of all the C4/C5 vapor components and approximately 61 to 67% by weight of the total vapor. Accordingly, a 21-day inhalation toxicity study of a blend consisting of 25% (w/w) each of these four hydrocarbons was conducted using rats to assess the potential for these major gasoline vapor components to induce kidney damage. No evidence of the kidney lesions typically associated with hydrocarbon-induced nephropathy was observed in rats exposed at up to 11 800 mg/m3 (4437 ppm) of the blend.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1993

Promotion of preneoplastic lesions and induction of CYP2B by unleaded gasoline vapor in female B6C3F1 mouse liver.

An initiation-promotion protocol was used to test the hypothesis that unleaded gasoline (UG) vapor acts as a liver tumor promoter in female mice under exposure conditions in which UG was hepatocarcinogenic in a cancer bioassay. Twelve day old female B6C3F1 mice were injected with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle. Starting at 5-7 weeks of age, mice were exposed by inhalation 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks to 0 or 2039 p.p.m. of PS-6 blend UG, the same gasoline blend used in the cancer bioassay. Putative preneoplastic lesions in liver, characterized mainly as basophilic foci in H&E-stained liver sections, were found exclusively in mice treated with DEN. While similar numbers of altered hepatic foci were found in DEN-initiated mice treated with 0 or 2039 p.p.m. UG, UG treatment significantly increased both the mean volume (3.2-fold) and the volume fraction (3.6-fold) of the foci. To determine if UG induced CYP2B, a subfamily of cytochrome P450 commonly induced by liver tumor promoters in rodents, pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD) activity was assayed in hepatic microsomes derived from the above livers. UG vapor increased hepatic PROD activity approximately 8-fold, while increasing cytochrome P450 content only approximately 30%. To ascertain if a more recent blend of UG, API 91-1, would have similar biological effects as PS-6, female B6C3F1 mice were gavaged for 3 days with corn oil or 1800 mg/kg/day PS-6 or API 91-1 blend UG. PS-6 and API 91-1 blend UG induced similar increases in relative liver weight (approximately 25%), PROD activity (approximately 9-fold) and hepatocyte labeling index (approximately 8-fold) relative to controls. These data demonstrate that PS-6 blend UG vapor promotes preneoplastic lesions and induces CYP2B in female mouse liver under exposure conditions in which it causes liver tumors, and suggest that a more recent blend of UG may have similar effects.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infrared breath alcohol analysis following inhalation of gasoline fumes.

The effect of inhalation of gasoline fumes on breath ethyl alcohol testing by infrared absorption was examined. A subject inhaled gasoline fumes for a period of approximately 15 minutes and was then tested on an intoxilyzer. When 10 minutes had elapsed after gas inhalation had ceased, no response was found with the intoxilyzer.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed1997

Changes in neuropsychological symptoms and moods among tanker drivers exposed to gasoline during a work week.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the neuropsychological symptoms and moods among tanker drivers during a work week and the associations of the changes with exposure to gasoline (including 10% methyl-tert-butyl ether). The target group for the study consisted of 101 road tanker drivers from three Finnish oil companies in various parts of Finland. The control group consisted of 100 milk delivery drivers from two milk companies from the same localities. Interviews were conducted before the work week and at the end of the same work week. Standardized symptom questionnaires were used to elicit responses to questions about symptoms and moods. In the questionnaires tanker drivers scored significantly higher in the fatigue scale at the end of the work week than before the work week. Our findings show that tanker drivers with long exposure to gasoline during the work week developed significantly higher changes in fatigue scores than drivers with short exposure. During the exposure situations, 20% of tanker drivers reported acute symptoms (headache, dizziness, nausea, dyspnoea, irritation of saliva excretion) at the end of work week voluntarily. These symptoms have been connected, with MTBE (methyl-tert-butyl ether) exposure, among others. Exposure to MTBE during the work week can be reason for acute symptoms among the tanker drivers in this study.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Risk of cancer and exposure to gasoline vapors.

Until the introduction of self-service around 1970, service station workers in the Nordic countries were exposed to gasoline vapors. Based on measurements reported in the literature, the 8-hour time-weighted average benzene exposure was estimated to be in the range of 0.5-1 mg/m3. We studied the cancer incidence in a cohort of 19,000 service station workers from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland. They were identified from the 1970 censuses and followed through 20 years, where 1,300 incident cancers were observed. National incidence rates were used for comparison. The incidence was not increased for leukemia (observed = 28, standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 0.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-1.3) not for acute myeloid leukemia (observed = 13, SIR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.7-2.1). The incidence was slightly elevated for kidney cancer observed = 57, SIR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.7) and for pharyngeal, laryngeal, and lung cancer. A 3.5-fold risk of nasal cancer was found (observed = 12, SIR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.8-6.1). This cohort exposed to gasoline vapors with benzene levels estimated to be 0.5-1 mg/m3 showed no excess risk of leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia, a 30% elevated risk of kidney cancer, and a previously unnoticed risk of nasal cancer.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2002

Mutagenicity and in vivo toxicity of combined particulate and semivolatile organic fractions of gasoline and diesel engine emissions.

Exposure to engine emissions is associated with adverse health effects. However, little is known about the relative effects of emissions produced by different operating conditions, fuels, or technologies. Rapid screening techniques are needed to compare the biological effects of emissions with different characteristics. Here, we examined a set of engine emission samples using conventional bioassays. The samples included combined particulate material and semivolatile organic compound fractions of emissions collected from normal- and high-emitter gasoline and diesel vehicles collected at 72 degrees F, and from normal-emitter groups collected at 30 degrees F. The relative potency of the samples was determined by statistical analysis of the dose-response curves. All samples induced bacterial mutagenicity, with a 10-fold range of potency among the samples. Responses to intratracheal instillation in rats indicated generally parallel rankings of the samples by multiple endpoints reflecting cytotoxic, inflammatory, and lung parenchymal changes, allowing selection of a more limited set of parameters for future studies. The parameters selected to assess oxidative stress and macrophage function yielded little useful information. Responses to instillation indicated little difference in potency per unit of combined particulate material and semivolatile organic compound mass between normal-emitter gasoline and diesel vehicles, or between emissions collected at different temperatures. However, equivalent masses of emissions from high-emitter vehicles of both types were more potent than those from normal-emitters. While preliminary in terms of assessing contributions of different emissions to health hazards, the results indicate that a subset of this panel of assays will be useful in providing rapid, cost-effective feedback on the biological impact of modified technology.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gasoline-induced contact burns.

Gasoline contact may cause significant full-thickness burn injuries. Systemic complications may result from the absorption of hydrocarbons through the skin. Regional neuromuscular absorption may produce transient or even permanent impairment. It is vital that the physician be aware of the possible full-thickness injuries and complications that may result from cutaneous exposure to gasoline.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1996

Exposure in a household using gasoline-contaminated water.

Contamination of drinking water with petroleum products is an increasingly common problem. Physicians are often asked to advise patients about such exposures. This study assessed household exposure from gasoline-contaminated drinking water in a New England household. A sampling strategy was designed to estimate inhalation and ingestion exposure to benzene and three other aromatic hydrocarbons typically found in gasoline-contaminated water. The estimated inhaled doses of all agents were similar to the estimated ingested dose. Over half the inhaled dose of all four agents was associated with shower activities as was over half the estimated total dose by all routes of exposure. Under these conditions, discontinuing ingestion of water contaminated with these agents may decrease the dose of benzene by less than one third, whereas discontinuing both ingestion and showering may decrease the dose of benzene by over three quarters. This limited study suggests that routes of exposure other than ingestion are important and should receive attention in the regulatory and risk-assessment process.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1999

Manganese in gasoline. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association.

This report responds to a resolution that asked the American Medical Association (AMA) to take action to reduce potential health risks from the use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in gasoline. Information for this report was derived from a search of the MEDLINE database and references listed in pertinent articles, as well as through communications with medical and public health experts. Based on this information, the AMA Council on Scientific Affairs determined that there is insufficient scientific evidence to assess the public health impact of MMT use. While limited evidence indicates that general-population exposures to manganese from the use of MMT in gasoline are low, more research is needed to determine possible health effects from long-term, low-dose exposures to MMT and its combustion products. Until such data are available, educational and informational strategies should be developed to improve public awareness of the health and environmental issues surrounding MMT use.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1996

Environmental gasoline-utilizing isolates and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are taxonomically indistinguishable by chemotaxonomic and molecular techniques.

A total of 42 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was isolated previously from clinical sources (27 strains) and from a gasoline-contaminated aquifer (15 strains). Selected strains were subjected to taxonomic tests involving chemical and molecular biological techniques, including membrane fatty acid analysis, phage-sensitivity, growth temperature range, presence of plasmids, and PCR-amplification and sequencing of a species-specific 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer region. The clinical and environmental isolates formed a coherent taxonomic group with few distinguishing characteristics. Of the phenotypes observed, a consistent difference was the ability of the aquifer strains to utilize gasoline supplied in the gas phase as sole carbon source and, conversely, the inability of the clinical strains to do so. Fourteen of the 15 environmental strains possessed similar-sized cryptic plasmids. The clinical isolates either lacked detectable plasmids or contained plasmids of a different size. The observation that the clinical and environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa were taxonomically indistinguishable is discussed in terms of its relevance to environmental-regulatory guidelines because P. aeruginosa, a known opportunistic pathogen, is a prime candidate for use in bioremediation processes involving deliberate release of this organism to the environment.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed1978

The neurological manifestations of chronic inhalation of leaded gasoline.

Abnormal neurological signs were found in 46 of 50 children and adolescents chronically sniffing leaded gasoline. These abnormalities resolved within eight weeks in all but one case. Exaggerated deep reflexes, postural tremor and evidence of cerebellar dysfunction occurred in a highly significnat number of patients. Forty-nine had blood lead levels greater than or equal to 40ug/dl. The mean blood lead levels were significantly higher in those with (a) abnormally brisk deep reflexes and (b) with evidence of cerebellar dysfunction, than in those without these findings. Five optional treatment regimes were employed and a classification was used, based on clinical findings, initial blood lead levels and the response to the calcium disodium edatate mobilization test. 39 patients received chelation therapy. These data suggest that neurological manifestations occur frequently in those abusing leaded gasoline and that chelation therapy has an important place in their management.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A Mycobacterium strain with extended capacities for degradation of gasoline hydrocarbons.

A bacterial strain (strain IFP 2173) was selected from a gasoline-polluted aquifer on the basis of its capacity to use 2,2, 4-trimethylpentane (isooctane) as a sole carbon and energy source. This isolate, the first isolate with this capacity to be characterized, was identified by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis, and 100% sequence identity with a reference strain of Mycobacterium austroafricanum was found. Mycobacterium sp. strain IFP 2173 used an unusually wide spectrum of hydrocarbons as growth substrates, including n-alkanes and multimethyl-substituted isoalkanes with chains ranging from 5 to 16 carbon atoms long, as well as substituted monoaromatic hydrocarbons. It also attacked ethers, such as methyl t-butyl ether. During growth on gasoline, it degraded 86% of the substrate. Our results indicated that strain IFP 2173 was capable of degrading 3-methyl groups, possibly by a carboxylation and deacetylation mechanism. Evidence that it attacked the quaternary carbon atom structure by an as-yet-undefined mechanism during growth on 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and 2,2-dimethylpentane was also obtained.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1980

Peripheral neuropathy due to gasoline sniffing - A case report.

A case of polyneuropathy in a 14-year-old boy, a chronic gasoline sniffer, is reported. Clinical and electromyographic examination showed a symmetrical motor involvement, mainly distally and in the lower limbs. A sural nerve biopsy showed only slight changes, both of axonal and demyelinating type. The role of gasoline toxic substances in the etiology of this rare polyneuropathy is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE)--a gasoline additive--causes testicular and lymphohaematopoietic cancers in rats.

In the framework of a series of experiments conducted to evaluate the carcinogenic effects of oxygenated gasoline additives, MTBE was analyzed in an oral lifetime carcinogenicity study using 8-week-old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. These experiments were part of a large research project on gasoline carcinogenicity performed at the Bentivoglio (BT) Castle Cancer Research Center of the Ramazzini Foundation and of the Bologna Institute of Oncology, MTBE, dissolved in oil, was administered by stomach tube at the doses of 1000, 250, or 0 mg/kg b.w., once daily, four days weekly, for 104 weeks. The animals were maintained until natural death. The last animal died 166 weeks after the start of the experiment, i.e., at 174 weeks of age. Under the tested experimental conditions, MTBE was shown to cause an increase in Leydig interstitial cell tumors of the testes and a dose-related increase in lymphomas and leukemias in female rats.

Animals↗