Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Gallium”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Gallium and other agents in diseases of the lung.

The use of gallium for pulmonary diseases is hampered by its relative lack of specificity, typical 1- to 3-day delay between injection and imaging time, and suboptimal imaging characteristics. Other nuclear and nonnuclear imaging modalities, such as (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) and high-resolution chest computed tomography, have replaced gallium in many clinical algorithms. Yet gallium and other radiotracers, such as thallium, sestamibi, and labeled white blood cells, are useful in many specific clinical situations involving lymphoma and other neoplasias, inflammatory processes such as sarcoid and interstitial pneumonia, tuberculosis and other infections, and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Gallium and some of the other single-photon agents still have value in establishing a diagnosis, assessing the location and extent of disease, differentiating active disease from chronic scarring, guiding potential biopsy, and determining recurrence and response to therapy in patients with certain lung diseases, particularly when access to PET imaging is not available.

3-Iodobenzylguanidine↗
PubMed1980

Gallium scan as a prognostic indicator in neuroblastoma.

Gallium-67 scan results were correlated with the long-term clinical course in ten children with neuroblastoma. The four patients whose primary tumor did not accumulate gallium have exhibited a significantly better survival time (mean duration 68.2 months) as compared to the six patients with gallium-positive tumors (mean duration 16.6 months, P < 0.001). This difference in survival was not explainable on the basis of accepted prognostic indicators, such as age of patient or stage of disease at initial diagnosis. These results indicate that gallium uptake may be a useful prognostic indicator in children with neuroblastoma, independent of other variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The effectiveness of gallium citrate Ga 67 radionuclide imaging in vertebral osteomyelitis revisited.

We investigated the role of gallium citrate Ga 67 scanning in diagnosing spondylodiscitis. Scans of 41 patients with suspected spondylodiscitis showed increased radionuclide uptake in 39 patients; these findings correlated with those of magnetic resonance imaging and were proved by biopsy. Two patients with negative findings on gallium scans had been strongly suspected of having spondylodiscitis; biopsy findings in these patients showed degenerative changes. Thirteen patients had negative cultures, while 22 had polygenic infections and 4 had granulomatous infections. Gallium scanning proved to be 100% sensitive, specific, and accurate. The interrater accuracy was excellent. Follow-up scans were used to track therapeutic progress. We recommend complementary bone and gallium scans in cases of suspected spinal infections. If the scan is positive, a biopsy should be done. If the scans are negative, no further investigation is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Increased subglottic gallium uptake in relapsing polychondritis.

Gallium scintigraphy was performed on a 14-yr-old girl with subglottic airway narrowing that caused wheezing and dyspnea. The study showed increased gallium uptake in the neck. A biopsy was performed on the subglottic region, and the histology was compatible with relapsing polychondritis. After treatment with steroids, laboratory data that had indicated active inflammation soon normalized. Repeat gallium scintigraphy showed diminished uptake, although the subglottic stenosis did not improve. These results suggest that gallium scintigraphy is valuable for evaluating inflammatory activity in relapsing polychondritis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Effects of low-energy gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser irradiation on cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the gallium-aluminum-arsenide low energy laser will increase cell proliferation, cell attachment, or cell migration in cultured fibroblasts and keratinocyte models. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Monolayer cultures of fibroblasts and keratinocytes were subjected to gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser irradiation at varying power densities for varying time intervals. Cell proliferation was assessed by absorbent spectrophotometry while cell adhesion was assessed by a microcolorimetric assay for cells attached to bovine dermis collagen. Cell migration was assessed through a filter utilizing high power microscopic fields. RESULTS: There were no differences in cell proliferation, adhesion, or migration in either the fibroblasts or keratinocyte culture treated with the gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser at any power density or time compared with nontreated controls. CONCLUSION: The gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser, when utilized at powers 5-100 milliwatts and times of between 10-120 seconds has no biostimulatory effects on fibroblasts or keratinocyte cultures as assessed by cell proliferation, adhesion, or migration.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1997

Gallium nitrate for the treatment of bone metastases.

Gallium nitrate was originally developed as an antineoplastic agent; however, further studies have revealed that this drug has extremely potent effects on turnover of bone, and that low doses can be used to reduce bone resorption. Like the bisphosphonates, gallium nitrate has been studied in both malignant and in nonmalignant conditions. The results of randomized double blind studies have suggested that this drug has superior clinical efficacy relative to etidronate, calcitonin, and pamidronate for the acute control of cancer-related hypercalcemia. In patients with Paget's disease, low doses of gallium nitrate reduce biochemical parameters of accelerated bone turnover, including urinary excretion of calcium, hydroxyproline, and urinary collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides. Preliminary studies showed similar effects in patients with bone involvement from a wide variety of tumor types. Based on this high degree of clinical potency revealed in clinical studies, two randomized Phase III studies have been initiated in patients with bone metastases from breast carcinoma and bone involvement due to multiple myeloma. Both studies employ cyclic therapy with low dose gallium nitrate (i.e., 40 mg administered as a subcutaneous injection once daily for 2 weeks, followed by 2 weeks off treatment, recycled monthly). The endpoints of both studies are to document reductions in time to "morbid skeletal events," such as palliative skeletal radiotherapy, stabilizing orthopedic surgery, or pathologic fractures, as well as decreases in pain and analgesic requirements and improvements in mobility and other aspects of quality of life. These trials should provide definitive evidence of whether this agent is safe and effective as a treatment for bone metastases.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The relative roles of gallium-67-citrate scanning and lymphangiography in the current management of malignant lymphoma.

The usefulness of gallium-67-citrate scanning and lymphangiography in the detection of iliac and paraaortic lymph node involvement was evaluated in 53 patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas who subsequently underwent laparotomy. Our data suggest that the overall accuracies of the two procedures in this regard are comparable. Although in this anatomic area the gallium scan tends to underestimate the presence of disease (higher false-negative rate), the false-negative rate is quite low. The false-negative rate with lymphangiography is lower than with scanning but it tends to overestimate the presence of disease (higher false-positive rate). It was concluded that gallium scanning should be an integral part of the staging of lymphomas and a schema for their clinical staging based on the use of gallium scanning early in the diagnostic sequence is proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Noninvasive evaluation of mediastinal metastases in bronchogenic carcinoma: a prospective comparison of chest radiography and gallium-67 scanning.

Evaluation of regional node involvement in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma is a crucial step in determining therapy and prognosis. Mediastinoscopy has been recommended for staging all potentially operable cases, but technical limitations and the need for anesthesia make this impractical. Gallium-67 scanning and chest radiography were prospectively compared as noninvasive means of evaluating spread to regional nodes in 75 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma in whom histologic evaluation of hilar and mediastinal nodes was performed. Gallium scanning was more accurate than chest radiography in assessing regional nodes (overall accuracy 85.3% vs. 56%, P less than 0.05). When positive, both procedures correctly indicate malignant involvement of regional nodes (85% vs. 87.3%). A negative gallium scan, however, was significantly more accurate in predicting the absence of such involvement (80% vs. 40%, P less than 0.01). Gallium scanning appears to be a reliable, noninvasive means of assessing mediastinal spread of bronchogenic carcinoma and when used in conjunction with radiographic findings, allows selection of appropriate patients for surgical staging procedures.

False Negative Reactions↗
PubMed1991

Gallium-67 scans as an adjunct to computed tomography scans for the assessment of a residual mediastinal mass in pediatric patients with Hodgkin's disease. A Pediatric Oncology Group study.

This study determines the utility of gallium-67 (Ga-67) scintigraphs as an adjunct to computed tomography (CT) scans for the assessment of residual mediastinal masses in children and adolescents with advanced-stage Hodgkin's disease. At diagnosis 42 patients with CT scan-documented mediastinal disease had a Ga-67 scan performed. Thirty-four of 42 patients (81%) had gallium-avid mediastinal lesions, whereas in eight (19%), the Ga-67 scan was negative. At the completion of eight cycles of therapy of Mustargen (mechlorethamine), Oncovin (vincristine), procarbazine, prednisone (MOPP) alternating with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (ABVD), 21 of 34 patients with initially positive Ga-67 scans had them repeated; 18 of 21 converted to negative results, and three remained positive. In 11 of 18 patients, the loss of gallium avidity was consistent with a negative mediastinal CT scan. In seven, although the gallium scan was negative, the CT scan remained positive; all seven patients had a mediastinal biopsy of suspected residual disease and in all seven the biopsy results were negative for Hodgkin's disease. These preliminary results in a small cohort of patients demonstrate that Ga-67 scans may be of benefit in evaluating residual mediastinal masses in patients with Hodgkin's disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Phase II trial of gallium nitrate, amonafide and teniposide in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study (E2588).

Fifty-five patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were entered into this phase II randomized study for evaluating three new agents: gallium nitrate, amonafide and teniposide. The patients had to have ECOG performance status 0 or 1, no prior chemotherapy, and adequate hematological, hepatic and renal functions. Forty-seven patients were eligible and evaluable. Fourteen were randomized to receive gallium nitrate, 18 to amonafide and 15 to teniposide. Seventy-four percent of eligible patients were male. The majority of patients (89%) had an ECOG performance status 1. ECOG grade 4 toxicity occurred twice in patients on gallium nitrate, seven times on amonafide and 18 times on teniposide. The cause of death was attributed to amonafide in one patients (from sepsis) and to teniposide in two patients (due to infection and leukopenia). There was no objective response in all the patients entered. The overall survival times ranged from 2 weeks to 156 weeks with a medium of 23 weeks. There were no survival differences among the three treatment arms. We conclude that gallium nitrate, amonafide and teniposide are inactive in metastatic NSCLC and do not warrant any further testing in this disease.

Adenine↗
PubMed1993

Phase II trial of gallium nitrate in previously treated patients with small cell lung cancer.

Gallium nitrate is a group IIIa metal that was found to be active in animal species. Gallium nitrate exerts its antitumor effects via a transferrin binding mechanism. This agent is of interest in small cell lung cancer since 26 of 27 small cell carcinoma cell lines tested had increased levels of transferrin receptors. In a phase I study using a continuous infusion, the dose limiting toxicity was nausea when gallium nitrate was given at doses of 400 mg/m2/day. Other effects included elevations of serum creatinine, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, decreased hearing and paresthesias. Activity has been seen in pretreated patients with malignant lymphoma, bladder carcinoma and small numbers of patients with small cell lung carcinoma. To determine the activity of continuous infusion gallium nitrate, this phase II trial was undertaken in patients with small cell lung cancer previously treated with chemotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Current role of gallium scanning in the management of lymphoma.

Gallium 67 scanning in the malignant lymphomas has been done, with variable success, for over 20 years. After initial enthusiasm, the technique fell into disrepute and it was not until the early 1980s that it enjoyed a revival. There have been many major contributions to the literature, both favourable and unfavourable. The reasons for the latter include: poor instrumentation (only single-pulse height analysis), low gallium 67 doses, impatient and careless scanning techniques, timing of the study after treatment (chemotherapy, radiation) and insensitive methods of confirmation of the presence or absence of disease ("truth"). Anatomical diagnostic techniques (computed tomography, plain X-radiography, magnetic resonance imaging and others) are incapable of distinguishing viable tumour in normal-size lymph nodes or necrotic/fibrotic residual masses. With improvements in instrumentation (triple-pulse height analysis, gamma camera resolution and tomographic techniques) gallium 67 can detect active tumour in residual masses and in normal-size nodes. This is due to gallium 67's unique ability to localize in viable tumour cells. It has greater than 90% sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and positive predictive value in patients with lymphoma. Its major contributions are in: staging (changing management of mediastinal disease, obviating the need for a laparotomy and clearly identifying stage IV disease); detecting relapse or residual, progressive disease (it establishes true complete remission and is often the first and only evidence of relapse before clinical evidence); predicting response to therapy (failure to convert to a negative scan post-treatment signals a poor prognosis and alternative therapy is required); and predicting outcome--prognosis (it is the only diagnostic modality to predict outcome accurately).

Gallium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1992

Developmental toxicity evaluation of gallium nitrate in mice.

Gallium nitrate, a drug with antitumor activity, is presently undergoing clinical trials as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of certain malignancies. Since there are very limited published animal toxicity data available, this study was conducted to investigate the potential adverse developmental effects of this drug. Pregnant Swiss mice were administered intraperitoneally gallium nitrate at 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day on days 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 of gestation. Monitors for maternal toxicity were body weight, food consumption and clinical signs. At sacrifice (day 18) maternal weight, liver and kidney weights, and gravid uterine weights were measured. Gestational parameters monitored were numbers of total implants, resorptions, postimplantation losses, and dead fetuses. Live fetuses were sexed, weighted, and examined for external, internal and skeletal malformations and variations. Maternal toxicity was noted in all the gallium nitrate-treated groups. Embryo/fetal toxicity was evidenced by a decrease in the number of viable implants, a reduction in fetal weight, and an increase in the number of skeletal variations (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg). No significant increase in the incidence of malformations was observed at 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg. The no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for both maternal and developmental toxicity of gallium nitrate was less than 12.5 mg/kg.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1993

Gallium scanning in children with fever of unknown origin.

Scintigraphy with Gallium 67 is frequently used in the evaluation of children with fever of unknown origin (FUO). Its usefulness in this setting, however, has not been definitely established. We reviewed the clinical records and imaging studies of 30 children with FUO who had Gallium scans. We defined FUO as a febrile illness of greater than two weeks duration which remained undiagnosed after initial clinical, laboratory and radiographic evaluation. 4 of 30 children had positive Gallium scans. Of 25 children with only systemic signs and symptoms in addition to fever, 1 had a positive scan. Of 5 children with more focal complaints, 3 had positive studies: all had localized infections which had remained occult despite imaging with other modalities. We conclude that in most children with FUO, who have only systemic complaints, Gallium scanning is rarely useful. It may be very helpful, however, when there is a suspicion of localized infection, even if other imaging studies are negative.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The effect of gallium on seeded hydroxyapatite growth.

Gallium chloride in solution at concentrations of 10-100 microM inhibits the seeded growth of hydroxyapatite from metastable calcium phosphate solutions. Using initial rate data, an effective rate constant for the process of crystal growth can be derived; this rate constant varies with gallium concentration in a log-dose/response fashion. The disappearance of gallium occurs disproportionately fast in the early stages of the experiments. This suggests that gallium acts by adsorbing to the crystal surface where it inhibits crystal growth.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Tamoxifen flare hypercalcemia: an additional support for gallium nitrate usage.

In 12 of 93 hypercalcemic patients with metastatic advanced breast cancer treated with tamoxifen the most common life-threatening metabolic complication of flare hypercalcemia developed. All the hypercalcemic patients had osteolytic or mixed lytic and blastic bone metastases. In patients with advanced breast cancer, hypercalcemia develops within the first few weeks of initiation of tamoxifen therapy. In our study group, calcium levels were measured frequently in both serum and urine samples by a semi-autoanalyzer and an autoanalyzer, using standard methods. Elevation of calcium levels was noticed in the tamoxifen-receiving hypercalcemic breast cancer patients, and levels returned to normal when tamoxifen was withdrawn. The median duration of flare hypercalcemia was 9 days (range, 4-16 days). The median calcium value was 13.6 mg/dl (range, 11.7-15.8). The diagnosis of tamoxifen flare hypercalcemia was based on the normal pretreatment serum or urine calcium values and the occurrence of hypercalcemia within the first few weeks of tamoxifen initiation. There are no specific treatment recommendations for hormone flare hypercalcemia, except for tamoxifen withdrawal, which is usually temporary, and the introduction of a low dose of an antihypercalcemic drug. We evaluated the effect of such a drug, gallium nitrate, on flare hypercalcemia. All the patients were treated with hydration, and 6 patients, whose calcium level was above 13.6 mg/dl, were treated with a moderate dose of gallium nitrate (200 mg/m(2) per kg) for 5 consecutive days, they achieved normocalcemia and continued with tamoxifen. The median time from hormonal drug initiation to flare hypercalcemia was 17.5 days, and median duration was 9 days. The above result indicates that the serious metabolic complication of hypercalcemia develops due to the iatrogenic effect of tamoxifen, but it can be controlled with an antihypercalcemic drug, gallium nitrate, while continuing tamoxifen therapy. It seems that the use of gallium nitrate in the treatment of flare hypercalcemia could allow safe readministration of tamoxifen and prevent premature tamoxifen discontinuance or withdrawal.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Utility of gallium-67 scintigraphy for evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis with ventricular tachycardia.

BACKGROUND: The outcome of cardiac sarcoidosis is sometimes very poor. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) associated with cardiac sarcoidosis is the most common cause of sudden death among most patients. However, there is no established method for potential VT in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Thus, we investigated the utility of evaluation of gallium-67 scintigraphy for potential VT in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cardiac sarcoidosis was diagnosed in 25 patients at ours or collaborating hospitals during the period 1982 through 2004. Twenty-one of these patients were treated with corticosteroid, and these patients were divided into two groups, depending on whether VT was present: a non-VT group (n=7) and a VT group (n=14). Laboratory and gallium-67 scintigraphy findings were examined in both groups. During the follow-up period, initial and maintenance dosages of corticosteroid did not differ significantly between the groups. Accumulation of gallium-67 in the heart at the time of diagnosis was detected more frequently in the VT group than in the non-VT group (14.3 vs. 71.4%, p<0.05). Six of the seven VT patients who underwent follow-up examination showed improvement on the scintigram obtained after treatment. Five of the six showed no VT recurrence in terms of Holter electrocardiogram, electrophysiologic study, or delivery of implantable cardioverter defibrillator shock. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme and lysozyme concentrations were within normal limits in most patients in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Activity of sarcoid granulomas may be associated with the occurrence of VT. Gallium-67 scintigraphy reflects the activity of sarcoid granulomas and thus is useful for evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis in patients with potential VT.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1978

Flameless atomic absorption spectrometry determination of gallium in biological materials.

The application of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry to the quantitation of gallium in urine, serum and tissues is described. The method can be used to detect gallium concentrations as low as 100--200 ppb in fluids and tissues. Significant interference with the gallium atomization signal was caused by CaCl2; however, the interference could be completely prevented by using the chelating agent EDTA. This method makes feasible the quantitative determination of the pharmacokinetic parameters of gallium administration as an anticancer drug in animals and humans.

Animals↗