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PubMed2002

[Echinococcus multilocularis: the prevalence of the fox tapeworm with possible serious consequences for humans].

The prevalence of the fox tapeworm in foxes (final host) and muskrats (one of the intermediate hosts) in the Netherlands and Europe has been discussed. The tapeworm was found in 9.4% of the investigated foxes from the province of Groningen and in 0.2% of the muskrats from the same region. Also in the province of Limburg positive foxes were found, but no positive muskrats. Possible ways of infection for humans are described together with methods for prevention. It is concluded that at this moment risks for humans to become infected are minimal, but vigilance and monitoring of foxes and muskrats remains needed.

Animals↗
PubMed1959

The fox as a definitive host of Echinococcus and its role in the spread of hydatid disease.

In the first part of this discussion of the significance of the fox in the epidemiology of hydatid disease in man, the author reviews the literature on vulpine echinococciasis. He points out that the evidence available from field surveys and laboratory observations suggests that the fox is not a definitive host of Echinococcus granulosus-the parasite responsible for the most common form of hydatid disease in man-but is a host of E. multilocularis, which is found in parts of Europe and Asia, in the islands of the Bering Sea and in Alaska, and is known to be the causal agent of alveolar hydatid disease.In the second part, the author presents the results of experimental infestation of the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with the Australian strain of E. granulosus. These results indicate that a few tapeworms became established in some of the foxes, but were retarded in growth (as compared with their growth in the dogs used as controls) and failed to reach sexual maturity (production of ova) even 112 days after infestation. The author therefore concludes that the fox plays no role in the spread of hydatid disease caused by E. granulosus in Australia.Finally, the author discusses the etiology of two autochthonous cases of alleged alveolar hydatid disease in man in Australasia, putting forward two alternative hypotheses to explain their occurrence.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[The helminth fauna of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes LINNE, 1758) in Nordhessen and Ostwestfalen. 2. Nematodes].

Between November 1989 and June 1990 a total number of 397 foxes were examined for the presence of nematodes in the stomach and the small intestine and 403 foxes for the presence of Trichinella spiralis larvae. The animals came from the districts of Kassel, Arnsberg and Detmold. In 32.7% of the foxes infections with Toxocara canis were found, in 11.1% Toxascaris leonina, in 3.8% Ancylostoma caninum, in 3.5% Uncinaria stenocephala and in 2.3% Capillaria species. In most cases the number of nematodes per fox was low. Only Toxascaris leonina was frequently found with more than 20 specimen per animal. Trichinella spiralis larvae were not found in any of the foxes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rabies encephalitis following fox bite--histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of lesions caused by virus.

Rabies caused by fox bite is uncommon, most cases being caused by bite of rabid dogs (95%). We report a 45-year-old lady with rabies encephalomyelitis caused by bite of a rabid wild fox (Vulpes vulpes), a species prevalent in the Deccan plateaus of Central India. Though foxes are known to be susceptible to rabies, literature on the pathological changes caused by fox bite rabies in humans is scarce. Unlike the mild histological alterations described in canine rabies, a florid encephalitic process evolved in fox bite rabies, in our case, with intense microglial reaction, neuronophagia and perivascular inflammatory infiltrates despite clinical manifestation as a paralytic rabies. Immunostaining using polyclonal antibodies to the rabies viral nucleocapsid antigen and to the whole virion demonstrated high viral load within neurons with extensive spread along dendritic arborization and axonal tracts. Genomic sequence analysis demonstrated close homology with canine virus strain with only minor variations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Two genotypes of Canine coronavirus simultaneously detected in the fecal samples of healthy foxes and raccoon dogs].

61 fecal samples from healthy foxes and 24 from healthy raccoon dogs were examined by RT-nested PCR assays for the presence and genotypic identification of Canine coronaviruses (CCVs). 77.0% fox samples were recognized as CCV positive, 43 of which belonged to type II and 29 to type I, as well as both genotypes were simultaneously detected in 25 samples. Out of the total 24 fecal samples from raccoon dogs, 22 were CCV positive for type II and 16 for type I. M gene fragments of 8 samples were sequenced, 4 of which were confirmed as CCV type I and the other 4 as CCV type II. Sequence analysis showed that the M gene of CCV type I had a high similarity of 96.7% - 98.1% between the fox-and raccoon dog strains and the reported Italian strain from diarrhea dogs. The two genotypes, with an identity of 88.3% - 89.7%, formed two separate branches in phylogenetic tree. Interestingly, the sequence at several nucleic acid sites of CCV type II differed between foxes and raccoon dogs. The co-existence and popularity of the two CCV genotypes in healthy foxes and raccoon dogs were first confirmed in this article.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Studies on the incidence of echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in north-east, central and south of Poland].

During the year 1994-1997, a total number of 1042 red foxes orginating from the 33 provinces North-East, Central and South of Poland under special safety procautions for intestinal stages of Echinococcus multilocularis using the mucosal-smer technique were examined. An average of 5.09% (53 foxes) from 10 provinces was infected. In those provinces, the prevalance varied between 1.19% to 35.71%. The infection varied from low to very high but mostly harboured gravid E. multilocularis parasites with thick-shelled eggs. Our data indicate that E. multilocularis in foxes has a surprisingly wide distribution in Poland. These new epidemiological data indicate that a potential risk of infection for humans may exists in all areas where foxes infected with E. multilocularis have been identified. It has been assumed that E. multilocularis might also occur in other provinces in which foxes examination have not yet been undertaken or number examined of animals was low. This study was supported by a two grands from the Swiss National Foundation (projects No 7PLPJ038414 and 7PLPJ041302).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Parasite fauna of red foxes in Berlin (West)].

The infestation with ecto- and endoparasites of red foxes in Berlin (West) was investigated. As shown by post mortems of 100 animals (47 males and 53 females), none of them was found to be free of parasites. With regard to ectoparasites, 3 species of ixodes ticks, 7 flea species, one species of biting lice and mite species were demonstrated. The sarcoptic mange is often inducing the death of the foxes and is considered to be a limiting factor of the population increment. Concerning endoparasites, cestodes (6 species), trematodes (7 species), nematodes (10 species) and 3 coccidian species were found. The infestation rate with different species of hook worms, ascarids and mesocestoides was remarkably high. However, none of the foxes were infected with Trichinella spiralis or Echinococcus multilocularis. As shown by ELISA, in 15% of foxes antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi were found. Therefore, the red fox must be considered as a reservoir host for Lyme-borreliosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Pathology of naturally acquired Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes).

199 out of 509 foxes culled in a rabies control scheme, were shown to be infected with the metastrongylid parasite Angiostrongylus vasorum. Pathological lesions associated with angiostrongylosis in the fox are described and compared to reported lesions of A. vasorum infection in the dog. The lesions observed in the foxes seemed to be less severe and mainly confined to the ventral parts of the lung lobes which showed granulomatous pneumonia. Right ventricular hypertrophy of the heart was present in all infected foxes. It is believed that the fox population represents an important reservoir of A. vasorum.

Angiostrongylus↗
PubMed1989

[Genome mapping in silver fox. Syntenic genes in Carnivora].

Hamster X fox somatic cell hybrids segregating individual fox chromosomes in different combinations were used to assign seven structural loci to fox chromosomes. The gene for ME1 was mapped on the VFU1 chromosome, the genes for ADK and PP being located on the VFU4 chromosome. The gene for GSR was assigned to the VFU7 chromosome and the genes for MPI and COT1 were assigned to the VFU15 chromosome. Localization of these genes enhances the established fox genetic map and extends the known syntenic homologies between the fox and other mammalian. The comparison of data on gene mapping has provided basis for suggestion that there are significant differences in rates of karyotypic evolution in many mammalian taxa.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Rabies prevention in the Netherlands. Study on the ingestion of bait by foxes].

A review of the history of the rabies situation in Europe, and specifically The Netherlands, is followed by a discussion of the measures so far adopted to control rabies among foxes. The ingestion of bait by foxes is then studied in view of possible oral vaccination against rabies. The Veluwe, situated in the middle of The Netherlands, was selected as a trial field. Boars live next to foxes here, and their food is comparable. Over sixty per cent of the foxes studied took the bait. Oral rabies vaccination can therefore also be carried out in foxes in the Veluwe area if required.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Vaccination of young foxes (Vulpes vulpes, L.) against rabies: trials with inactivated vaccine administered by oral and parenteral routes.

Foxes aged between two and three months were vaccinated with an inactivated rabies vaccine. Three immunization procedures were attempted: a first group of animals was parenterally injected while two other groups daily ingested during ten days either an uncoated vaccine (commercially available liquid form: Rabisin) or a coated vaccine (gastro-resistant tablets) associated with a potential enteropathogenic virus (bovine rotavirus). The latter viral association was used in order to see if seroconversion can occur in these conditions. Rabies antibody titres and the length of survival postchallenge were recorded in each treated fox. Seroconversion was observed from approximately day 20 post-vaccination in two groups of cubs: satisfactory antibody titres were found in parenterally vaccinated foxes while lower titres characterized most of the cubs which ingested the uncoated liquid vaccine. Gastro-resistant tablets containing the viral association did not induce seroconversion. It was shown that bovine rotavirus did not multiply in the gut mucosa of young foxes, on the contrary to young dogs. Protection against experimental rabies was partially obtained in parenterally vaccinated foxes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Dirofilaria immitis infection in foxes and coyotes in Indiana.

Between October 1976 and January 1977, carcasses or hearts and lungs from 202 wild foxes and coyotes in Indiana were collected to determine the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection. Three of 113 (2.7%) red foxes (Vulpes fulva), 3 of 81 (3.7%) gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 of 8 (12.5%) coyotes (Canis latrans) were infected with D immitis. An average of 5 worms (range, 1 to 10) were recovered from foxes and 11 worms were recovered from the coyote. Worms from the coyote were of normal length and all female worms contained developing embryos and microfilariae. Worms from foxes were small, and none of the female worms contained developing embryos.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical effects of ivermectin in the treatment of Sarcoptes scabiei var canis in farm foxes].

The efficacy of ivermectin against natural infection of the mange mite Sarcoptes scabiei var canis in foxes was evaluated. The investigations consisted of two field studies and one controlled study. In experiment 1, ivermectin was given as a single subcutaneous dose at 200 micrograms/kg in six foxes. In experiment 2, was one group, consisting of five animals, administered 200 micrograms ivermectin/kg s.c. twice with an interval of 35 days. Group two, consisting of four animals, was given one subcutaneous injection of 400 micrograms ivermectin/kg. In experiment 3, ten foxes were given 1 ml 0.2% Eqvalen s.c. (i.e. 340-440 micrograms ivermectin/kg). A control group of ten animals was not medicated. Before and after treatment a clinical evaluation and skin scraping for microscopic examination was carried out in all three experiments. The results indicated that ivermectin was a good alternative in the therapy of the Sarcoptes mange in foxes by moderate mite infection. A progressive clinical improvement of the mange lesions was evident in the treated foxes. Mites were not detected in skinscraping, except in one animal in experiment 3. It was concluded that ivermectin should be administered, in an initial dose of 400 micrograms/kg and a repeated dose of 200 micrograms/kg 2-3 weeks after the first treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Assessment of fox control in areas of wildlife rabies.

This paper describes a technique for the analysis of the interaction between rabies control measures and the annual turnover of a fox population. The basic conditions are deduced from data on the turnover of a steady fox population, which have been found to be representative for large parts of central Europe. These conditions, together with field data on the critical density for rabies transmission and the recovery of reduced fox populations, provide a model for the prediction and evaluation of various measures of rabies control. The method is simplified by the introduction of a semigraphical procedure using the relative density of a reduced fox population, defined as the ratio of the actual population density to that of a non-reduced population.Simulation of epidemics and control measures over consecutive population cycles shows the limited effect of population control in a rabies-free area and demonstrates the questionable impact of measures that reduce a regular fox population by less than 40%, even when such reduction is effected annually.The method is easy to apply in the field and helps in assessing a number of disease and service indicators, as well as ecological factors in the planning and evaluation of comprehensive rabies control programmes.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The safety and efficacy of immunizing foxes (Vulpes vulpes) using bait containing attenuated rabies virus vaccine.

Foxes given ERA rabies vaccine baits were challenged at one, six, 12 and 24 months later and showed a resistance to challenge in 80%, 78%, 60% and 44% of individuals respectively. All animals showing seroconversion following vaccination, resisted challenge at 24 months, suggesting that successful vaccination by the oral route could confer a relatively long term duration of immunity. The trials showed that fox pups did not immunize as easily as adult foxes using ERA rabies vaccine baits. Back-passage studies and the consumption of ERA injected mice by foxes failed to show any reversion of the vaccine virus to a virulent state. The fox and mouse are shown to be highly susceptible to rabies street virus, while the domestic species tested are consisderably more resistant. Monkeys were found to be intermediate in susceptibility to the virus. Safety tests carried out on various species of wildlife showed only the mouse to be susceptible to infection from ingesting the vaccine in the form of a bait. ERA rabies vaccine was shown to be safe in monkeys even when high titred virus was administered by the oral route.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1980

Prevalence of rabies virus in foxes trapped in the Canadian Arctic.

Brains and salivary glands of 521 trapped arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) submitted from four different settlement areas in the Northwest Territories were examined for rabies by the standard fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests. Rabies antigen was present in 44 of 201 (21.9%) brains from foxes trapped in the Sachs Harbour area, but submissions from Cambridge Bay (127), Spence Bay (93) and Gjoa Haven (100) were negative. Virus was also present in salivary glands from 43 (97.7%) of these 44 positive foxes. The arctic fox continues to be the main wildlife reservoir of rabies in the Canadian Arctic and foxes in the prodromal stage of the disease pose a particular threat to the trapper. Preexposure vaccination should always be a consideration in this occupational group.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Comparative analysis of the level of heterozygosity for glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) locus in silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) of domesticated and control populations].

This communication is the first step of the studies on the correlation between protein polymorphism and the level of phenotypic diversity. The level of heterozygosity for glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) locus was analysed in two populations of silver foxes. One of them has been selected for domestic behaviour during many years. This selection vector gave rise to many phenotypic novelties; 46% of the foxes analyzed has aberrant phenotypes. Another population was control bred under the same conditions of experimental farm of Siberian Dept. Russian Sci. with a commercial purpose. All the foxes analyzed from this population, except one, had a standard phenotype. Among 96 domestic foxes under analysis, only one heterozygotes for the GPI locus was detected. Among 112 control foxes, six were heterozygotes. In other words the data obtained indicate no correlation between the level of morphological diversity and the state of heterozygosity of the GPI locus.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Prevalence of E. multilocularis in foxes in Styria taking into consideration biometrical methods].

The results of a survey covering whole of Styria/Austria, which was based on a biometrical sampling plan, showed the prevalence rate of E. multilocularis among foxes to be 3.6% (18 out of 500 examined foxes). There is however a significant regional difference in the prevalence rate. All 18 infected foxes were found in the North-West of Styria, which results in an estimated proportion of 9% in this region. The study could not reveal any significant difference between male and female foxes concerning the infection rate. The age distribution was 67 percent juvenile foxes (< 1 year) to 33 percent adults. The biometrical methods enable us to determine an exact spatial spread of the parasite and thus makes it possible to find out any potential risk for the population.

Aging↗