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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Indirect way to estimate peak joint loads in life and in skeletal remains (insights from a new paradigm).

BACKGROUND: Bone adapts its strength and cross-sectional amount to the loads on it in now partly known ways. This makes it possible to estimate the unit loads on joint surfaces by an indirect method. METHODS: In essence, multiply the usual largest allowed compression load on a unit cross section area of epiphyseal trabecular bone (now approximately known), by the cross sectional amount of that bone that supports a unit area of the joint surface (partly known and readily measured by histomorphometry). This would equal the usual largest compression unit load on both the joint surface and the articular cartilage supported by that trabecular bone. RESULTS: Suggested typical peak unit loads on synovial joint surfaces in different joints and/or parts of joints could range from approximately 2 up to approximately 50 megapascals. CONCLUSIONS: Besides its use in studies of joint development, physiology and osteoarthritis in living subjects, this method could estimate muscle strength and joint loads from skeletal remains in anatomical, anthropologic, forensic-pathological, and even paleontologic studies.

Anthropology↗
PubMed2001

Radiology in forensic expert team operations.

Radiological methods are widely used in forensic pathology. Their most common applications are in complementing human identification, particularly in investigations of mass disasters and decomposed bodies, and in searching for foreign material inside corpses. A team of Finnish forensic experts investigated human skeletal remains in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996) and in Kosovo, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1998). It also investigated more recently deceased victims in Kosovo (1999). In these investigations, the benefit of X-ray was in the detection of foreign material inside victims and their remains. For identification purposes, X-rays were mainly used to provide the best evidence possible of any pathological changes, physical characteristics, and injuries present.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

[Study on the changes of ncNOS in chronic heroin dependence and spontaneous withdrawal in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes and actions of neuronal constructive nitric oxide synthase(ncNOS) in heroin drug abuse. METHODS: The expression of ncNOS and ncNOS mRNA in neurons of cerebral cortex, periaqueductal gray matter and the ventral tegmental area was observed by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and image analysis technique after heroin dependence and spontaneous withdrawal in rats. RESULTS: The quantity of ncNOS and ncNOS mRNA rised clearly and the number of ncNOS and ncNOS mRNA positive cells increased greatly in heroin dependence and withdrawal. The changes of ncNOS and ncNOS mRNA in spontaneous withdrawal were more clear than ones of dependence. Heroin dependence and withdrawal led to alterations in ncNOS and ncNOS mRNA expression in important regions implicated in the physical tolerance and dependence. CONCLUSION: The ncNOS plays an important role in heroin dependence and withdrawal. The ncNOS immunohistochemical changes observed in the present study might be useful for the forensic pathological diagnosis of heroin drug abuse.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Bacterial transmigration as an indicator of time of death.

Time of death is difficult to evaluate in many forensic science situations. We have developed an animal model for assessing the time of death by evaluating the transmigration of normal microbiota through the wall of the small intestine. A segment of small intestine was removed from decapitated CF-1 mice ( Carnsworth Farms) and suspended in vitro in a beaker containing sterile phosphate-buffered saline. Bacterial transmigration was evaluated in this model over a three-day period at select temperatures (4, 25, and 37 degrees C) by microbiological cultures and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Evidence of bacterial transmigration by SEM occurred within 2 to 3 h at 37 degrees C, 5 to 6 h at 25 degrees C, and 72 h at 4 degrees C. Analysis of the microbiological data indicated a differential flux of select bacterial and mycotic organisms. Staphylococcal species were the first organisms to be cultured from the suspending saline. These organisms are known to elaborate powerful protease enzymes that may play an important role in the degeneration of gut tissues. Coliform-type organisms and candida species were found at later times after death. The last major groups of bacteria to be identified were a variety of anaerobic species. This model may be adaptable to certain situations in human forensic pathology.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Characterization of acetaminophen: molecular microanalysis with Raman microprobe spectroscopy.

The in situ spectroscopic identification of acetaminophen in a fatal overdose case is described. Numerous techniques have been used to analyze acetaminophen in biological fluids, however, the use of nondestructive spectroscopic techniques has not been documented. In this investigation, the demonstration of the drug material was established by using the laser Raman microprobe technique, providing an accurate identification by virtue of the drug's molecular fingerprint characteristics. Material found on the deceased was collected and placed on metal (aluminum-coated) plated slides and excited with the 514.5 nm line of an argon ion laser, which was focused to a 1 micron spot size using a high-resolution optical microscope. Spectra of acetaminophen particles with an average size of 5 to 8 microns were obtained. The Raman spectrum of this drug contains characteristic group frequencies assigned to the C = O at 1649 cm-1, the N-H deformation mode at 1620 to 1612 cm-1, the bendstretch mode of the H-N-C = O at 1562 cm-1, the C-H bending mode at 1325 cm-1, and the phenyl ring stretch at 799 cm-1, respectively. The results reported here demonstrate the capability of laser Raman microprobe as a useful adjunct tool for the identification of foreign materials in forensic pathology.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1980

The imported forensic expert.

A review of the experiences of one of the pioneer forensic pathologists in the United States offers an interesting insight into the possibilities of private forensic pathology in America. The author's experience includes serving as President of the National Boxing Association and the International Boxing Association, during which time he made many improvements in ring safety. His research into several areas of cases of product liability offer an insight to the wide scope of the potential of the forensic expert. This presentation reviews his activities in realms widely afield from medicine.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Trauma brain injury and apoptosis].

The evidence and the feature of apoptosis following tyrauma brain injury(TBI) and the possible mechanisms underlying apoptosis were reviewed. Recently research showed that apoptosis play an important role in TBI, the occurring time and area of apoptosis were found significant differences compared with that of necrosis. The neural cell apoptosis can undergo following many pathways after TBI. In our review, the foreground of apoptosis after TBI research in forensic pathology were also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Ocular and cerebral trauma in non-accidental injury in infancy: underlying mechanisms and implications for paediatric practice.

AIMS: To determine the sites, mechanisms, and clinical significance of injuries to the eyes and brains of children with non-accidental injuries in relation to differing levels of trauma. METHODS: A forensic pathological study of injuries in the eyes and brains of 23 consecutive children dying of non-accidental injuries over a 4 year period (1988-92) under the jurisdiction of Yorkshire and Humberside coroners. RESULTS: Sixteen children died from cerebral injuries and seven died from non-cerebral causes. There were high incidences of retinal detachment (63%) and subhyaloid (75%), intraretinal (75%), and perineural (68%) haemorrhages in CNS deaths. Local subhyaloid haemorrhages and retinal detachment were more common at the periphery and optic disc than at the equator. There was a strong correlation between CNS and eye trauma scores in all 23 children (r = 0.7551, p < 0.0001). Ranking of injuries by severity suggests progressively more trauma required for (a) subdural haemorrhage, (b) subhyaloid, intraretinal, perineural haemorrhages, and (c) retinal detachment. At highest trauma levels choroidal and vitreous haemorrhages were associated with additional cerebral lacerations, intracerebral and subarachnoid haemorrhages. CONCLUSIONS: In non-accidental (and probably accidental) infantile head injury the earliest eye injuries (coinciding with subdural haemorrhage) could be missed if indirect ophthalmoscopy is not performed. Retinal detachment and multiple (particularly choroidal/vitreous) haemorrhages may indicate additional cerebral lacerations and/or intracerebral haemorrhage. Vitreous traction is the likely cause of intraocular pathology.

Battered Child Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Case histories in forensic medicine.

Case histories make up a great part of publications in forensic medicine, especially forensic pathology, although considered low on the hierarchy of evidence based medicine because of its inherent anecdotal nature. Meanwhile some journals exclude case histories categorically from publication. The boom of case histories in forensic medicine has not only opportunity reasons (easily [even mental] and cheap to do) but also structural reasons: due to its tasks in case work many items of forensic medicine can not be simulated experimentally for ethical reasons (violent death, traumatic injuries, sexual assault, poisonings, influence of alcohol and drugs on driving ability and legal responsibility, medical malpractice, adverse events during medical care). In these fields the role of case histories is mainly the augmentation of experience based knowledge. However, quality aspects have to be considered and case histories should be the basis for systematic or hypothesis based research.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMed1989

Signs of death as considered by Dr. B.M. Vance in a lecture fifty years ago.

This work is based on the lecture given by Dr. Bernard M. Vance, then Assistant Chief Medical Examiner of New York, to the Homicide Squad Detectives of New York City on November 2, 1933, at the New York Police Academy. He entitled his presentation "Death, simulation of death and suspicion of death." Dr. Vance was an outstanding member of the New York Office's Forensic Pathology Group and was known for his colorful renditions of the scene and autopsy findings in medicolegal cases.

Death↗
PubMed1993

Typology of drug abuse deaths in Hamburg.

Based on a multidisciplinary approach (social-scientific questionnaire and forensic-pathological investigations), a typology of the drug-related fatalities in Hamburg during the period from July 1991 to June 1992 was achieved. A distinction between 3 types of addicts is proposed. Each group represents a different consumption pattern: (1) the opioid type, (2) polyvalent-drug users, and (3) primary alcoholics. With respect to these 3 types of abuse, some medical (concentration of alcohol and opioids in the blood) and social-scientific data (age at the beginning of the drug career, consumption of different drugs, distribution of age and sex, the quality and frequency of contact to facilities of the drug aid in Hamburg) are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Forensic medicine in Bangladesh.

In this paper, we discuss the current medico-legal practice and future plan to improve the medico-legal service of Bangladesh which is rooted in the remnants of British medical jurisprudence. It includes clinical forensic medicine and forensic pathology. In Bangladesh all unnatural deaths are to be reported at the nearest police station and an appointed police officer should visit the scene of crime for investigation and to arrange postmortem if required. The forensic services of the country are delivered partly by academic staffs of Government Medical Colleges and the rest by the Civil Surgeons. Sometimes, residential medical officers in the district hospitals perform the medico-legal work. Most of them have no forensic qualifications except a long exposure in the medico-legal field. Currently academic and professional postgraduate courses are available. The chemical examiner's laboratory is situated at Dhaka with the facility of quantitative tests only. The Government of Bangladesh is trying to standardize the existing system. A Workshop on medico-legal services has been organized regularly by The Medico-legal Society of Bangladesh. A DNA profiling laboratory at the Dhaka Medical College is in the process of being set up. Such progress will be a milestone in the development of the medico-legal service in Bangladesh. However, with a few exceptions, teaching and training facilities are still lacking.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1980

Estimation of time in forensic biology and pathology. An introductory review.

Timing is an extremely important factor in the practice of forensic biology and pathology. This review offers an opportunity for evaluating the time at which an injury could have taken place and thus its chronologic age. Both the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the injury are discussed. The use of histochemical techniques using the study of enzymes as a basis of the technique is discussed. Histamine and serotonin techniques are also discussed and their applications in practical cases including a traffic accident are presented. The field is discussed and references given in large numbers.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2000

Advances in the diagnosis of wound vitality: a review.

The diagnosis of the vital origin of wounds in many cases remains an unsolved problem for the forensic pathologist. Practical experience enables the expert to diagnose the vital or postmortem origin of wounds on the basis of macroscopic examination. In some cases, optic microscopy is used to confirm the diagnosis. In many other cases, additional more sensitive and specific markers of vitality are required. In the past 50 years, comprehensive research on this topic has resulted in a better understanding of the acute inflammatory reaction. The development and application of sensitive and specific markers through research in the areas of histochemistry, enzymology, and biochemistry has provided a partial solution to the problems involved in wound vitality diagnosis. A review of this challenging area of forensic pathology, including an explanation of these methods and markers, is presented in this paper.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1992

An unusual injury.

The case of a young man who died unexpectedly from myocarditis is presented. The body was partially embalmed before autopsy at the Victorian Institute of Forensic Pathology. Although the cause of death was not a problem to diagnose, this case highlights artefacts that embalming may cause and the difficulties it may create with interpretation of injury. This is of particular relevance to those forensic pathologists who only uncommonly see injuries which are due to embalming.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Forensic diagnosis coding and retrieval by microcomputer.

A system is described for coding of anatomic--including forensic--pathologic diagnoses from necropsy cases using a microcomputer. The SNOMED software from the College of American Pathologists is utilized. RAM-disk software is employed to enhance the speed of operation of the system. The microcomputer can be operated by clerical staff versed in medical terminology. Speed of entry and retrieval, with minimal manual interaction, is an important aspect of operation. Equipment and storage costs are minimal.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMed2006

Forensic veterinary radiology: ballistic-radiological 3D computertomographic reconstruction of an illegal lynx shooting in Switzerland.

The lynx, which was reintroduced to Switzerland after being exterminated at the beginning of the 20th century, is protected by Swiss law. However, poaching occurs from time to time, which makes criminal investigations necessary. In the presented case, an illegally shot lynx was examined by conventional plane radiography and three-dimensional multislice computertomography (3D MSCT), of which the latter yielded superior results with respect to documentation and reconstruction of the inflicted gunshot wounds. We believe that 3D MSCT, already described in human forensic-pathological cases, is also a suitable and promising new technique for veterinary pathology.

Animals↗