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PubMed1997

The influence of dietary nucleotides on erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and plasma lipids in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a regular formula for premature infants supplemented with nucleotides has any influence on plasma lipids and erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. METHODS: Preterm infants fed either human milk supplemented with human milk protein (HM, n = 14), nucleotide-supplemented preterm formula (NF, n = 13), or a regular preterm formula (F, n = 13) were included in the study. The NF was supplemented with 18.2 mg cytidine monophosphate/l (CMP), 7.0 mg uridine monophosphate/l (UMP), 6.4 mg adenosine monophosphate/l (AMP), 3.0 mg inosine monophosphate/l (IMP) and 3.0 mg guanosine monophosphate/l (GMP). RESULTS: There were significantly higher concentrations of triglycerides (TG) in infants fed NF compared to those fed F (191.42 +/- 79.58 vs 108.21 +/- 43.73, p < 0.001, mean +/- SD lipid concentrations, mg/100 ml plasma). Infants fed F had significantly lower concentrations of total cholesterol (94.34 +/- 11.71 vs 115.69 +/- 39.29, p < 0.01) and TG in plasma (108.21 +/- 43.73 vs 172.27 +/- 68.19, p < 0.001, mean +/- SD lipid concentrations, mg/100 ml plasma) when compared to HM-fed infants. There were no significant differences in any of the erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and total long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) between NF and F during the study period (6 weeks). Furthermore, total LC-PUFA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in red blood cell were not significantly different when infants fed NF were compared to those fed HM. In contrast, however, infants fed F had significantly lower concentrations of total n-3 LC-PUFA (p < 0.01) and DHA (p < 0.01) than those found in HM-fed infants. CONCLUSIONS: These results do not suggest an effect of nucleotides on the red blood cell LC-PUFA profile in preterm infants. However, the nucleotides may increase the concentrations of triglycerides in plasma.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1992

Fat substitutes: a regulatory perspective.

Fat substitutes, in theory, may provide special health benefits to certain population segments. The most probable benefits are a reduction in total fat intake and a subsequent reduction in intake of calories from fat. Whether individuals who consume high intakes of fat substitutes that are partially or totally nondigestible also benefit from lower calorie intake on a long-term basis is unknown. It is likely that many individuals will compensate by increasing total food intake to maintain calorie intake. Consumption of fat substitutes presents nutrition problems. Those fat substitutes that are partially or totally nondigested may reduce the bioavailability of other nutrients. Similarly, fat substitutes may have adverse effects on normal gastrointestinal tract function or intestinal tract flora. Unlike other functional food additives, fat substitutes can make up a significant portion of the total diet. For this reason, traditional safety factors cannot be applied. Consequently, more reliance on data from clinical studies involving human subjects and requirements for postmarket surveillance will be necessary as part of the approval process.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed2003

Fatty acids in formulae for term infants: compliance of present recommendations with the actual human milk fatty acid composition of geographically different populations.

AIM: Recommendations for formula fatty acids (FA) are largely based on the mature human milk FA composition. This study aimed to investigate whether current recommendations for formula FA for term infants comply with the actual breast-milk FA composition of geographically distinct populations and to provide more realistic grounds for future recommendations. METHODS: 455 mature breast-milk samples were collected in different countries over 25 y. Recommendations of different organizations were projected on their FA data. FA interrelationships were calculated with Spearman's rank tests. FA compositions of 30 formulae were compared with those of breast milk. RESULTS: Many samples from non-Western communities did not meet the recommendations for formula 12:0, 14:0 and 18:2omega6, since these are mainly based on breast milk of mothers living in Western countries. Recommendations for 18:3omega3, 18:2omega6/18:3omega3, 20:4omega6 and 22:6omega3 were not met by many milk samples, which may point to the poorly developed recommendations for long-chain polyunsaturated FA. Most of the investigated breast-milk FA (12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:3omega3, 22:6omega3, 18:2omega6, 20:4omega6, 18:1omega9) were either positively or negatively interrelated. Many formulae had FA compositions that were not consistent with the physiological interrelationships of FA in breast milk. CONCLUSION: Future recommendations, if based on human milk, should derive from its FA balance, as indicated by the FA interrelationships. A "humanized" formula FA composition would in this sense be any composition that cannot be distinguished from that of breast milk by techniques such as principal component analysis.

Caribbean Region↗
PubMed1992

[Comparison of human milk with 3 different types of infant food in the nutrition of full-term neonates].

Healthy, term infants who were either breast-fed, or received conventional formula (Mildibé, EGIS; Pre-Aptamil, Milupa), or a formula containing hydrolyzed proteins (Aptamil H. A., Milupa) were investigated. Each group consisted of 10 infants who were fed ad libitum. Somatic development (gain in weight, length and head- and chest circumferences), serum Ca and P levels, alkaline phosphatase activities and basic biochemical parameters of protein metabolism (serum total protein, albumin, uric acid, creatinine and urea nitrogen levels) were determined at the ages of 2, 4 and 8 weeks. Anthropometric measurements did not reveal considerable differences between the groups investigated. At the age of four weeks, serum calcium levels were significantly higher in the breast-fed infants than in those receiving formula. Both at the ages of four and eight weeks, serum total protein levels were significantly lower in the infants receiving the formula consisting of hydrolyzed proteins than in the breast-fed controls. No difference of considerable extent was seen in the other biochemical parameters measured. The results obtained indicate that, in the lack of the possibility of breast-feeding, all the three formulae investigated can be used as substitute of breast milk.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1989

Effect of an enteral nutrient formula on sustained-release theophylline absorption.

The effect of an enteral nutrient formula (Osmolite) on the absorption of a single oral dose of sustained-release theophylline (Slo-bid) was studied in healthy men. In a randomized, crossover design, subjects received the enteral nutrient diet (2,400 ml/day) or food diet (F) of similar caloric, fat, carbohydrate, protein, and sodium content for 7 days. On day 6 of each diet, volunteers received a single oral dose (600 mg) of sustained-release theophylline (SRT) after fasting or with hourly oral boluses (100 ml) of enteral nutrient formula (ENF). Serial blood samples were collected for 48 h and serum concentrations were analyzed by enzyme multiplied immunoassay. Slight differences (p less than 0.01; paired t test) in Cmax (7.1 +/- 1.2 versus 8.2 +/- 1.3 mg/L) and Tmax (10.7 +/- 2.4 vs. 7.1 +/- 1.1 h) were observed between the ENF and F diets, respectively. However, areas under the curve values were similar (215 +/- 72 versus 211 +/- 70 mg h/L). This study suggests that ENF does not affect the extent of absorption of SRT when administered as a single oral dose.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Randomized trial of taurine supplementation for infants less than or equal to 1,300-gram birth weight: effect on auditory brainstem-evoked responses.

Taurine may be important to the developing eye and brain of the small preterm infant. A blinded randomized trial was conducted to determine whether taurine supplementation of healthy infants of less than or equal to 1,300 g birth weight until their discharge from the hospital increases their growth rate, neurobehavioral development, electroretinographic development, or maturation of auditory brainstem-evoked responses. Infants were fed with Similac Special Care as desired, which was prepared to contain less than 5 mg/L of taurine or 45 mg/L of taurine, a concentration similar to that of human milk. Infants who did not receive taurine supplementation (n = 19) and those who did (n = 18) were similar with respect to condition at study entry, caloric intake, and growth rates throughout the study, and electroretinographic findings and scores on the Brazelton Behavioral Assessment Scale at 37 weeks' postmenstrual age. Infants who received taurine supplementation had greater overall plasma taurine concentrations. The group receiving taurine supplementation also had more mature auditory-evoked responses at 37 weeks' postmenstrual age with a modest (0.2 to 0.5 ms) but consistent reduction (P less than .05) in the interval between stimulus and response at two different stimulation rates. Although further study is needed, taurine intake appears to influence auditory system maturation of preterm infants.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1987

Persistently low blood retinol levels during and after parenteral feeding of very low birth weight infants: examination of losses into intravenous administration sets and a method of prevention by addition to a lipid emulsion.

Very low birth weight infants have little storage of hepatic retinol and are, therefore, highly dependent upon an exogenous supply. The recent association between low serum retinol level and bronchopulmonary dysplasia and the persistently low serum levels of retinol during total parenteral nutrition prompted a prospective study to evaluate serial changes in serum retinol levels during 1 month of total parenteral nutrition (retinol dose 455 micrograms/d) and again during 1 month of total enteral feeding (retinol dose 200 to 300 micrograms/d) in the same infants. Infants were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of infants weighing less than 1,000 g (n = 24) and group 2 consisted of infants weighing 1,000 to 1,500 g (n = 17). Although initial mean levels of retinol were similar in both groups (14.8 +/- 0.9 and 13.5 +/- 0.7 micrograms/dL), there was wide variation between infants. In group 1 infants, there was a significant (P less than .01) decline in retinol level by the second week of life (to 9.2 +/- 1 micrograms/dL), which persisted during total parenteral nutrition, but increased to 13.4 +/- 2 after 1 week of enteral feeding. This level was maintained throughout enteral feeding. In group 2 infants, there was no significant change in serum retinol level throughout the study. During total parenteral nutrition, several infants had retinol levels below 10 micrograms/dL, a level associated with signs of retinol deficiency in older children. Because losses of retinol are known to occur in smaller volume total parenteral nutrition solutions, it was speculated that losses of retinol in our patients were due to retinol losses in the total parenteral nutrition delivery system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Drug Stability↗
PubMed1988

Facilitating preparation of modular enteral feedings: a time- and labor-saving method.

The availability and use of modular enteral components for tube feeding has increased dramatically in recent years. The preparation of such modular feedings can be quite confusing to enteral formula preparation personnel, especially when several components are utilized. At Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, a policy of ordering modular feedings on the basis of the contribution of each component per 100 ml formula has been developed and adopted. The policy was adopted in order to reduce the amount of time the dietitian spends assisting the enteral formula aide with preparation of modular feedings, to maximize cost-effectiveness, and to provide the medical staff with standards by which to order modular feedings. Such standardization ensures accurate interpretation of the modular enteral formula order by the enteral nutrition aide. As the formula is changed in dilution or rate, the amounts of each component can be calculated with ease. The direct benefits of instituting this policy have been threefold: the medical staff consults with the clinical dietitians more frequently when ordering modular feedings; preparation and calculation time for modular feedings has decreased; and formula waste is reduced.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1988

The use of waters with a low saline content (oligomineral waters) in the feeding of babies.

The problem of the dilution of foodstuffs for early infancy is discussed, with particular reference to artificial milks. The authors briefly consider the influence of calcium salts in the course of curdling, both for milks enriched with such salts and in diluted milks, as well as the importance of a correct well-dosed saline content in the diet for the early stages of infancy. They then control experimentally, using scalar dilutions (1:100; 1:1000; 1:5000) of pepsin at a known titre, the coagulation of commercial powdered milk and of fresh cow's milk, diluted with various types of mineral waters (chlorinated-sodic oligomineral water; bicarbonate-calcic oligomineral water; bicarbonate-alkaline-terrous mineral water).

Animals↗