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PubMed1982

Capsular and somatic types of Pasteurella multocida from rabbits.

Capsular and somatic serotyping was performed on 79 cultures of Pasteurella multocida from rabbits. Of these isolates, 74 were capsular type A as determined by the staphylococcal hyaluronidase decapsulation test and five were type D by the acriflavine flocculation test. Somatic type 12 was the dominant serotype, and the remainder (type 1, 3, 4 and 11) were less frequent as determined by the gel diffusion precipitin test. This report is in general agreement with other recent reports with rabbit isolates and collectively they provide important serotype and epizootiological information that will be useful in the control and prevention of rabbit pasteurellosis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The estimation of the amount of diphtheria toxin and its activity by various tests in the dynamic cultivation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8].

Direct correlation between the results of tests for the biological activity of diphtheria toxin, carried out in vivo guinea pigs and in vitro in the microcytotoxicity test in CHO cell culture, has been established, which makes it possible to use the latter as one of the methods for the rapid, reproducible and economic evaluation of diphtheria toxin. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of diphtheria toxin in the enzyme immunoassay with the use of monoclonal antibodies and in the microcytotoxicity test demonstrates that these two tests, when used for controlling cultivation processes, have essential advantages over the flocculation test as regards their specificity and information content.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

An ELISA for quantitation of tetanus toxin.

A sandwich ELISA for quantitation of tetanus toxin was devised using commercially available horse antitetanus antiserum and its HRP-conjugate. With commercial toxoid as a standard the assay had a lower sensitivity of 100 ng/ml and was linear up to 100 micrograms/ml. In terms of Lf equivalents the ELISA assay was linear from 0.02 to 20 Lf/ml. The Lf activity in 20 preparations of tetanus toxin as determined by ELISA was comparable to the activity measured by conventional flocculation tests (r = 0.987).

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMed1986

Large liposome agglutination technique for the serological detection of syphilis.

In response to tissue invasion by Treponema pallidum, an antibody complex, called reagin, appears in the serum of the syphilitic patients. Reagin has the ability to combine with cardiolipin, therefore, cardiolipin has traditionally been used as the antigen in different test configurations for the serological detection of syphilis: the VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) flocculation test and the RPR (rapid plasma reagin) test. Here we introduce a liposome preparation composed of cardiolipin, lecithin and cholesterol and containing a colored dye which upon mixing with syphilitic serum on a slide or a plastic card results in clearly visible liposome agglutination. We show that the liposomes in the size range of 1-10 micron are essential for proper sensitivity. The liposomes are colored with either a water-soluble dye entrapped in the aqueous space of liposomes or a lipophilic dye embedded in the membrane. By virtue of the liposome size and coloration the agglutination pattern is easily visible within 3-5 min without the use of a mechanical rotator. The approach described here can be extended to the detection of other antibodies and polyvalent antigens.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1978

[Immunity in syphilis].

Following a brief review of the characteristics of the causative organism of syphilis, its maintenance in laboratory animals and its relationship to the treponemes of the tropical treponematoses, consideration is given to the immune reactions and the development of antibodies to the treponeme of syphilis. The individual tests used in the diagnosis of syphilis, especially the complement fixation reactions and the flocculation tests, as well as the reactions employing specific antigens, such as the Treponemal Immobilisation Test (TPI), the Reiter Protein Complement Fixation Test (RPCFT), the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Test (FTA-ABS) and the Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination Assay (TPHA), are discussed in detail. An evaluation of the results of the tests and the possible sources of errors are considered. The problem of the persistence of treponemes after clinically successful treatment is analysed and existing literature reviewed. The paper ends with a discussion of existing knowledge on protective immunity against infection with Treponema pallidum and a reminder of the need for further research into the immunology of syphilis.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1982

Screening for multiple myeloma using routine laboratory test results.

Characteristics of myeloma protein can be best detected through serum electrophoresis, and are also detected as abnormal results of flocculation tests or hyperglobulinemia by routine laboratory work. The authors identified 38 cases of multiple myeloma in 5 years, actively making use of the available informations in the laboratory. The number screened was 7 times as many as the incidence previously observed, and most of them were screened in subclinical conditions. A formula to discriminate multiple myeloma from other diseases was obtained referring to the thymol turbidity test (TTT) and zinc sulfate turbidity test (ZTT) results through analytical processing the data from the first examination of the 38 patients. The most efficient and practical screening method for multiple myeloma was then developed by combining the formula by which suspicious serum specimens in routine tests are screened, with electrophoresis which confirms the disease.

Blood Protein Electrophoresis↗
PubMed1965

BIOCHEMICAL LABORATORY TESTS IN VIRAL HEPATITIS AND OTHER HEPATIC DISEASES. EVALUATION AND FOLLOW-UP.

The differential diagnosis between viral hepatitis and other liver diseases (particularly obstructive jaundice) is often difficult on purely clinical grounds. Damage to the liver causes changes in the pattern of the serum enzymes and this has led to the development in recent years of a number of enzyme tests. The authors have amassed evidence to show that the most useful of these is determination of the levels of serum glutamic oxalacetic and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGOT and SGPT), coupled with calculation of the SGOT/SGPT ratio. It is characteristic of viral hepatitis that both levels are greatly increased, but the SGOT/SGPT ratio, normally greater than one, falls considerably below his figure. In a few cases of obstructive jaundice, the serum transaminase picture may initially resemble that in viral hepatitis, but the differential diagnosis can be established by repeating the determinations at intervals. Other enzyme tests, such as determination of alkaline phosphatase and leucylaminopeptidase, may be used to confirm the biliary obstruction. Flocculation tests and electrophoretic determination of the plasma protein picture, while of limited value in the diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis, are useful in conjunction with the serum transaminase test for assessing the activity of the disease and any tendency to progress towards "active" chronic hepatitis or post-hepatic cirrhosis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Characterization of the serum protein inhibitor of the V.D.R.L. test.

The V.D.R.L. test for syphilis was used to evaluate the ability of various serum protein fractions to inhibit cardiolipin flocculation tests for syphilis. Serum protein fractions obtained by modifications of the method of Ecker et al. (1) were chromatographed by DEAE or gel filtration and characterized by immunodiffusion and electrophoresis. These experiments indicated that the V.D.R.L. inhibitor substance was in the IgM fraction of serum, although it has not yet been determined whether the inhibitor is an IgM antibody or another component which cofractionates with IgM.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1970

In vitro detection of antibody to cholera enterotoxin in cholera patients and laboratory animals.

Two new in vitro microtests for anticholeragen (cholera exo-enterotoxin) antibodies are described and compared. In both tests, choleragen and choleragenoid, antigenically identical purified moieties which differ in size, charge, and toxicity, may be used as sensitizing antigens with apparently equal facility. The passive hemagglutination (PHA) test in which sensitized tanned chicken erythrocytes are used was found to be more sensitive than the sensitized bentonite flocculation test. Tests with sera from cholera patients almost invariably demonstrated a rise in titer on convalescence. Results with the PHA test were directly correlated with results derived from in vivo toxin neutralization assays involving inhibition of skin reactivity and the ileal loop reaction. These observations strengthen the hypothesis that choleragen is involved in the pathogenesis of cholera in man and support the unitarian concept that skin reactivity and choleragenesis are manifestations of the same toxin acting in different tissues. Both of the tests described have been modified and used as inhibition tests in the detection and assay of choleragen antigen.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

[Liver diseases and their relationship to forestomach function in highly productive cows].

Studied were 12 cows with protracted, recurrent acidosis of the rumen, 4 cows with alkalosis, and 2 calves with experimental acidosis, following up the changes in the rumen content and their impact on the liver. The diseased animals were investigated both clinically and by laboratory tests with regard to alkaline phosphatase, plasma cholinesterase, SGOT, SGPT, alkali reserves, bilirubin, blood sugar, protein function of the liver (flocculation tests), biopsy of the liver, urine pH, urobilinogen, sedimentation test and ketone bodies, rumen pH, rumen infusoria, glucose-fermenting and cellulose-digesting activity, breakdown of nitrates, butyric acid, and ammonia gas. It was found that recurrent physiologic deviations of the rumen content play an essential pathogenetic role in liver injury. The more substantial and continuous the deviations the more severe the liver diseases. Studies revealed that along with other factors the recurrent acidosis and alkalosis of the rumen content could be claimed to be an immediate cause of the liver diseases in high producing cows. Histologically, the liver of cows with slightly expressed acidosis of the rumen showed granular degeneration, and of cows with protracted acidosis--fatty degeneration, activation of the reticulo-endothelial system, and leukocytes in the capillar sinusoids. Liver biopsy in the case of experimental acidosis demonstrated also decrease in the glycogen content of the hepatocytes.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1976

An epidemic of trichinosis after ingestion of wild pig in Hawaii.

Forty-five percent of young adults who ate roast wild pig at a barbecue in Hawaii experienced an illness compatible with trichinosis. Eosinophilia was present in all of those who were ill and in none who remained well. There were no positive results in skin tests with commercial skin-test antigen. Latex agglutination and counterelectrophoresis were equally good methods for the diagnosis of trichinosis and were more sensitive than the bentonite flocculation test. Levels of IgE in those with illness and eosinophilia were not significantly different from the levels in persons who remained well. It is concluded that skin tests should be abandoned until an improved antigen becomes available, that the relative value of diagnostic serologic methods require continued evaluation, and that levels of IgE may not rise significantly after trichinosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Polar nitrogen compounds and their behaviour in the drinking water treatment process.

Aliphatic and alicyclic amines as well as ethanolamines are extremely polar compounds, frequently found in the environment, and some of them have high toxicity. To address the contamination of selected German surface waters examined and the importance of bank filtration in Eastern Germany, investigations on the behaviour of polar organic nitrogen compounds during water treatment were carried out. Test conditions were designed appropriately for drinking water treatment conditions, and the tests were carried out using model water as well as bank filtrate. Test filter studies of microbial degradation of selected compounds demonstrated the following order of biodegradability: ethanolamine > dimethylamine > pyrrolidine > ethylenediamine. piperidine > diethylamine > morpholine > piperazine > cyclohexylamine. Flocculation tests using iron salts as well as aluminium salts as coagulants showed very low removal rates for the amines. The best results for the removal of the polar organic nitrogen compounds from the water were obtained using ozonation. Based on the reaction-rate constants, the order of degradation by ozone is: piperazine > morpholine > ethylenediamine > piperidine, cyclohexylamine > dimethylamine > ethanolamine > pyrrolidine > diethylamine. Disinfection by chlorine-containing agents under drinking water treatment conditions did not give effective elimination of the selected polar nitrogen compounds.

Amines↗
PubMed2005

A cleaner two-step synthesis of high purity diallyldimethylammonium chloride monomers for flocculant preparation.

In order to improve the flocculation efficiency of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC), high molecular weight PDADMAC should be prepared from high purity diallyldimethylammonium chloride(DADMAC) monomers. In this paper, a cleaner method with microwave irradiation and alkali solidification was proposed for preparing high pure DADMAC by selective heating under low temperature, and the prepared high purity DADMAC is characterized using FTIR and atomic absorption spectrometry. The new method provides a solution to the key technical problem of PDADMAC synthesis. Comparing with the conventional methods, the results showed that the advantages of the novel synthesis include: (a) high purity DADMAC is improved from 57% to 71%; (b) reaction time of tertiary amine preparation is shortened from 6 h to 7 min; (c) water instead of acetone was used as reaction medium; (d) toxic by-products, wastewater and waste gas are eliminated. Flocculant made from the synthesized high purity DADMAC monomers was proved more efficient in flocculation tests.

Allyl Compounds↗
PubMed2004

The prozone phenomenon with syphilis and HIV-1 co-infection.

The prozone phenomenon in syphilis testing refers to a false negative response resulting from overwhelming antibody titers which interfere with the proper formation of the antigen-antibody lattice network necessary to visualize a positive flocculation test. This prozone effect in syphilis testing can be expected in cases of disproportionately high antibody titers, such as secondary syphilis, or with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Clinicians need to remain familiar with the protean manifestations of syphilis to be able to exclude the prozone phenomenon.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Microlatex test for diphtheria antitoxin.

Microlatex test was used to detect quantitatively the diphtheria antitoxin in the serum samples. Microtiter technique using polystyrene latex particles coated with diphtheria toxoid was found to be more convenient and sensitive than flocculation test using sizable amount of reagents.

Animals↗
PubMed1959

Third International Reference Preparation of cardiolipin with special reference to its use in improved serological tests for treponematoses.

The Third International Reference Preparation of Cardiolipin was produced (in a quantity of 2400 ml) at the WHO Serological Reference Centre, Copenhagen, and assayed in 1957 against the Second International Reference Preparation by four laboratories in three countries. Complement-fixation and slide flocculation tests were used. The new preparation was found acceptable, and its establishment was authorized by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization.The average log(10) titres and results of analyses of variances are shown. The variances were of the usual order of magnitude, and the differences in titre between antigens containing the Second and the Third International Reference Preparations varied from -0.004 to 0.059; only two of the differences exceeded the 5% limit of significance.The use of the Third International Reference Preparation in tests for the acceptability of any new cardiolipin preparation is described.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed2006

Development of rocket electrophoresis technique as an analytical tool in preformulation study of tetanus vaccine formulation.

Rocket Electrophoresis (RE) technique relies on the difference in charges of the antigen and antibodies at the selected pH. The present study involves optimization of RE run conditions for Tetanus Toxoid (TT). Agarose gel (1% w/v, 20 ml, pH 8.6), anti-TT IgG - 1 IU/ml, temperature 4-8 degrees C and run duration of 18 h was found to be optimum. Height of the rocket-shaped precipitate was proportional to TT concentration. The RE method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 2.5 to 30 Lf/mL. The method was validated and found to be accurate, precise, and reproducible when analyzed statistically using student's t-test. RE was used as an analytical method for analyzing TT content in plain and marketed formulations as well as for the preformulation study of vaccine formulation where formulation additives were tested for compatibility with TT. The optimized RE method has several advantages: it uses safe materials, is inexpensive, and easy to perform. RE results are less prone to operator's bias as compared to flocculation test and can be documented by taking photographs and scanned by densitometer; RE can be easily standardized for the required antigen concentration by changing antitoxin concentration. It can be used as a very effective tool for qualitative and quantitative analysis and in preformulation studies of antigens.

Bacterial Vaccines↗