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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

The effect of vitamin C and/or warmth on forearm blood flow and vascular resistance in sickle cell anaemia subjects.

This study seeks to examine the effects of vitamin C supplementation or/and warmth on forearm blood flow (FBF) and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) in sickle cell anaemia (SCA) subjects in the steady state. Sixteen (16) SCA subjects of both sexes (mean age, 23.4+/-1.5 yrs.) were studied. Blood pressure (BP, mm Hg) and FBF (ml/min) measurements were made at rest, with warmth stimulation, after vitamin C supplementation for 6 weeks at 300 mg per day and with warmth stimulation after vitamin C supplementation. Warmth stimulation was induced by immersing the left foot in a bowl of water at a temperature of 40 degrees C for 2 minutes. Forearm blood flow (FBF) [corrected] was measured by means of a forearm plethysmograph. Forearm vascular resistance (FVR, arbitrary units) was calculated by dividing mean arterial pressure (MAP) with FBF. Warmth stimulation at 40 C significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p<0.05), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p<0.01), MAP (p<0.01) and FVR (p<0.01) but significantly increased FBF (p<0.01). Vitamin C supplementation also significantly reduced SBP (p<0.001), DBP (p<0.01), MAP (p<0.01) and FVR (p<0.05) but significantly increased FBF (p<0.01). After vitamin C supplementation, warmth stimulation potentiated the reduction in SBP (p<0.001), DBP (p<0.01), FVR (p <0.01) and increase in FBF (p<0.01). In conclusion, warmth stimulation at 40 [corrected] degrees C or vitamin C supplementation caused a decrease in arterial blood pressure, forearm vascular resistance and increase in forearm blood flow in sickle cell anaemia subjects. Pretreatment with vitamin C enhanced the vasodilator effect of warmth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Correction of deformities and length discrepancies of the forearm in children by distraction osteogenesis].

OBJECTIVES: To review the results of correction of deformities and length discrepancies of the forearm in children. METHODS: We evaluated the results of distraction osteogenesis in 10 forearms of nine patients with forearm shortening and/or deformity. The mean age at the time of surgery was 10.2 years (range 5 to 16 years). Etiologies included congenital radioulnar synostosis and preaxial longitudinal deficiency of the forearm (n=1), congenital radioulnar synostosis and shortening of the forearm (n=1), multiple hereditary osteochondromas (n=1), distal radial physeal arrest (n=1), Madelung's deformity (n=2), bilateral congenital forearm shortening due to postaxial acrofacial dysostosis syndrome (n=1), and defect nonunion of the radius alone (n=1) and with the ulna (n=1) with shortening. Ilizarov type circular external fixators and monoplanar Orthofix fixators were used in seven and three patients, respectively. The mean follow-up was four years and four months (range 1 to 9 years). RESULTS: The mean length gain was 36.7 mm (range 25 to 60 mm), which meant a mean increase by 31.5% (range 14% to 66%). A satisfactory functional and cosmetic improvement was achieved in all patients. Bone consolidation occurred in three to 13 months without a need for bone grafting. The most common complication was callus deformity seen after the removal of the fixator. CONCLUSION: Lengthening of the forearm results in improved upper extremity function, especially in activities requiring equal arm length as well as better cosmetic appearance if adequate soft tissue is preserved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Quantitative forearm muscle strength influences radial bone mineral density in osteoporotic and healthy males.

Fractures are not rare in male osteoporosis and bone mineral density (BMD) measurement is used in the diagnosis and monitoring, preventing and/or treating the disease. Muscle strength and BMD are highly related to each other. The distal radius is one of the most common sites of osteoporotic fractures. The relationship of quantitative muscle strength and BMD of the forearm has not yet been established. The objective of this study was to assess forearm muscle strength and grip strength in relation to BMD in 46 osteoporotic and randomly selected 45 healthy male participants. Forearm muscle strength and BMD were quantitatively measured using an isokinetic dynamometer and dual-energy-X-ray-absorptiometry (DEXA), respectively. Significant correlation was found among the muscle strength and dominant forearm BMD in 60 and 120 deg/s velocities. In the non-dominant arm, the 120 deg/s velocity was only significantly positively correlated to forearm BMD. Pearson's Product coefficient presented a moderate correlation between muscle strength and BMD at the dominant arms of both groups, whereas, the difference in the non-dominant forearm came from the difference of usage frequency. In conclusion, quantitative forearm muscle strength and BMD is moderately correlated and exercise can be advised to prevent distal radius fractures in male osteoporosis.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2005

The effect of arginine vasopressin on endothelin production in the human forearm vascular bed.

OBJECTIVES: To study whether arginine vasopressin (AVP) can stimulate endothelin production and/or release in vivo, in the human forearm vasculature. DESIGN: The effect of the infusion of AVP into the brachial artery on endothelin production across the human forearm vascular bed was studied in healthy male volunteers, and was compared with intra-arterial infusion of placebo. In another group the effects of AVP on endothelin production were studied after a prior infusion of L-NG-monomethyl-arginine (L-NMMA), a nitric oxide-synthase inhibitor. In a fourth group the effect of L-NMMA alone, without AVP infusion, on endothelin production was studied. METHODS: We measured the effects of AVP, placebo, L-NMMA followed by AVP and L-NMMA followed by placebo on arterial and venous endothelin concentrations in the forearm of four groups, each consisting of five healthy male volunteers. Forearm blood flow was measured by strain gauge plethysmography. The endothelin production was calculated as forearm blood flow times (venous - arterial) endothelin concentration. RESULTS: The group infused with L-NMMA followed by infusion of 8 ng AVP/min per dl forearm volume showed a significant rise in endothelin production from 1.3 (1.8) to 5.0 (2.0) pg/min/dl at 15 minutes (p<0.05, ANOVA). This rise in endothelin production was also significantly different from the endothelin production at 15 minutes in the other three groups (p<0.01, ANOVA). CONCLUSION: In healthy male volunteers intra-arterial infusion of AVP induced a rise in endothelin production in the forearm within 15 minutes, but only after prior infusion of L-NMMA. This observation suggests that the AVP-induced production of nitric oxide offsets AVP-mediated release of endothelin.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Clinical comparison of automatic, noninvasive measurements of blood pressure in the forearm and upper arm with the patient supine or with the head of the bed raised 45 degrees: a follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive measurement of blood pressure in the forearm is used when the upper arm is inaccessible and/or when available blood pressure cuffs do not fit a patient's arm. Evidence supporting this practice is limited. OBJECTIVE: To compare noninvasive measurements of blood pressure in the forearm and upper arm of medical-surgical inpatients positioned supine and with the head of the bed raised 45 degrees . METHODS: Cuff size was selected on the basis of forearm and upper arm circumference and manufacturers' recommendations. With a Welch Allyn Vital Signs 420 Series monitor, blood pressures were measured in the forearm and then in the upper arm of 221 supine patients with their arms resting at their sides. Patients were repositioned with the head of the bed elevated 45 degrees and after 2 minutes, blood pressures were measured in the upper arm and then the forearm. Starting position was alternated on subsequent subjects. RESULTS: Paired t tests revealed significant differences between systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured in the upper arm and forearm with patients supine and with the head of the bed elevated 45 degrees . The Bland-Altman procedure revealed that the distances between the mean values and the limits of agreement were from 15 to 33 mm Hg for individual subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive measurements of blood pressure in the forearm and upper arm cannot be interchanged in medical-surgical patients who are supine or in patients with the head of the bed elevated 45 degrees .

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Standardized trauma (tape stripping) in human vulvar and forearm skin. Effects on transepidermal water loss, capacitance and pH.

Mechanical trauma to genital skin may favor the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. To study differences between vulvar and forearm skin in epidermal repair after standardized trauma, transepidermal water loss, capacitance and pH of forearm and vulvar skin in 10 healthy premenopausal women were monitored for 7 days after a standardized trauma induced by tape stripping to glistening. Vulvar and forearm skin showed similar responses immediately after tape stripping: a sudden increase in transepidermal water loss and capacitance. Forearm skin, however, reacted more intensely than vulvar skin; forearm skin readings remained significantly higher than normal values for 2 days after tape stripping, whereas vulvar skin readings were not significantly different from normal. Thus, vulvar skin did not respond as extensively as forearm skin, presumably because it is a less complete barrier against excess body water loss. On the other hand, vulvar skin seemed to recover faster from skin damage than forearm skin, probably because of its higher epidermal cell turnover.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[The muscular vascular index. Analysis of the vascularization of the muscles of the forearm].

The results of an anatomic study based on 50 fresh adult cadaver upper extremities are analysed. All the arterial pedicles of each forearm muscle were counted, and each muscle was weighed. Each forearm contained an average number of 264 muscular pedicles. The relative mass fraction of each muscle was calculated, as was its "muscular vascular index" or MVI (number of pedicles divided by the weight of the muscle in grams). Half of the forearm muscles had a significant statistical relationship between their weight and their number of vascular pedicles. The other half had no statistical relationship. These two statistical muscular groups (with and without a statistical relationship) did not clearly correspond to anatomic or functional groups. No muscular group based on the average of MVI was found. Each of the 20 forearm muscle had finally its own characteristics of weight, number of pedicles, and MVI. The average MVI was 0.9 (from 0.4 to 1.8). The global muscular vascular index (GMVI) is the division of the total number of muscular pedicles of a forearm by the total muscular weight of this forearm. The average GMVI was 0.8 (from 0.4 to 1.6). In spite of its theoretical and practical limits, the MVI concept approximately reflects the high vascular density of the forearm muscles.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Forearm median nerve conduction velocity in carpal tunnel syndrome.

Reduced velocity of median nerve conduction in the forearm of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) has been attributed to an artifact of the electrodiagnostic method rather than pathophysiologic changes in the forearm segment. Standard nerve conduction velocity (NCV) tests measure the forearm segment in combination with the distal latency and this may not represent an accurate assessment of conduction in the proximal portion of the nerve. A new technique of direct evaluation of the forearm median nerve was developed by the stimulation and recording of the forearm nerve action potential (FNAP) proximal to the wrist. The FNAP measurement was compared to the usual NCV in persons with CTS and control subjects. Forearm median nerve conduction velocities in the CTS group were significantly slower (p less than 0.05) than normal subjects using both FNAP and standard NCV techniques. The finding of decreased conduction speeds by the direct measurement of the forearm segment confirms that the reduced speeds derived from NCV are valid and suggests that retrograde degeneration of the nerve axons may result from entrapment in the carpal tunnel.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in the forearm arterial bed of patients with advanced cirrhosis.

Increased vascular production of nitric oxide (NO) may contribute to the peripheral vasodilation and hyperdynamic state complicating advanced liver cirrhosis. In this study, we examined the effect on forearm blood flow of local brachial artery infusion of noradrenaline (NA) and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), an inhibitor of NO-synthase, in 10 alcoholic ascitic cirrhotic patients (patients with decompensated alcohol-induced liver disease: DALD group) and 10 patients with well-compensated alcohol-induced liver disease (CALD group). Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. As compared with the CALD group, the DALD group had higher cardiac index and forearm blood flow as well as lower systemic blood pressure and vascular resistance. Infusions of NA and L-NMMA produced similar reduction in resting blood flow in the CALD group. However, in the DALD group, NA was significantly less effective than L-NMMA. The forearm vasoconstrictor response to NA was also significantly reduced in the DALD group when compared with the CALD group. In the DALD group, NA decreased forearm blood flow by 21.0 +/- 6.2% and increased vascular resistance by 37.2 +/- 12.3%, whereas respective changes in the CALD group were 41.8 +/- 6.2% (P < .01) and 77.8 +/- 9.9% (P < .02). In contrast, L-NMMA induced greater forearm vasoconstriction in the DALD group than in the CALD group. In decompensated patients, L-NMMA decreased forearm blood flow by 50.4 +/- 2.7% and increased vascular resistance by 115.9 +/- 14.4%, whereas changes in compensated patients were 38.2 +/- 4.9% (P < .05) and 77.4 +/- 16.2% (NS), respectively. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased vascular synthesis of NO contributes to the high dynamic state of patients with advanced cirrhosis.

Arginine↗
PubMed1995

A cadaveric and radiologic assessment of catheter placement for the measurement of forearm compartment pressures.

The diagnosis of compartment syndrome is essentially a clinical one. In recent years, much interest and research has focused on the development of intracompartmental pressure monitoring devices to help in the diagnosis of this condition. Proper placement of the catheter is essential for accurate monitoring, because an incorrect result is potentially more dangerous than no reading at all. In the forearm, measurement in the flexor digitorum profundus is thought to be a more sensitive way of assessing rising pressure. One of the risks of catheter placement is inadvertent damage to a neurovascular structure, particularly when monitoring pressures in deeper muscle bellies. Standard anatomic texts and outpatient magnetic resonance scans of the forearm were studied to define a safe pathway for the introduction of a catheter into the volar forearm. An approach from the midline to the ulna, between the tendons of the flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus, seemed the safest. Ten cadaveric forearms had 100 cc of gastrograffin injected into the deep forearm through a dorsal approach. The median and ulnar nerves were cannulated with a fine wire from the elbow to the wrist. Two cannulae were passed, using the suggested approach, at 2 locations between the wrist and the mid forearm. All limbs then were scanned with computed tomography, and the images were reviewed. In all forearms, the cannulae passed between the median and ulnar nerves into the belly of the flexor digitorum profundus and posed no risk to the neurovascular structures.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1995

Saphenous vein forearm grafts and gortex thigh grafts as alternative forms of vascular access.

To compare the survival and complication rates of saphenous vein forearm grafts and gortex thigh grafts. Retrospective study over a twelve-year period with review of case-notes. Saphenous vein forearm grafts were constructed in 17 males and 12 females, mean age 61 years and gortex thigh grafts in 24 males and 22 females (49 grafts), mean age 49 years. Grafts were the primary form of access in 9 patients in each group. Follow-up was 45.6 and 135.2 patient years on dialysis for forearm grafts and thigh grafts respectively. One-year total survival was 89.4% (89.4% at 2 years and 71.5% at 3 years) and 84.9% (82.3% at 2 years and 70.4% at 3 years) for saphenous vein forearm grafts and gortex thigh grafts respectively. The overall complication rates were 0.22 and 0.61 per patient year on dialysis for saphenous vein forearm grafts and gortex thigh grafts respectively. Thrombosis occurred in 10% and 52%, infection in 0% and 35% and no complications in 62% and 24% of saphenous vein forearm grafts and gortex thigh grafts respectively. Both saphenous vein forearm grafts and gortex thigh grafts can provide satisfactory vascular access. The survival is similar at one year but gortex thigh grafts have a higher complication rate.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Longitudinal changes in forearm bone mineral content in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Forearm bone mineral content was measured in 28 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism before and 1 year after successful parathyroidectomy. The forearm bone mineral content rose from a mean value of 1.068 to 1.092 g/cm (P less than 0.05, paired t-test). Those patients with the lower initial values had the largest rise. In an additional study, the forearm bone mineral content was measured in 10 women over the age of 40 years (mean age 58.6 +/- 7.9SD years) with hyperparathyroidism before and for 2 years after successful parathyroidectomy and compared with the forearm bone mineral content measured over 2 years in 12 women (mean age 56.3 +/- 5.5SD years) with continuing hyperparathyroidism and with the forearm bone mineral content of 12 eucalcemic control women (mean age 58.8 +/- 8.2SD years), also measured over 2 years. The parathyroidectomized group gained bone, whereas the ongoing hyperparathyroid group and the eucalcemic control group lost bone. The difference between the parathyroidectomized group and the ongoing hyperparathyroid group was significant after 2 years (P less than 0.05). The percentage loss of forearm bone mineral in the eucalcemic control subjects was not significantly different from the percentage loss of forearm bone mineral in the ongoing hyperparathyroid group, although the initial mean bone mineral content in the eucalcemic group was significantly higher than in the ongoing hyperparathyroid group, suggesting that a possible determinant of bone mineral loss in women in this age group is the initial bone mineral content.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Bone densitometry: a new, highly responsive region of interest in the distal forearm to monitor the effect of osteoporosis treatment.

The bisphosphonates have been introduced as alternatives to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The expected increasing application in at clinical practice demands cost-effective and easily handled methods to monitor the effect on bone. The weak response at the distal forearm during antiresorptive treatment has restricted the use of bone densitometry at this region. We describe a new model for bone densitometry at the distal forearm, by which the response obtained is comparable to the response in other regions where bone densitometry is much more expensive and technically complicated. By computerized iteration of single X-ray absorptiometry forearm scans we defined a region with 65% trabecular bone. The region was analyzed in randomized, double-masked, placebo- controlled trials: a 2-year trial with alendronate (n = 69), a 1-year trial with ibandronate (n = 141) and a 2-year trial with HRT (n = 121). Bone mineral density (BMD) at the distal forearm revealed a highly statistically significant dose-related response and increased 3-5% per year with 2.5 mg ibandronate, 10 mg alendronate or HRT, whereas the decrease in the placebo groups was 1-3% (p<0.001). The response at the distal forearm was similar to the response at the lumbar spine and hip. In conclusion, trabecular bone at the distal forearm is as responsive to antiresorptive treatment as trabecular bone in other skeletal regions. Bone densitometry at the new region of interest in the distal forearm has comparable performance characteristics to more expensive and technically demanding methods. The method is more accessible clinically and has potential as an alternative for monitoring bone mass changes during antiresorptive treatment.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2002

Forearm bone mineral density in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

The aims of the present study were to determine whether patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) show significantly lower forearm bone mineral density (BMD) than sex- and age-matched healthy controls, and to identify significant factors that are associated with their BMD loss. One hundred eighty-four patients with RA and 185 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study: 71 men 37-68 years of age (RA, 31; controls, 40), 129 premenopausal women 30-48 years of age (RA, 67; controls, 62), and 169 postmenopausal women 48-69 years of age (RA, 86; controls, 83). The correlation of forearm BMD, measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry with anatomic grade in the wrist, functional class, duration of disease, steroid use, modified health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) score for the upper and lower extremities, levels of serum C-reactive protein and rheumatoid factor, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and years since menopause (YSM) were examined by multiple regression analysis. In men with RA, no clinical factors were significantly correlated with forearm BMD, and the BMD did not differ significantly from that in controls (0.329 +/- 0.060 [mean +/- SD] vs. 0.351 +/- 0.069 g/cm(2)). In premenopausal women with RA, the HAQ score for the upper extremities was positively correlated with forearm BMD ( P < 0.05), but the BMD did not differ significantly from that in controls (0.298 +/- 0.085 vs. 0.324 +/- 0.088 g/cm(2)); in postmenopausal women with RA, YSM and anatomic grade in the wrist were negatively correlated with forearm BMD ( P < 0.01 and P < 0.05), and the BMD was significantly lower than in controls (0.192 +/- 0.063 vs. 0.223 +/- 0.076 g/cm(2), P < 0.01). These findings suggest that forearm BMD loss in patients with RA may be accelerated in women after menopause, and that YSM and disuse of the wrist may be significant determinants of their forearm BMD loss.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

[Ulnar versus radial forearm flap in orofacial reconstruction].

The microvascular ulnar forearm flap is compared with the radial forearm flap for soft tissue reconstruction in the head and neck region. In 67 patients 44 ulnar forearm and 23 radial forearm flaps were applied. The two groups were compared regarding flap dissection, suitability of the flap for the recipient region, complication rate and secondary morbidity of the donor region. The ulnar forearm flap is favoured due to the less hairy skin of the ulnar forearm region and the more conveniently located donor area. The ulnar forearm flap pedicle is long compared with alternative transplants but shorter than the radial pendant.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Movement patterns of the upper extremity and trunk associated with impaired forearm rotation in patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy compared to healthy controls.

The aim of this study was to objectively assess the relationship between impaired forearm rotation and movement patterns of the upper arm and trunk in patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. For this purpose, 'extrinsic forearm rotation' was introduced as a parameter to quantify the cumulative result of all movements that supplement forearm rotation. The results of three-dimensional video analysis of the upper extremity and trunk in different reaching tasks in eight male and two female patients (mean age, 16 years and 2 months) were compared to those of 10 case-matched controls. The active forearm rotation impairment in the patient group as compared to the controls was combined with a significantly higher value for 'extrinsic forearm rotation'. In this way, we objectively measured compensatory movement patterns associated with impaired forearm rotation and, consequently, we advocate assessment of the overall movement strategy rather than just the forearm deformity in patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1997

Intracarpal canal pressures: the role of finger, hand, wrist and forearm position.

OBJECTIVE: The study examined the change in intracarpal canal pressure (ICCP) in relationship to finger, hand, wrist and forearm position. DESIGN: The study was an in vivo measurement of ICCP in seven subjects undergoing a standardized set of manoeuvres that systematically varied finger, hand, wrist, and forearm position. BACKGROUND: It has been known that the ICCP increased with extremes of wrist flexion and extension but the change in pressure in response to radial and ulnar deviation as well as hand and forearm position has not been reported. METHODS: The ICCP was measured using a slit catheter technique; each variation of position was repeated three times with continuous monitoring of ICCP, wrist angulation, and metacarpal-phalangeal joint angulation. RESULTS: The study demonstrated that ICCPs were lowest when the wrist is in a neutral position, the hand relaxed with fingers flexed and the forearm in a semi-pronated position. Wrist extension and flexion resulted in the greatest increase in ICCP followed by forearm pronation and supination. Radial and ulnar deviation also increased the pressure but to a lesser extent. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support the concept that the wrist and forearm should be maintained in a neutral position during vocational and avocational activities in an effort to minimize pressure within the carpal tunnel and thereby reduce the risk of developing carpal-tunnel syndrome. RELEVANCE: It is desirable to know how the ICCP changes in response to change in hand, wrist, and forearm position so that work activities are designed to minimize the pressure within the carpal canal and thus maintain the viability of the median nerve within the carpal canal.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Forearm extensor and flexor muscle exertion during simulated gripping work -- an electromyographic study.

OBJECTIVE: To study forearm muscular exertion during intermittent gripping work at three different regimes resembling vocational work. DESIGN: An electromyographic laboratory study of forearm fatigue during intermittent gripping work at 25% MVC with 10/10, 20/10 and 30/10 s of work/rest was performed. BACKGROUND: Data from the literature indicate that forearm flexors as well as extensors are activated during gripping. However, no systematic quantitative assessment of the muscular exertion has been made hitherto. METHODS: Nine female subjects participated. EMG was detected from five forearm muscles, three extensors and two flexors. Zero crossing rate alterations were used as an index of fatigue. RESULTS: The results show significant (P < 0.05) fatigue signs in at least two of the extensor muscles at all regimes while significant signs of fatigue was seen only at the 30/10 regime for the flexor muscles. CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue effects are generally larger on the extensor side. None of the studied regimes is acceptable from EMG fatigue point of view. RELEVANCE: The muscular fatigue of the forearm extensors in relation to the flexors during gripping work has not been systematically assessed before. Forearm fatigue distribution is probably of great importance for the understanding of forearm disorders related to muscular exertion.

Journal Article↗