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PubMed1978

[Prevention of animal rabies by an attenuated monovalent or mixed vaccine].

In view of the advantages and disadvantages of the different rabies vaccines, classified according to the production method of the virus and according to their nature - activated or inactivated - the choice of an activated vaccine produced on cell cultures is particularly justified for developing countries. The production of this type of vaccine, as well as the methods and results of the activity and innocuity controls are shown in detail. The interest of combined vaccines for certain developing countries, particularly the combined vaccine rabies/foot-and-mouth disease for ruminants, is stressed. The use of this type of vaccine on a vary large scale (more than 20 million doses up to this date) has given complete satisfaction. It should be noted that the same principles have been successfully applied to the realisation of a vaccine for human use, which can be administered before as well as after contamination.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Effect of chemical modifiers on the antigen-binding capacity of antibodies].

The effect was followed up of the chemical modifications "carbamylation" and "benzylation" on the antigen-fixing activity of the foot-and-mouth disease immunoglobulins G and M. The chemical agents used - potassium cyanate and 2-hydroxi-5-nitrobenzylbromide--modified a considerable number of side lysine chains and tryptophane radicals, however, had no effect on the precipitation activity of the foot-and-mouth disease antibodies IgG and IgM manifested with the respective antigens. The lowered ability of the modified (to a higher degree) antibodies to form precipitations with the homologous virus was due to secondary reactions between the two components of the system, the functional groups of the active center remaining intact. The higher affinity of the IgM antibody to the homologous antigen was due to its polyvalent capacity (as compared to the bivalent immunoglobulin G).

2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl Bromide↗
PubMed1975

[Swine Vesicular Disease. A Review (author's transl)].

The article gives a comprehensive review on swine vesicular disease (SVD). The properties of the virus, symptoms, diagnosis, epizoötiology and control of the disease are described. The clinical appearance is illustrated by photographs from experimental infections. The differences in the epizoötiology of SVD and foot-and-mouth disease are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Foot-and-mouth disease: the risk for Great Britain after 1992.

Mass annual vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease, previously applied by eight member states in the European Community (EC), was progressively phased out during 1990-91. The other four member states (the United Kingdom, Denmark, the Republic of Ireland and Greece) either never have vaccinated or ceased to do so several years ago. The EC should increase its international competitiveness if it maintains its present foot-and-mouth disease-free, non-vaccinating status. Freedom from disease and a harmonised disease control policy will also permit unrestricted movement of livestock and animal products throughout the EC when the single market is completed in 1992. Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease on continental Europe has greatly reduced the number of outbreaks during the last 30 years and this reduction has been of indirect benefit to Great Britain. However, the cessation of vaccination will result in a higher proportion of fully susceptible cattle and in the event of outbreaks will increase the likelihood of the rapid dissemination of virus and increase the risk that the infection will enter Great Britain. The main risks of entry are likely to be associated with live animals in which the disease can be mild or inapparent, ie, sheep and goats, and with airborne virus originating from pigs on the nearby continent especially in Brittany and the Benelux countries where they are present in very high densities.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Differentiation between specific and nonspecific reactions of bovine sera and foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) in immunodiffusion tests.

The precipitating and neutralizing activities of normal bovine sera with FMDV were studied and compared. Twenty-two out of 79 normal bovine sera gave a positive reaction in micro neutralization tests with FMDV type O, while six did so with type A. In RID tests 32 sera were positive with type O and 28 with type A virus. Almost all of the 79 sera gave a positive reaction in the RID with trypsin treated virus of both types. After three to four fold concentration most sera also gave visible reactions in ID tests when tested against complete virus. When O virus was used the ID patterns produced by most normal sera clearly differed from those obtained with early and late convalescent sera from FMDV infected steers. When type A materials were employed this was also the case but to a lesser extent. The patterns obtained with concentrated normal sera showed, in general a strong line with trypsin treated virus and no line or a weaker one with complete virus. The substances in normal bovine sera precipitating trypsin treated O virus were different from those reacting with trypsinized virus of type A.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The pathogenicity of bovine strains of foot and mouth disease virus for impala and wildebeest.

Impala (Aepyceros melampus) and wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) were infected with bovine strains of foot and mouth disease virus by intradermolingual inoculation. No clinical signs developed in the impala but mild atypical lesions developed in the tongues of the wildebeest with generalized spread to one foot in two of the eight animals exposed. All the impala but only some of the wildebeest developed viraemia. No virus could be isolated from any tissues in either species after the 7th day following virus inoculation. Immune response occurred in both species. A field survey revealed few animals of either species with significant antibody titers and no virus 'carriers' were found.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Current status of immunoprophylaxis against foot-and-mouth disease].

An analysis is made of the latest developments and importance of immunoprophylaxis against FMD, with reference to the epizootiological situation of the disease and its bearings, today, on industrialized livestock production. Comprehensive immunoprophylactic action (vaccination of all cattle every year) has been taken first by the GDR and later on by more European countries, as well. As a result of such action the disastrous impact of FMD and its associated high loss rate have been considerably mitigated. A decisive role, in that context, has been played by the development of effective inactivated vaccines for swine. An FMD live vaccine has been devised in GDR for after-care of swine. It is not only harmless to the animal, but, as well known, it provides numerous advantages over adsorbate vaccines. FMD immunoprophylaxis for full success depends primarily on the proper selection of virus strains suitable for vaccine produktion, vaccine quality, avoidance of post-vaccination damage or disease, and the availability of an efficient concept for vaccine application. The above problems are expounded in this paper, and derived from them are substantive conclusions for further studies, with the view to improving FMD immunoprophylaxis.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Recurring hemolytic anemia, babesiasis, and influenza A viruses in a yak at low altitude in Nepal.

Episodes of hemolysis and leukocytosis which were associated with Babesia bigemina followed each of 3 challenge exposures to influenza A viruses. It is possible that viral infection altered the immunologic host-parasite equilibrium. Acute thrombocytopenia and rouleaux formation were also observed. Death, attributed to liver flukes, occurred 168 days after the yak was transferred from high to low altitude. A 2nd yak died of foot-and-mouth disease, thus supporting the Nepali belief that yaks will not survive at the lower altitudes of Kathmandu.

Altitude↗
PubMed1978

Experiments on the preparations and testing of associated vaccine against foot and mouth disease and vesicular disease in swine.

Tests for associated immunization of swine against Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and Vesicular Disease (SVD) of swine were carried out. As a result of this investigation, it was established that the prepared and tested inactivated oil vaccine is harmless and immunogenic in sensitive animals. In investigating the course of immunity, the presence of antibody against both antigens was demonstrated in vaccinated animals. All once-vaccinated animals were defended against the virus of SVD during challenge, and 75% of them were defended against FMD. After revaccination, all immunized swine were defended against infection with both viruses. The question of the quality of the associated vaccine and the possibilities of its massive use in industrial swine rearing was discussed.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1976

Data on a FMD virus of type "A" isolated in Italy in 1975.

A strain of FMD virus type A was isolated in a disease outbreak in Alessandria, Italy, in December 1975. Affected animals were young unvaccinated bovines and pigs of a very restricted region. No further spread has been observed. The strain was compared with some subtype strains of type A, including the Italian vaccinal strain. This Italy 1975 strain differs from all the other viruses included in the performed tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Innocuity and toxicity testing of non-viral components of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.

Some biological properties of 3 different adjuvants: saponin, DEAE-dextran and sodium azide applied in foot-and-mouth vaccines have been studied. As tested in guinea pigs, by dialysis of various batches of saponin, the author succeeded in reducing their toxicity by 80 to 90%, their hemolytic activity by 60 to 75% and their inflammatory capacity by 40 to 50%, whereas in cattle the inflammatory capacity of dialyzed saponin batches decreased by 80 to 90%. The inflammatory capacity of DEAE-dextran is about 50 to 60% less than that of the saponin. The effect of saponin and sodium azide has directly been studied in virus suspension also. Neither the saponin nor the sodium azide affected adversely the infectivity and immunogenicity of the antigen. The loss of potency due to the storage of the vaccine is not in relationship with the presence of the two above-named components.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1975

Some investigations on the adjuvant mechanism of DEAE dextran.

In vitro it was shown that adsorption of inactivated FMDV onto DEAE-D kieselgur columns did not occur in the presence of 0.1--0.15M NaCl. These NaCl concentrations are present in DEAE-D/FMDV vaccines and in the tissues of animals. Therefore, adsorption of virus antigen does not appear to be responsible for the adjuvant effect of DEAE-D. In pigs it was demonstrated that DEAE-D exerts its optimal adjuvant effect, as measured by the formation of neutralizing antibodies and protection against challenge infection, when injected together with inactivated FMDV as vaccine. Apart from this, a good adjuvant effect (group immunity 75--100 per cent) was evoked in about one half and a moderate effect (group immunity 50--70 per cent) in about a quarter of the inoculated animals even if DEAE-D was separately injected locally and temporally from the inactivated virus. With regard to immunity it apparently does not matter whether DEAE-D or inactivated virus was given first, but an interval of 48 hours or 4 days between injection seemed to be more favourable than one of 24 hours. With regard to the formation of neutralizing antibodies the situation is comparable to that of immunity with the exception that a time interval of 24 hours between the application of DEAE-D and inactivated virus or vice versa was as good as that of 48 hours or 4 days. The results are discussed in regard to the possible mechanism of the adjuvant effect of DEAE-D on the cellular level.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1992

A comparative study on the immune response of sheep to foot and mouth disease virus vaccine type Asia-1 prepared with different inactivants and adjuvants.

Foot and mouth disease virus type Asia-1 was inactivated either with formaldehyde or binaryethylenimine (BEI). Inactivated vaccines were prepared incorporating aluminium hydroxide gel or mineral oil as an adjuvant. The antibody response to the adult sheep was studied by ELISA and SN test for a period of 6 months. There was no difference in the antibody response between vaccines inactivated with formaldehyde or BEI. Whereas significant difference in the antibody response was observed between gel and oil vaccines. The high titres of antibody stimulated by oil vaccines persisted longer than those of gel vaccines within the period of study.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Combined vaccination of cattle against FMD and rabies.

Three groups of crossbred calves were vaccinated with FMD vaccine only, combined FMD + rabies vaccine and rabies vaccine alone. Efficacy of the vaccines was determined by serum antibody assay at different intervals postvaccination. The results of the study indicated that the immune response of animals to a single inoculation of FMD vaccine only as well as combined FMD + rabies vaccine was unsatisfactory due to maternally derived antibodies to FMD virus antigen. However two inoculations elicited a satisfactory antibody response to FMD virus antigens in both group of animals. Rabies antigen alone as well as combined FMD + rabies antigen induced satisfactory serum antibody titres to rabies antigen. There was no significantly different serological responses in animal administered FMD vaccine only, rabies vaccine only or combined FMD + rabies vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Virus diseases of the mouth mucosa].

In accordance with the system of viral species, viral disorders of the oral mucosa may be classified with regard to their intensity of affection. There are but few viral infections exclusively affecting the oral mucosa like e.g. 1. Glossitis papulosa of Michelson, representing a special form of vaccinia inoculata, 2. Gingivo-stomatitis herpetica and 3. warts of the mucosa or condyloma-like papillomas of the oral mucosa including oral papillomatosis, that, itself shows morphological and clinical similarities to laryngeal papilloma. A second group of disorders mainly affecting the oral mucosa includes the "Aphthoid of Pospischill and Feyrter", Zahorsky's herpangina and other viral infections by the Coxsackie group, like vesicular stomatitis. The 3rd group represents viral infections of other organs in which affection of the oral mucosa is a prerogative, e.g. smallpox, varicella, foot-and-mouth disease and pharyngo-conjunctival fever. A 4th group includes those viral infections of the organs in which co-affection of oral mucosa occurs frequently or once in a while (at occasions). Here, we find eczema vaccinatum, herpes zoster, herpes simplex of the oral mucosa mostly on the hard palate, eczema herpeticatum, post-herpetic Erythema exsudativum multiforme, Mononucleosis infectiosa Pfeiffer, viral flu, German measles, parotitis epidemica, rubeola and ECHO-exanthema. A 5th and last group is made up by viral infections of other organs, in which affection of the oral mucosa hardly occurs at all. This group contains paravaccinal Ecthyma contagiosum, poliomyelitis, viral infection of the city of Marburg and some Arbovirus infections. Relatively few viral disorders never co-exist with lesions on the oral mucosa like e.g. Virus-hepatitis or some viral encephalitides. Groups 1 and 2, most important of all, are presented in detail regarding clinics, diagnostics, differential-diagnosis and therapy. The disorders within the other 3 groups are discussed only regarding their importance in the field of ENT-related symptoms of the oral mucosa. A number of pictures and tables completes important clinical details and give further hints to their differential-diagnosis.

Glossitis↗