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PubMed2002

[Fluoride accumulation and distribution in mulberry insects near fluoride pollution sources].

Fluoride accumulation and the relative fluoride loading of different body parts in wild mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mandarina M.), mulberry geometrid (Pathonandria atrineata B.), and mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) near fluoride pollution sources were studied. Comparison of the fluoride content of insect bodies and mulberry leaves showed that insects collected from polluted sites had increased fluoride accumulation. The digestive tract of the insect had much higher fluoride content than the other parts of the body and was considered to be the important organ of fluoride accumulation. There were also wide differences in fluoride accumulation between different insect species within the same polluted site. The highly significantly correlation between fluoride contents of wild mulberry silkworm, mulberry geometrid, and mulberry silkworm with that of the mulberry leaves on which they were collected was found.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1992

Enamel, cementum and dentin fluoride uptake from a fluoride releasing resin composite.

The purpose of this study was to determine the fluoride release by and the enamel, cementum and dentin fluoride uptake from a visible light-cured fluoride-containing resin composite. Seven circular discs of the composite were prepared and the fluoride release in distilled water determined at daily intervals for 14 days, and then after 30, 90, 180, 365 and 550 days. The baseline fluoride concentrations in enamel and cementum were determined in three successive depths by an acid etch biopsy procedure and in dentin by an abrasion biopsy procedure. Composite slabs were prepared and ligated to the enamel, cementum and dentin surfaces and the teeth were suspended in synthetic saliva for 7 or 30 days. After removal of the composite, similar biopsy procedures were performed. The teeth were then immersed in 1 M KOH for 24 hours and similar biopsies done. The fluoride concentrations were adjusted to standardized depths of 2.0 microns for enamel, 4.0 microns for cementum and 10.0 microns for dentin, and the total and bound fluoride uptake calculated. The fluoride release from the composite dropped sharply after 1 day and after 180 days reached a plateau which remained relatively constant up to 550 days. The results of this in vitro study indicated that the mineralized dental tissues acquired fluoride at various depths.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Dental caries and enamel fluorosis among the fluoridated and non-fluoridated populations in the Republic of Ireland in 2002.

BACKGROUND: A national survey of oral health of children and adolescents was carried out in the Republic of Ireland (RoI) in 2001/2002. AIMS: To compare the prevalence of caries between child and adolescent residents in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities in the RoI whilst controlling for disadvantage. To compare caries levels amongst disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged groups with and without water fluoridation. To report the changes in caries levels between the 1960s and 2002 in RoI. To report the changes in dental fluorosis levels between 1984 and 2002. METHODOLOGY: Cross sectional oral health survey of a representative, random, stratified sample of 17,851 5-, 8-, 12- and 15-year-old children and adolescents in RoI. WHO examination criteria with the addition of visible, non-cavitated dentine caries were used for recording caries. Fluorosis was measured using Dean's Index. RESULTS: In the RoI the mean dmft/DMFT scores for 5-, 8-, 12-, and 15-year-olds were 1.2, 0.3, 1.1 and 2.3. For those with domestic water fluoridation since birth the scores were 1.0, 0.3, 1.1 and 2.1 respectively. In non-fluoridated areas of RoI the mean dmft/DMFT scores for 5-, 8-, 12-, and 15-year-olds was 1.7, 0.3, 1.3 and 3.2, respectively. For 5-, 12- and 15-year-old age groups dental caries levels were lower amongst children with fluoridated domestic water supplies (all p<0.0001). The prevalence of dental fluorosis has increased in RoI since 1984. 23% and 36% of 8- and 15-year olds respectively in fluoridated areas had Dean's Index scores at the questionable or greater level in 2002, compared with 6% and 5% respectively in 1984. CONCLUSIONS: Caries levels are lower among children with fluoridated domestic water supplies. Decay levels are much lower in 2002 than they were in 1984 and in the 1960s. The oral health of the less well off is worse than that of the rest of the population. The prevalence of dental fluorosis is higher amongst children and adolescents with fluoridated water supplies. Comparisons with 1984 data show an increase in the prevalence of fluorosis since that time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of fluoride drop or fluoride ion infiltration in toddler period on demineralization of first permanent molar of children].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of fluoride drop or fluoride ion infiltration on demineralization of the first permanent molar of children. METHODS: 45 children applied by fluoride drop over 3 years in Chengdu and 40 controls were selected. 45 children applied by fluoride ion infiltration more than 3 years in Xiamen and 40 controls were selected in this study. Demineralization of the different sites of the first permanent molar was evaluated by KaVo DIAGNOdent. The effect of FD and FII in toddler period on demineralization of the first permanent molar was evaluated. RESULTS: Early demineralization of the first permanent molar in children without fluoride drop were more severe than that of children with fluoride drop in toddle period (P < 0.01). There was no significantly difference between demineralization of first permanent molar in children with fluoride ion infiltration and control group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Fluoride drop in toddle period can help the remineralization of newly erupted first permanent molar of children. There is no effect of fluoride ion infiltration on demineralization of newly erupted first permanent molar of children.

Child↗
PubMed1991

[Fluoride uptake from fluoride releasing resin as an orthodontic adhesive on human enamel].

FluoroBond is one kind of fluoride releasing, visible light-activated bonding system for orthodontic bracket placement. The first aim of this study was to investigate the fluoride release from FluoroBond. The second aim of this study was to determine the fluoride uptake by human enamel which was immersed in distilled water for 30 days in contact with FluoroBond. The third aim of this study was to demonstrate the fluoride uptake by human enamel adjacent to the bracket as well as by the human enamel beneath the bracket which was placed using FluoroBond, and immersed for 30 days in distilled water. The results obtained were as follows. 1) A great amount of fluoride was released from FluoroBond immediately after immersion. The fluoride released weakend rapidly over the first 10 days. However, the fluoride released became stable after the 10th day. 2) The uptake of fluoride from FluoroBond was large both on the surface and the subsurface enamel in contact with it. 3) When FluoroBond was used as a bracket bonding material, fluoride was absorbed from FluoroBond by the enamel not only under the bracket but also adjacent to the bracket.

Delayed-Action Preparations↗
PubMed1991

Fluoride levels and fluoride contamination of fruit juices.

Increasing consumption of beverages as a replacement for water have made fluoride content in beverages an important issue. In this study, forty-three ready-to-drink fruit juices were examined for fluoride ion concentration. It was found that 42% of the samples had more than 1 ppm of fluoride. It was also determined that "pure" fruit juices, often grape juices, contained high levels of fluoride. Juice made from grapes separated from the skin did not contain any fluoride. Since it is common practice to use fluoride-containing insecticide in growing grapes, it is believed that contamination of these juices is occurring. Washing of grape skins produced appreciable quantities of fluoride. Given that increasing numbers of people are consuming beverages instead of water, fluoride supplementation should not be based solely upon the concentration of the drinking water, but should also consider the amount of different beverages consumed and their fluoride content.

Beverages↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of fluoride-containing chewing gum on remineralization of carious lesions and on fluoride uptake in man.

The remineralization effect of chewing gum containing fluoride (F) was studied on natural carious lesions. Maxillary acrylic appliances carrying the carious enamel sections were worn by three subjects. After 3 days of chewing 15 sticks of fluoride gum (Fluogum, containing 0.113 mg F/stick sweetened with xylitol/sorbitol), there was a significant reduction in both lesion depth and in the size of the body of the lesion (p less than 0.001). Exposure of carious lesions to 3 days in an oral environment without fluoride supplement reduced the size of the body of the lesions by an average of 5% (p less than 0.05). Chewing one or two sticks of the gum for 15 minutes raised the salivary-fluoride concentration to a peak of 1.13 ppm 5 minutes after chewing one stick, and raised the concentration to 2.73 ppm 10 minutes after chewing two sticks. The area under the curve of salivary-fluoride concentration versus time obtained following chewing one and two sticks were 0.78 h.microgram/ml and 1.89 h.micrograms/ml, respectively. There was a high positive correlation (r = 0.78) between the saliva flow and elimination of fluoride. Plaque fluoride level increased 1.7 fold following chewing two sticks of gum (p less than 0.05). The effect of chewing two sticks (a dose of 0.226 mg F) on plasma fluoride level was negligible, an indication of the safety of chewing gum regimen. More work is needed to document the cariostatic efficacy of a fluoride-containing chewing gum.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Fluoride, calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations in approximal plaque collected from young adults 1 and 24 h after toothbrushing with fluoride toothpastes.

A within-subject double-blind cross-over study was carried out to examine whether the chemical composition of approximal plaque was altered 1 and 24 h after brushing with fluoride toothpaste. Three fluoride toothpastes were tested, containing either sodium monofluorophosphate with calcium glycerophosphate supplement and calcium carbonate abrasive, a combination of sodium monofluorophosphate and sodium fluoride with the same supplement and abrasive or sodium fluoride with a silica abrasive. A fluoride-free toothpaste with a silica abrasive acted as the control. 19 subjects used the toothpastes separately in randomised order for 1 week each prior to collection of plaque. Contralateral half-mouth approximal plaque samples were collected 1 and 24 h after the last use of each toothpaste. Fluoride, calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations of plaque were estimated. The results indicated that brushing with toothpastes containing fluoride and/or calcium supplements resulted in increased concentrations of these constituents in approximal plaque 1 h after brushing. These elevated levels of inorganic ions were not observed in the samples collected 24 h after brushing. It was concluded that the potentially beneficial effect of a raised concentration of fluoride and calcium in approximal plaque observed soon after brushing is lost during the following 24 h.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The caries-preventive effect of amine fluorides and inorganic fluorides in a mouthrinse or dentifrice after 30 months of use.

The study groups using a dentifrice and mouthrinse both containing fluorides, a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and a mouthrinse containing sodium fluoride, or a mouthrinse containing sodium fluoride with a placebo dentifrice had a 20.7% to 29.0% lower DMF increment than the control group after 30 months. These differences were significant. The study groups using a dentifrice containing amine fluorides and a placebo mouthrinse, a mouthrinse containing amine fluorides and a placebo dentifrice, or a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and a placebo mouthrinse had a 13.6% to 22.4% lower DMF increment than the control group. These differences were not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in effectiveness against caries between the use of the organic or inorganic fluoride products.

Amines↗
PubMed2004

In vivo enamel fluoride uptake after use of fluoride products.

PURPOSE: To evaluate fluoride uptake in enamel after use of products containing different fluoride components of distinct oral hygiene regimen in vivo. METHODS: 84 healthy subjects (24 females and 60 males aged 19-26 years, mean 22.2) recruited from the students attending the courses of the Medical Faculty of the University of Sassari, Italy, were randomly assigned to one of four treatments groups: A: treated with a dentifrice containing sodium monofluorophosphate (1250 ppm F-); B: treated with dentifrice with 1250 ppm F- from AmF; C: treated with an AmF toothpaste (1250 ppm F-) and a mouth rinse with 250 ppm F- from AmF; or D: treated with a NaMFP toothpaste (1250 ppm F-) plus 1250 ppm NaMFP varnish. Acid-etched enamel microbiopsies on the vestibular surface of the first maxillary premolar were collected at baseline (to), after 20 days of test product use (t1) and after 24 hours without treatment (t2). Fluoride concentration was measured using an ion-specific electrode. All measurements were made in triplicate and analyzed statistically using two-way factorial ANOVA for independent samples standard weighted-means analysis. RESULTS: The fluoride uptake in the enamel shows a considerable variation between the groups. Significant differences were found both within all products in terms of fluoride concentration in enamel for (P < 0.0001 for two-way ANOVA, and later Tukey HSD test). After 20 days of treatment, the group using AmF toothpaste plus AmF mouthrinse had a higher fluoride uptake than the groups using either of the other products (P < 0.05). In conclusion, all products lead to an appreciable amount of fluoride uptake in enamel; AmF products led to higher concentrations. The concentration of fluoride accumulated during treatment phase remained high after 24 hours following the cessation of use.

Adult↗