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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

N-linked glycoproteins associated with flagellar scales in a flagellate green alga: characterization of interactions.

Glycoproteins associated with one type of flagellar scale (p-scale) isolated from the flagellate green alga Tetraselmis striata (Prasinophyceae) were shown to bind the mannose-specific lectin GNA (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin). Enzymatic deglycosylation of the glycoproteins with N-glycosidase F led to an electrophoretic mobility shift to lower molecular masses in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and abolished GNA-binding strongly indicating that most of the scale-associated glycoproteins contain asparagine-linked oligosaccharide side chains presumably of the high mannose type. To evaluate the significance of N-linked glycoproteins for scale structure and integrity, p-scales were digested with various proteases or extracted with 8 M urea and their ultrastructure and protein composition determined. The results show that while scale-associated N-linked glycoproteins do not determine the overall structure of the scale subunits (which consist of complex polysaccharides), they are apparently involved in mediating linkages between scale subunits; we have tentatively identified one glycoprotein of Mr 280,000 which may link outer scale subunits to one another. In addition, some scale-associated N-linked glycoproteins may provide connections between the layer of p-scales and the underlying flagellar membrane.

Chlorophyta↗
PubMed1990

'Flagellate' erythema from bleomycin. With histopathological findings suggestive of inflammatory oncotaxis.

A case of erythema in a 'flagellate' pattern due to administration of bleomycin in a patient with Hodgkin's disease is described. Emphasis is placed on the low dose of bleomycin administered--15 mg parenterally--and the short time interval between drug administration and beginning of symptoms: 24 h. The histopathological findings were consistent with a mechanism of inflammatory oncotaxis: the attraction of tumor cells by the skin perhaps due to the bleomycin accumulated and the trauma caused by scratching subsequent to pruritus.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Isolation and partial characterization of the photoreceptive organelle for phototaxis of a flagellate green alga.

We report on the isolation and purification of structurally intact eyespot apparatuses from the naked, biflagellate green alga Spermatozopsis similis. Two eyespot-enriched fractions, separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation, retained the typical reflective properties of eyespots in situ as demonstrated by reflection confocal laser scanning microscopy. Ultrastructurally, both fractions contained eyespot plates consisting of a single layer of lipid globules. Structurally intact eyespot apparatuses, including patches of plasma membrane and chloroplast envelope overlying the eyespot plate and a single thylakoid subtending the eyespot plate, were particularly enriched in one of the two fractions (fraction 2a). Measurement of several marker enzymes and chlorophyll content (less than 0.001% of total) established the absence of most other cell organelles from the eyespot fractions. The absorption spectra of the two fractions were dominated by carotenoids with an additional shoulder at 540 nm. Following extraction with organic solvents and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, several proteins were found to be considerably enriched in the two fractions. In addition to several proteins in the high Mr range, at least 4 polypeptides of 35, 29, 23, and 20 kDa are selectively enriched in fraction 2a with the 29 and 20 kDa proteins being the most prominent. The presence of glycoproteins in fraction 2a was demonstrated by binding of the mannose-specific lectin Galanthus nivalis agglutinin to several high molecular weight polypeptides. In addition, a hydrophobic component with abnormal electrophoretic mobility that reacts strongly with periodic acid-Schiff and thymol/sulfuric acid was prominent in both fractions. Mass isolation and purification of the intact phototactic apparatus of a flagellate green alga now greatly facilitates the biochemical and molecular characterization of the signal transduction chain involved in green algal phototaxis.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed1990

Reflection confocal laser scanning microscopy of eyespots in flagellated green algae.

The reflection properties of different types of eyespots in three unicellular, flagellated green algae (Tetraselmis chui, Chlamydomonas eugametos, Hafniomonas reticulata) were investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy in the epireflection mode. The eyespots differed with respect to the number of eyespot lipid globule layers and surface appearance (concave/convex). A strong reflection signal was observed in all eyespots, and a detailed quantitative analysis by optical xy (horizontal) and xz (vertical) sectioning was performed. By applying both sectioning capabilities, multi- and single/double-layered eyespots as well as concave and convex eyespot surfaces could be distinguished using living, immobilized cells. Focusing of the reflected light was only observed in eyespots with concave surfaces. In xz series of multi-layered eyespots at reduced laser intensities (0.01%), the intensity profiles of the reflection revealed a series of alternating maxima and minima with increasing reflection intensities toward the cell surface. At very low laser intensities (0.001%), multi-layered eyespots exhibited about twice the reflection intensity at the presumptive photoreceptor site compared to single/double-layered eyespots. Our results provide the first experimental evidence to support the proposal that multi-layered eyespots act as interference reflectors in photoaxis of green algae.

Chlorophyta↗
PubMed1990

Glutathione transferase activity in some flagellates and amoebae, and purification of the soluble glutathione transferases from Acanthamoeba.

Glutathione transferase (GST) enzymes are toxicologically important from many points of view. Nine protozoans were investigated here for their GST content. Six aerobic amoebae had very different specific GST activities, but an anaerobic amoeba and two anaerobic flagellates did not have any GST activity, suggesting that the peroxidase activity of GST is an evolutionarily important property for aerobic organisms. The soluble GST isoenzymes of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni and A. polyphaga were purified and partially characterized. The same two cationic and one anionic GST isoenzyme were found in both Acanthamoeba ssp., while A. culbertsoni had one more cationic isoenzyme. It is concluded that GST in aerobic amoebae can play an important role in detoxication.

Acanthamoeba↗
PubMed1979

Initiation of hamster sperm motility from quiescence: effect of conditions upon flagellation and respiration.

The point within the male reproductive tract where sperm motility originates varies with mammalian species. Premotile sperm from hamster, a species whose sperm are still quiescent in the epididymis, were used here to investigate further the parameters involved in the initiation of sperm motility. Two types of motility were produced: (1) partial, weak flagellation by simple dilution; (2) strong, complete motility by inducers (calcium, cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate) in the presence of amplifiers (caffeine, spermine). Expansion of initiation conditions to test tube volumes revealed that, at high sperm dilutions, bicarbonate could also induce motility. The respiratory consequences of sperm motility induction were measured. A Large, short-term burst of oxygen consumption occurred at a time paralleling the previously reported shifts in nucleotide levels associated with this event.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The survivability of the ectoparasitic flagellate Ichthyobodo necator on chum salmon fry (Oncorhynchus keta) in seawater and comparison to Ichthyobodo sp. on Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

Experimental studies revealed that a freshwater ectoparasitic flagellate Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) could survive and reproduce in seawater after infected chum salmon fry, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), were transferred directly from fresh water to 33% seawater. Minor morphological changes (slight reduction in body width, loss of twistlike wrinkles on body surface, and reduction in contractile vacuoles) were observed in the attached form of I. necator following transfer to seawater. The field survey also confirmed that I. necator occurs on chum salmon fry in seawater estuaries (salinity 17-34%) and in freshwater habitats. It was assumed that I. necator acquired salinity tolerance as a result of adapting to the migratory behavior of its anadromous host. Two morphologically similar bodonids, I. necator from chum salmon and Ichthyobodo sp. from marine Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel), were differentiated by cross-infection experiments. Thus, the parasite from marine flounder should be regarded as a separate species from I. necator.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Abortion in sheep caused by a nonclassified, anaerobic, flagellated bacterium.

Twenty-eight pregnant ewes were inoculated IV with approximately 6 X 10(8) nonclassified, anaerobic, flagellated bacteria (NAFB) that had been isolated from an aborted lamb. Abortion occurred in 3 of the ewes and 1 ewe gave birth to a weak lamb. The remaining 24 ewes and 3 other ewes inoculated orally with NAFB did not develop clinical signs of illness. Suppuration and vasculitis were seen in the placentas of the 3 aborted lambs, 1 of which had necropurulent hepatitis indistinguishable from that usually attributed to Campylobacter fetus infection. The NAFB was isolated from fetal placenta, abomasal content, or internal organs of 2 aborted lambs and the weak lamb. A morphologically similar organism was seen in the abomasal content of the other aborted lamb, but the organism did not grow on bacteriologic culture medium. Therefore, in susceptible pregnant ewes, NAFB can cause fetal placentitis and hepatitis and subsequent birth of weak lambs or abortion.

Abortion, Septic↗
PubMed1979

Effect of intestinal flagellate Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris and of dimetridazole on intestinal microflora in thymus-defficient (nude) mice.

Two groups of the intestinal microflora, the lactobacilli and the coliforms, were examined in thymus-deficient (nude) mice during the development of an experimental infection with the intestinal flagellate Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris and during the treatment with dimetridazole. The observed significant decrease in the number of lactobacilli under infection was probably due to the fact that the protozoan parasite fed on the microbes. Dimetridazole (0.3% in drinking water) did not influence the quantity of the lactobacilli but, owing to its selective killing of anaerobes and the lack of their antagonistic activity, a 100- to 1000-fold rise in the number of coliform microbes was observed. No of the drugs tested (dimetridazole, ornidazole, metronidazole, tinidazole, carbimazole BP and chlormethoxy-acridilamino-diethylamino-propanol-dihydrochliorde) was fully successful in the treatment of experimental spironucleosis in mice (Kunstýr, 1978) and it is suggested that recent reports on the therapeutic success of tinidazole in human giardiasis be treated with caution.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ubiquinone-9 of the flagellates Crithidia oncopelti and Astasia longa].

The content of ubiquinones (Co Q) of the Astasia longa and Crithidia oncopelti protozoa was studied. The protozoa were grown on an artificial nutrient broth. The cells were separated, washed, freeze-dried, and refluxed with KOH and pyrogallol in ethanol media. The hydrolyzate was concentrated. The residue was stored at -20 degrees and filtered. An ubiquinone fraction was isolated from the filtrate by TLC on silica gel. Identification of the ubiquinone homologues was carried out by reverse phase TLC and mass spectrometry. Ubiquinones were quantitated with respect to the difference in the density between the oxidized and reduced forms of Co Q at 275 nm. The A. longa and C. oncopelti flagellates were shown to contain ubiquinone-9 (Co Q9) at a concentration of 0.48 and 1.14 mumole/g dry cells, respectively. The higher Co Q level in zooflagellates as compared to that in phytoflagellates is discussed.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1983

[Comparative results of coprological tests for the detection of intestinal amebae and flagellates in 200 male homosexuals. An appraisal of the risk of amebiasis].

When comparing the results of coprological tests carried out in optimal conditions among 200 male homosexuals (MHS) (1) and 500 male heterosexuals, most of whom were suffering from intestinal disorders, it was found that 52% of MHS and only 3.6% of heterosexuals were Ent. histolytica carriers. The 14 to 1 ratio shows the "uncorrected" relative risk of amoebiasis among MHS, which becomes a 10-12 to 1 corrected relative risk, after taking into account intervening factors. Travelling to the tropics does not increase the incidence of amoebiasis among examined MHS. The occurrence rates of Ent. coli, End. nana, Giardia are higher among MHS, and the rates of two species which are usually rare, Pseudolimax (or Iodamoeba) and Enteromonas (flagellate of the colon), rise sharply in this group, although the occurrence rates of the other protozoa stay at the same level in both groups. Presently, we are unable to explain fully these different behaviors. The highly increased presence of intestinal protozoa and the unusual prevalence of some species among the MHS condition numerous and diversified parasitic associations. Some associations found only among MHS indicate oro-faecal contamination which is the only way for direct transmission of protozoa between individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Developmental stages of Trypanosoma cruzi-like flagellates in Cavernicola pilosa.

The developmental stages of Trypanosoma cruzi ssp., found in the intestinal tract of Cavernicola pilosa, are described and measurements given for nine life stages. The frequencies of the various stages in foregut, midgut and hindgut of the triatomines are provided; parasites were rare in the foregut and metatrypomastigotes were seen only in the mid- and hindguts. All adult bugs examined harboured intestinal infections of T. cruzi-like flagellates, large clumps of amastigotes were frequently observed in the midgut. The faeces of C. pilosa, containing metacyclic trypomastigotes, did not produce patent parasitaemia when inoculated into mice. Inoculated mice were not protected against subsequent challenge infections with the highly virulent Tulahuen stock of T. c. cruzi. The blood of bats also failed to produce parasitaemia when inoculated into mice, nor were the mice protected against subsequent challenges with T. c. cruzi. Although the developmental stages described were very similar to those of T. c. cruzi it is presumed that they were stages of T. c. marinkellei because of their failure to infect mice and Rhodnius prolixus, and their failure to protect inoculated mice against challenge with T. c. cruzi.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Kinetoplast of the flagellate crithidia luciliae: a suitable substrate for the detection of antibodies to native, double-stranded DNA in the indirect immuno-fluorescence test (author's transl)].

Sera from 29 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 60 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, 34 of myasthenia gravis (MG), 10 of scleroderma and 20 control sera were investigated for the occurrence of antibodies to native, double-stranded (ds) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). An immunofluorescence procedure recently elaborated by Aarden and coworkers, which utilizes the kinetoplast of the hemoflagellate Crithidia luciliae as substrate, was employed. In this kinetoplast, native, ds-DNA is concentrated as a single large network. Antibodies reacting with kinetoplasts were restricted to the SLE group, with the exception of one MG serum which also exhibited a distinct kinetoplast fluorescence. The antibody activity of the SLE sera could be completely inhibited by small amounts of DNA and abolished by deoxyribonuclease treatment of the substrate. These findings underline the specificity of the test system for anti-ds-DNA antibodies and the high disease-specificity of these antibodies for SLE. With respect to its ease and speed of performance this highly reliable and specific flagellate test surpasses other known tests for the detection of anti-ds-DNA antibodies.

Antibodies, Antinuclear↗
PubMed1993

Isolation and characterization of the Golgi apparatus of a flagellate scaly green alga.

Highly purified Golgi membranes were isolated from the scaly green flagellate Scherffelia dubia using osmotic shock for controlled cell rupture, differential centrifugations and a discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Three Golgi membrane fractions (based on the distribution of IDPase activity in the gradient) at densities 1.14 g/ml, 1.17 g/ml and 1.20 g/ml were obtained. The specific IDPase activity in these fractions was enriched about 78-fold compared to the crude cell homogenate. The Golgi membrane fractions were further characterized by electron microscopy, SDS-PAGE and lectin blotting. The low density fraction (1.14 g/ml) contained two distinct vesicle populations and scale precursors associated with the outer surface of the larger-size vesicles. The medium density fraction (1.17 g/ml) contained in addition to the larger vesicles, multilamellate vesicles and semicircular cisternae. Finally, in the high density fraction (1.20 g/ml) in addition to small and large vesicles, a tubular membrane reticulum was observed. The three Golgi membrane fractions revealed the same complex overall polypeptide composition when analyzed by SDS-PAGE, but gradual quantitative differences in the polypeptide profile between fractions were observed. The lectins GNA, DSA, and AAA bound to several glycoproteins in all Golgi membrane fractions. Deglycosylation with N-glycosidase F showed that all carbohydrate structures recognized by GNA and DSA, and one recognized by AAA were of the N-glycosidic type indicating the presence of both "high mannose" and "processed" N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus of S. dubia.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
PubMed1976

Locomotion of flagellates with mastigonemes.

Theoretical hydrodynamic analyses of the locomotion of flagellates with mastigonemes are presented and particular comparison is made within experimental data on Ochromonas malhamensis. The first part of the paper analyses locomotion assuming the mastigonemes are rigid and maintain a fixed and normal position relative to the flagellum. The predicted propulsive velocity of 60 mum/sec for Ochromonas agrees well with the observed values of 55-60 mum/sec. It is shown that the propulsive system of Ochromonas represents a compromise between the need for efficient rectilinear propulsion and the need to manoeuvre and accelerate. The effect of rigid mastigonemes which are maintained at non-zero angles to the flagellar normal is also calculated and demonstrates a significant degradation of performance when this angle is greater than about 10 degrees. The latter part of the paper investigates the more complex but more realistic situation in which the mastigonemes flex during the motion according to the instantaneous hydrodynamic forces imposed upon them. The cyclical flexing history of a mastigoneme with passage of a flagellar wave and the consequent velocity of propulsion are obtained for a variety of geometric configurations and structural mastigoneme stiffnesses. It is demonstrated that there exists a relatively small transition range in the values of mastigoneme flexibility below which the mastigonemes are essentially rigid and above which they become totally ineffective hydrodynamically so that the flagellum can be regarded as essentially smooth. Since the transition value of the modulus of elasticity is about 5 dynes/mum2 (or stiffness of 3.5 X 10(-16) dyne cm2) for the mastigonemes of Ochromonas it would appear that the actual value must be in excess of this. Comparison is made with the structural properties of the micro-tubules in eukaryote cilia and flagella and with prokaryote flagella. The latter comparison suggests that the mastigonemes of Ochromonas are just rigid enough to produce the observed propulsive effect.

Animals↗