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PubMed1996

Ecological hazard assessment of dioxins: hazards to organisms at different levels of aquatic food webs (fish-eating birds and mammals, fish and invertebrates).

An ecological hazard assessment was performed for 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the aquatic environment, taking into account four different classes of species which differ with respect to their positions in aquatic food webs: invertebrates, fish, birds preying on aquatic organisms, and mammals preying on aquatic organisms. The most sensitive toxicological endpoints for each class were selected from the literature. These endpoints were extrapolated to no effect concentrations (NECs) in water with a two-level food chain model as indicator for secondary poisoning. From the results it is concluded that fish-eating birds and mammals experience larger hazards from dioxins and related compounds than fish. The limited data available appear to indicate that invertebrates are rather insensitive to dioxins. The study indicates that assessment of secondary poisoning affects environmental quality criteria setting and risk assessment.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Certified reference material for radionuclides in fish flesh sample IAEA-414 (mixed fish from the Irish Sea and North Sea).

A certified reference material (CRM) for radionuclides in fish sample IAEA-414 (mixed fish from the Irish Sea and North Seas) is described and the results of the certification process are presented. Nine radionuclides (40K, 137Cs, 232Th, 234U, 235U, 238U, 238Pu, 239+240Pu and 241Am) were certified for this material. Information on massic activities with 95% confidence intervals is given for six other radionuclides (90Sr, 210Pb(210Po), 226Ra, 239Pu, 240Pu 241Pu). Less frequently reported radionuclides (99Tc, 129I, 228Th, 230Th and 237Np) and information on some activity and mass ratios are also included. The CRM can be used for quality assurance/quality control of the analysis of radionuclides in fish sample, for the development and validation of analytical methods and for training purposes. The material is available from IAEA, Vienna, in 100 g units.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Assuring fish safety and quality in international fish trade.

International trade in fishery commodities reached US 58.2 billion dollars in 2002, a 5% improvement relative to 2000 and a 45% increase over 1992 levels. Within this global trade, developing countries registered a net trade surplus of US 17.4 billion dollars in 2002 and accounted for almost 50% by value and 55% of fish exports by volume. This globalization of fish trade, coupled with technological developments in food production, handling, processing and distribution, and the increasing awareness and demand of consumers for safe and high quality food have put food safety and quality assurance high in public awareness and a priority for many governments. Consequently, many countries have tightened food safety controls, imposing additional costs and requirements on imports. As early as 1980, there was an international drive towards adopting preventative HACCP-based safety and quality systems. More recently, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to food safety and quality throughout the entire food chain. Implementation of this approach requires an enabling policy and regulatory environment at national and international levels with clearly defined rules and standards, establishment of appropriate food control systems and programmes at national and local levels, and provision of appropriate training and capacity building. This paper discusses the international framework for fish safety and quality, with particular emphasis on the United Nation's Food and Agricultural Organization's (FAO) strategy to promote international harmonization and capacity building.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Fish again for dinner! The role of fish and other dietary oils in the therapy of skin disease.

Adequate levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids are necessary for the normal functioning of most mammalian cells, both to provide fluidity to the cell membrane lipid bilayer and to function as precursors for the synthesis of the regulatory eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. The omega-6 class of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and arachidonic acids, are of special importance as precursors for eicosanoid synthesis. The skin is a particularly good organ in which to study the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids metabolism, inasmuch as either deficiencies of specific PUFA or overproduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids-derived prostaglandin and leukotriene result in specific, clinically recognizable cutaneous diseases. To help understand the pathogenesis of these diseases, polyunsaturated fatty acids metabolism is reviewed here, with emphasis on clinical manifestations of both deficiency syndromes and overproduction of proinflammatory eicosanoids. A rationale is presented for a therapeutic approach to inflammatory disease by dietary manipulation and substitution of omega-6 fatty acids by the unique omega- 3 class of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish. Evidence for the efficacy of fish oil in the therapy of specific inflammatory diseases is reviewed, as are the caveats regarding its therapeutic use. Dietary manipulations, specifically fish oil additives, appear to hold promise as therapeutic tools for cutaneous diseases.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2003

Non-destructive genetic sampling in fish. An improved method for DNA extraction from fish fins and scales.

DNA-based studies have been one of the major interests in conservation biology of endangered species and in population genetics. As species and population genetic assessment requires a source of biological material, the sampling strategy can be overcome by non-destructive procedures for DNA isolation. An improved method for obtaining DNA from fish fins and scales with the use of an extraction buffer containing urea and further DNA purification with phenol-chloroform is described. The methodology combines the benefits of a non-destructive DNA sampling and its high efficiency. In addition, comparisons with other methodologies for isolating DNA from fish demonstrated that the present procedure also becomes a very attractive alternative to obtain large amounts of high-quality DNA for use in different molecular analyses. The DNA samples, isolated from different fish species, have been successfully used on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) experiments, as well as on amplification of specific ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences. The present DNA extraction procedure represents an alternative for population approaches and genetic studies on rare or endangered taxa.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Difference in hepatic metallothionein content in Antarctic red-blooded and haemoglobinless fish: undetectable metallothionein levels in haemoglobinless fish is accompanied by accumulation of untranslated metallothionein mRNA.

Icefish (family Channichthyidae, suborder Nothothenioidei) are a group of Antarctic fish that have evolved unique phenotypes in order to adapt to the environment in which they live. Besides the lack of haemoglobin and the drastic reduction in the number of erythrocyte-like cells, another striking feature of the icefish is that their liver is devoid of metallothionein. These cysteine-rich heavy-metal-binding proteins are usually present in large amounts in a large variety of organisms, from bacteria to mammals. Despite the failure to detect appreciable levels of metallothionein in icefish liver, a cDNA encoding metallothionein was produced from total RNA by reverse transcriptase PCR. The icefish metallothionein showed high percentage identity with metallothionein from Trematomus bernachii, a red-blooded Antarctic fish in which a normal content of hepatic metallothionein was found. Steady-state mRNA levels were assessed in fish liver by high-stringency hybridization of the metallothionein probe with total RNA. The results showed that icefish livers retain large amounts of untranslated metallothionein mRNA. The stability of the icefish transcript might be correlated with the lack of specific motifs in the untranslated 3' ends of mRNA.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Cloning of fish enzymes and other fish protein genes.

Fish metabolism needs special enzymes that have maximum activity at very different conditions than their mammalian counterparts. Due to the differences in activity, these enzymes, especially cold-adapted proteases, could be used advantageously for the production of some foods. In addition to the enzymes, this review describes some other unique fish polypeptides such as antifreeze proteins, fluorescent proteins, antitumor peptides, antibiotics, and hormones, that have already been cloned and used in food processing, genetic engineering, medicine, and aquaculture. Recombinant DNA technology, which allows these biological molecules to be cloned and overexpressed in microorganisms is also described, highlighting innovative applications. The expected impact of cloning fish proteins in different fields of technology is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus manipulate client reef fish by providing tactile stimulation.

The cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus often touches 'client' reef fish dorsal fin areas with its pelvic and pectoral fins. The relative spatial positions of cleaner and client remain constant and the cleaner's head points away from the client's body. Therefore, this behaviour is not compatible with foraging and the removal of client ectoparasites. As clients seek such 'tactile stimulation', it can be classified as an interspecific socio-positive behaviour. Our field observations on 12 cleaners (observation time of 112h) suggest that cleaners use tactile stimulation in order to successfully (i) alter client decisions over how long to stay for an inspection, and (ii) stop clients from fleeing or aggressive chasing of the cleaner in response to a cleaner fish bite that made them jolt. Finally, predatory clients receive tactile stimulation more often than non-predatory clients, which might be interpreted as an extra service that cleaners give to specific partners as pre-conflict management, as these partners would be particularly dangerous if they started a conflict. We therefore propose that cleaner fish use interspecific social strategies, which have so far been reported only from mammals, particularly primates.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1984

Adsorption to fish sperm of vertically transmitted fish viruses.

More than 99 percent of a vertically transmitted fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, was removed from suspension in less than 1 minute by adsorption to the surface membrane of sperm from two genera of salmonid fishes. The vertically transmitted, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus adsorbed to a lesser degree, but no adsorption occurred with a second fish rhabdovirus that is not vertically transmitted. Such adsorption may be involved in vertical transmission of these viruses.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1998

Possible transmission of Streptococcus iniae from wild fish to cultured marine fish.

Streptococcus iniae was isolated from diseased wild fish collected near a mariculture facility where gilthead sea bream and European sea bass exhibited a similar infection. Species-specific PCR and ribotyping confirmed that wild and cultured fish were infected by a single S. iniae clone. Wild fish are therefore potential amplifiers of pathogenic S. iniae strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Thermal inactivation of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum type E spores in model fish media and in vacuum-packaged hot-smoked fish products.

Thermal inactivation of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum type E spores was investigated in rainbow trout and whitefish media at 75 to 93 degrees C. Lysozyme was applied in the recovery of spores, yielding biphasic thermal destruction curves. Approximately 0.1% of the spores were permeable to lysozyme, showing an increased measured heat resistance. Decimal reduction times for the heat-resistant spore fraction in rainbow trout medium were 255, 98, and 4.2 min at 75, 85, and 93 degrees C, respectively, and those in whitefish medium were 55 and 7.1 min at 81 and 90 degrees C, respectively. The z values were 10.4 degrees C in trout medium and 10.1 degrees C in whitefish medium. Commercial hot-smoking processes employed in five Finnish fish-smoking companies provided reduction in the numbers of spores of nonproteolytic C. botulinum of less than 10(3). An inoculated-pack study revealed that a time-temperature combination of 42 min at 85 degrees C (fish surface temperature) with >70% relative humidity (RH) prevented growth from 10(6) spores in vacuum-packaged hot-smoked rainbow trout fillets and whole whitefish stored for 5 weeks at 8 degrees C. In Finland it is recommended that hot-smoked fish be stored at or below 3 degrees C, further extending product safety. However, heating whitefish for 44 min at 85 degrees C with 10% RH resulted in growth and toxicity in 5 weeks at 8 degrees C. Moist heat thus enhanced spore thermal inactivation and is essential to an effective process. The sensory qualities of safely processed and more lightly processed whitefish were similar, while differences between the sensory qualities of safely processed and lightly processed rainbow trout were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Combating iodine and iron deficiencies through the double fortification of fish sauce, mixed fish sauce, and salt brine.

Two iodine and seven iron compounds were tested for use in the fortification of pure fish sauce, mixed fish sauce, and salt brine for cooking as a means to combat iodine and iron deficiencies. Ferrous sulfate, sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ferric ammonium citrate, and ferrous lactate were combined with potassium iodide with no effect on sensory quality. Product shelf-life testing revealed that no iron or iodine losses occurred during a three-month storage period. Although the color of most products darkened, the color was not significantly different from that of nonfortified products after two to three months. Sensory home-use tests revealed that the fortified products were acceptable to highly acceptable, with only 1.2% to 8.2% of the dishes cooked using the fortified products being reported as discolored. The cost of fortification was minimal, at 0.13 to 2.73 baht per bottle (750 ml) (42 baht = US$1). Consequently, these products show a potential for inclusion in national programs for the prevention of micronutrient deficiencies in Asian countries where fish sauce and its products are routinely consumed.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1999

[Dietary intake of dieldrin in fish and fish products in Poland].

An attempt has been made to assess daily intake of of dieldrin with fish and fishery products in Poland. The calculated arithmetic mean weighted concentration of dieldrin in muscle tissue of the fatty Baltic fish was 20 ng/g wet weight (n = 3863) in 1970-1983 and 4.4 ng/g wet weight in 1986-1992 (n = 143) while in lean fish was 6.7 ng/g wet weight (n = 9210 in 1970-1983 and 1.5 ng/g wet weight (n = 143) in 1986-1992. The intake of dieldrin has been assessed for 230 to 300 ng/person/day (mean 270 ng) in years 1970-1985 and from 44 to 54 ng/person/day (mean 51 ng) in 1989-1996.

Dieldrin↗
PubMed2003

[Fresh water fish farming--fishing ponds and "cesarean section"].

Present knowledge on the capability of fish to feel pain and of suffering is presented. According to these data it has to be supposed, that fish are able to feel fish. Suffering and damage can be proven by biochemistry and morphology. Under these aspects, angling ponds and cesarean section in sturgeon have to be regarded as a violation of the German animal welfare act.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1990

[Fish silage prepared from fish species of shrimp by-catch. II. Biological test in broilers].

The purpose of this study was the nutritional evaluation of proteins in fish silage. A biological test was conducted in chicks (broilers) to evaluate two levels of inclusion of fish silage (2.5% and 5%, respectively) in diets normally used for feeding them. Chicks were evaluated in weight gain, food consumption, and feeding conversion index. Finally, flavor and acceptability tests of meat from broilers fed the experimental diet were conducted. Results of the biological assay indicated that the best biological response was that of the animals fed the 5% fish silage diet. Sensory tests revealed that the meat of chicks fed the experimental diets had favorable acceptance by the consumers.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Survey on Anisakid larvae in marine fish from fish markets in Jakarta.

Anisakid parasites were found in fish commonly sold in the markets of Jakarta. The larvae found were Anisakis type I and Terranova type B. The rate of infection of these two different Anisakid larvae infecting different species of fish was discussed. To date, no human infection has as yet reported in Indonesia. This may be due to the fact that Indonesians do not usually eat raw fish.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Parasites of South African freshwater fish. VI. Nematode parasites of some fish species in the Kruger National Park.

The nematode parasites of 30 spot-tailed robbers, Brycinus imberi, five tiger-fish, Hydrocynus vittatus, 77 large-scaled yellowfish. Barbus marequensis, two mudsuckers, Labeo molybdinus, 114 catfish, Clarias gariepinus, 46 silver barbel, Schilbe intermedius, 66 squeakers, Synodontis zambezensis, three eels, Anguilla spp., 83 Mozambique bream, Oreochromis mossambicus, 81 red-breasted bream, Tilapia rendalli swierstrae and 32 large-mouthed bream, Serranochromis meridianus, caught in the Sabie, Crocodile and Olifants Rivers in the southern and central regions of the Kruger National Park, were collected, identified and counted. A single Camallanus sp. male was recovered from one of the mudsuckers; Capillaria spp. from three catfish and one squeaker; philometrid nematodes from two silver barbel, 15 squeakers and a large-mouthed bream; Paracamallanus cyathopharynx from one tiger-fish, 80 catfish, 28 silver barbel and one squeaker; Procamallanus laeviconchus from a single catfish; Rhabdochona esseniae from six large-scaled yellowfish; Rhabdochona versterae from 14 spot-tailed robbers; Rhabdochona spp. from 20 catfish, 17 silver barbel, eight squeakers, two eels, one large-mouthed bream and two red-breasted bream; Raillietnema synodontisi from 33 squeakers; Spinitectus petterae from 37 catfish; Spinitectus zambezensis from 55 squeakers; Spinitectus spp. from one tiger-fish and four silver barbel, and Spirocamallanus daleneae and Synodontisia thelastomoides from 33 and 35 squeakers, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Association of etretinate and fish oil in psoriasis therapy. Inhibition of hypertriglyceridemia resulting from retinoid therapy after fish oil supplementation.

We studied the main papers concerning treatment with fish oil (EPA and DHA) of patients with psoriasis vulgaris, psoriatic arthritis and pustular psoriasis. In our investigation, 25 patients with psoriasis vulgaris evidenced a statistically significant increase in triglyceride serum levels, compared with controls. 10 of these patients underwent therapy with etretinate 0.75-1.0 mg/kg daily for 2 months followed by 2-3 months of etretinate 0.35-0.50 mg/kg daily associated with fish oil 1.5 g (EPA and DHA) daily. According with several authors, fish oil is able not only to produce good clinical results, but also to minimize the side effects of retinoid therapy, especially hypertriglyceridemia.

Adult↗