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PubMed1994

Fingerprinting G-protein-coupled receptors.

Recently we reported the design of a discriminating fingerprint for rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The fingerprint encodes the seven putative membrane-spanning motifs and was potently diagnostic of all GPCRs (52 in all) in version 8.1 of the OWL composite sequence database, readily distinguishing them from all other integral membrane proteins. With a 3-fold increase in the size of OWL, the fingerprint has been updated and now finds 332 receptors that match all the motifs. The situation, however, has grown in complexity: 61 sequences make imperfect matches with the fingerprint, yielding a total of 393 'hits'. The bulk of the partial hits are olfactory receptors: these appear to fall into discrete subfamilies in which one or more of the transmembrane motifs are either poorly matched or are not matched at all. These results are supported by preliminary phylogenetic analyses, which show the olfactory and various other partial matches clustering away from the main body of true hits. The approach has provided a powerful diagnostic tool for identifying GPCRs, and results are consistent with previous observations that the pheromone, cAMP and secretin-like receptors belong to separate families--these bear their own unique sequence fingerprints by which they may be distinguished from the rhodopsin-like superfamily.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Immunochemical and oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis complex viruses.

RNA oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses indicate that the genome RNA obtained from Trinidad donkey (TRD) Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus serotype I A, its vaccine strain derivative TC-83, and the VEE I B virus isolate PTF-39, have almost identical patterns of characteristic ribonuclease T1 resistant oligonucleotides. The TC-83 strain and the I B isolate can, on the basis of these analyses, be considered as variants of the TRD virus and categorized as I AB serotypes. Comparisons made by single and co-electrophoreses of the ribonuclease T1 digests of the RNA species of TC-83 and a VEE I C isolate P676 indicate that 16 of 37 large oligonucleotides of the TC-83 virus co-migrate with the oligonucleotides obtained from the I C isolate. Similar single and co-electrophoreses of ribonuclease T1 digests of the RNA species of TC-83 and a VEE I D isolate 3880 indicate that 18 of 41 TC-83 large oligonucleotides co-migrate with the oligonucleotides obtained from the I D virus isolate. At least nine of the TC-83 large oligonucleotides appear on the basis of these analyses, to be present in the digests of the genome RNA obtained from these selected I B, I C and I D virus isolates. The ribonucleast T1 digests of three I E virus isolates (Mina II, 63U2 and 71U388) give oligonucleotide fingerprints which, although comparable to each other, are more distinct from the I A and I B RNA fingerprints than are those of the I C and I D RNA species. The ribonuclease T1 resistant oligonucleotide fingerprints of VEE virus isolates belonging to serotypes (VEE subtypes) II, III and IV show little similarity to each other or to those of the serotype I virus isolates we have studied. The results obtained here agree with the reported close antigenic relationships of VEE, I A, I B, I C and I D virus isolates, and our studies suggest that these viruses have conserved nucleotide sequences. The I E virus isolates appear to have more distinct nucleotide sequences than do the other serotype 1 viruses. The results also agree with the serological differentiation of VEE, I, II, III and IV subtypes in that the oligonucleotide fingerprints of subtypes II to IV are different from each other and from those of the different serotype I virus isolates. On the basis of antigenic and genome relationships, VEE isolates can be classified as serotypes I to IV with serotype I viruses differentiated into the categories I AB, I C, I D and I E.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Recent advances in photoluminescence detection of fingerprints.

Photoluminescence detection of latent fingerprints has over the last quarter century brought about a new level of fingerprint detection sensitivity. The current state of the art is briefly reviewed to set the stage for upcoming new fingerprint processing strategies. These are designed for suppression of background fluorescence from articles holding latent prints, an often serious problem. The suppression of the background involves time-resolved imaging, which is dealt with from the perspective of instrumentation as well as the design of fingerprint treatment strategies. These focus on lanthanide chelates, nanocrystals, and nanocomposites functionalized to label fingerprints.

Dermatoglyphics↗
PubMed2005

Ultraviolet fluorescence spectra of fingerprints.

We have studied inherent fluorescence spectra and imaging of fingerprints in the deep ultraviolet (UV) region with a nanosecond-pulsed Nd-YAG laser system that consists of a tunable laser, a cooled CCD camera, and a grating spectrometer. In this paper, we have studied UV fluorescence spectra of fingerprints under 266-nm illumination. Fluorescence spectra of fingerprints have two main peaks, around 330 nm (peak A) and 440 nm (peak B). At first, when a fingerprint has just been pressed, peak A is dominant. However, its intensity reduces as the total illumination time increases. On the other hand, peak B is weak at first. It appears after enough 266-nm illumination and its intensity increases as time elapses. After 3 h of illumination, peak A almost diminishes and peak B becomes dominant. By leaving the fingerprint under a fluorescent lamp in a room without laser illumination, peak A can be restored partly, while the intensity of peak B still increases. Time-resolved fluorescence spectra were also measured for these two peaks. The lifetime of each peak is 2.0 nsec (peak A) and 6.2 nsec (peak B) on average. Both peaks seem to consist of several components with different lifetimes. In the case of peak A, the 330-nm peak decays fast and a new component at 360 nm becomes dominant when the delay time exceeds 20 nsec. In the case of peak B, unlike peak A, no clear peak separation is observed, but the peak position seems to move from 440 to 460 nm when the delay time becomes larger.

Dermatoglyphics↗
PubMed2005

Single-qubit optical quantum fingerprinting.

We analyze and demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of linear optical single-qubit fingerprinting over its classical counterpart. For one-qubit fingerprinting of two-bit messages, we prepare "tetrahedral" qubit states experimentally and show that they meet the requirements for quantum fingerprinting to exceed the classical capability. We prove that shared entanglement permits 100% reliable quantum fingerprinting, which will outperform classical fingerprinting even with arbitrary amounts of shared randomness.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

A model-based method for the computation of fingerprints' orientation field.

As a global feature of fingerprints, the orientation field is very important for automatic fingerprint recognition. Many algorithms have been proposed for orientation field estimation, but their results are unsatisfactory, especially for poor quality fingerprint images. In this paper, a model-based method for the computation of orientation field is proposed. First a combination model is established for the representation of the orientation field by conidering its smoothness except for several singular points, in which a polynomial model is used to describe the orientation field globally and a point-charge model is taken to improve the accuracy locally at each singular point. When the coarse field is computed by using the gradient-based algorithm, a further result can be gained by using the model for a weighted approximation. Due to the global approximation, this model-based orientation field estimation algorithm has a robust performance on different fingerprint images. A further experiment shows that the performance of a whole fingerprint recognition system can be improved by applying this algorithm instead of previous orientation estimation methods.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Fingerprint recognition by combining global structure and local cues.

As an important feature, orientation field describes the global structure of fingerprints. It provides robust discriminatory information other than traditional widely-used minutiae points. However, there are few works explicitly incorporating this information into fingerprint matching stage, partly due to the difficulty of saving the orientation field in the feature template. In this paper, we propose a novel representation for fingerprints which includes both minutiae and model-based orientation field. Then, fingerprint matching can be done by combining the decisions of the matchers based on the global structure (orientation field) and the local cue (minutiae). We have conducted a set of experiments on large-scale databases and made thorough comparisons with the state-of-the-arts. Extensive experimental results show that combining these local and global discriminative information can largely improve the performance. The proposed system is more robust and accurate than conventional minutiae-based methods, and also better than the previous works which implicitly incorporate the orientation information. In this system, the feature template takes less than 420 bytes, and the feature extraction and matching procedures can be done in about 0.30 s. We also show that the global orientation field is beneficial to the alignment of the fingerprints which are either incomplete or poor-qualitied.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Structure-based function inference using protein family-specific fingerprints.

We describe a method to assign a protein structure to a functional family using family-specific fingerprints. Fingerprints represent amino acid packing patterns that occur in most members of a family but are rare in the background, a nonredundant subset of PDB; their information is additional to sequence alignments, sequence patterns, structural superposition, and active-site templates. Fingerprints were derived for 120 families in SCOP using Frequent Subgraph Mining. For a new structure, all occurrences of these family-specific fingerprints may be found by a fast algorithm for subgraph isomorphism; the structure can then be assigned to a family with a confidence value derived from the number of fingerprints found and their distribution in background proteins. In validation experiments, we infer the function of new members added to SCOP families and we discriminate between structurally similar, but functionally divergent TIM barrel families. We then apply our method to predict function for several structural genomics proteins, including orphan structures. Some predictions have been corroborated by other computational methods and some validated by subsequent functional characterization.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1996

Analysis of global responses by protein and peptide fingerprinting of proteins isolated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Application to the sulfate-starvation response of Escherichia coli.

A set of 8 proteins (SSI, sulfate-starvation-induced proteins) was observed by comparative two-dimensional electrophoresis to be induced when Escherichia coli were grown using compounds other than sulfate or cysteine as the sole sulfur source. These proteins were isolated after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, digested with trypsin and the masses of the resulting peptides determined by mass spectrometry. The list of peptide masses served as a protein fingerprint which was used to search the databases, allowing four of the SSI proteins (SSI2, 5, 7, 8) to be identified with a high degree of confidence. To identify the other SSI proteins, and to obtain sequence information for as many of the proteins as possible, automated on-line HPLC MS/MS (fragmentation analysis using coupled mass scanning devices) data collection was performed. The uninterpreted MS/MS spectra were used as peptide fingerprints to search the databases. Genes encoding two further proteins (SSI 1 and 3) were identified in the 8.5' region of the Escherichia coli genome. N-terminal sequencing of all of the proteins confirmed the results of protein and peptide fingerprinting and in addition showed that SSI 6 shows 50% similarity to the Bacillus subtilis orfM gene product. SSI 4 was not found in the databases by any of these methods. The methods described are of general use for the rapid analysis of complex cell responses. MS data accumulation takes about 5 min/protein for protein fingerprinting and 30 min for peptide fingerprinting and requires approximately 100 fmol of material. N-terminal sequencing however, takes about 5 h/protein and approximately 1 pmol to obtain a 10 amino acid sequence for a search.

Alkanesulfonates↗
PubMed1997

PCR-based DNA fingerprinting of Staphylococcus haemolyticus to investigate nosocomial infections.

OBJECTIVE: To apply PCR-based DNA fingerprinting in a clinical microbiology laboratory to investigate nosocomial infections with Staphylococcus haemolyticus. METHODS: DNA fingerprints were generated by PCR on 99 S. haemolyticus isolates using different primer combinations based on ERIC, REP or arbitrarily chosen simple repeat sequences. RESULTS: Primer combinations REP1+(GTC)6 and ERIC1+ERIC2 had sufficient discrimatory power and were chosen to analyze the clinical isolates. DNA fingerprint patterns from strains isolated from the patients nursed in the same hospital ward in the period 1991--94 were approximately 90% similar to each other. One staff member, sampled in 1991, carried a strain with a similar fingerprint. CONCLUSIONS: PCR based DNA fingerprinting is a suitable method to perform in a clinical laboratory. An S. haemolyticus strain appeared to be endemic in the hospital ward and had most probably been transmitted from patient to patient. S. haemolyticus may carry glycopeptide resistance and needs attention as a causative agent of nosocomial infections.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Computation of likelihood ratios in fingerprint identification for configurations of three minutiae.

Recent challenges to fingerprint evidence have brought forward the need for peer-reviewed scientific publications to support the evidential value assessment of fingerprint. This paper proposes some research directions to gather statistical knowledge of the within-source and between-sources variability of configurations of three minutiae on fingermarks and fingerprints. This paper proposes the use of the likelihood ratio (LR) approach to assess the value of fingerprint evidence. The model explores the statistical contribution of configurations of three minutiae using Tippett plots and related measures to assess the quality of the system. Features vectors used for statistical analysis have been obtained following a preprocessing step based on Gabor filtering and image processing to extract minutia position, type, and direction. Spatial relationships have been coded using Delaunay triangulation. The metric, used to assess similarity between two feature vectors is based on an Euclidean distance measure. The within-source variability has been estimated using a sample of 216 fingerprints from four fingers (two donors). Between-sources variability takes advantage of a database of 818 ulnar loops from randomly selected males. The results show that the data-driven approach adopted here is robust. The magnitude of LRs obtained under the prosecution and defense propositions stresses upon the major evidential contribution that small portions of fingermark, containing three minutiae, can provide regardless of its position on the general pattern.

Dermatoglyphics↗
PubMed1990

Genetic diversity of penicillin-binding protein 2 genes of penicillin-resistant strains of Neisseria meningitidis revealed by fingerprinting of amplified DNA.

A 2-kilobase fragment containing the penicillin-binding protein 2 gene (penA) was amplified by using the polymerase chain reaction with DNA prepared from 35 penicillin-resistant strains of Neisseria meningitidis isolated in England, Ireland, and Spain (MICs, 0.16 to 1.28 micrograms of benzylpenicillin per ml) and from 10 penicillin-susceptible strains (MICs, less than or equal to 0.04 micrograms of benzylpenicillin per ml). The penA genes were digested with HpaII or TaqYI; and the resulting fragments were end-labeled, fractionated on a polyacrylamide gel, and autoradiographed, to produce gene fingerprints. The fingerprints of the penA genes of the 10 penicillin-susceptible strains were identical. In contrast, the fingerprints of the penA genes of all but two of the penicillin-resistant strains differed markedly from those of the penicillin-susceptible strains. The altered penA genes of group B penicillin-resistant strains were very diverse, and 14 different fingerprints were found among the 15 strains that we examined. The penA genes of the 19 resistant group C strains were less diverse, and two major fingerprint patterns predominated.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1999

Radioactive fingerprinting of microorganisms that oxidize atmospheric methane in different soils.

Microorganisms that oxidize atmospheric methane in soils were characterized by radioactive labelling with (14)CH(4) followed by analysis of radiolabelled phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids ((14)C-PLFAs). The radioactive fingerprinting technique was used to compare active methanotrophs in soil samples from Greenland, Denmark, the United States, and Brazil. The (14)C-PLFA fingerprints indicated that closely related methanotrophic bacteria were responsible for the oxidation of atmospheric methane in the soils. Significant amounts of labelled PLFAs produced by the unknown soil methanotrophs coeluted with a group of fatty acids that included i17:0, a17:0, and 17:1omega8c (up to 9.0% of the total (14)C-PLFAs). These PLFAs are not known to be significant constituents of methanotrophic bacteria. The major PLFAs of the soil methanotrophs (73.5 to 89.0% of the total PLFAs) coeluted with 18:1 and 18:0 fatty acids (e.g., 18:1omega9, 18:1omega7, and 18:0). The (14)C-PLFAs fingerprints of the soil methanotrophs that oxidized atmospheric methane did not change after long-term methane enrichment at 170 ppm CH(4). The (14)C-PLFA fingerprints of the soil methanotrophs were different from the PLFA profiles of type I and type II methanotrophic bacteria described previously. Some similarity at the PLFA level was observed between the unknown soil methanotrophs and the PLFA phenotype of the type II methanotrophs. Methanotrophs in Arctic, temperate, and tropical regions assimilated between 20 and 54% of the atmospheric methane that was metabolized. The lowest relative assimilation (percent) was observed for methanotrophs in agricultural soil, whereas the highest assimilation was observed for methanotrophs in rain forest soil. The results suggest that methanotrophs with relatively high carbon conversion efficiencies and very similar PLFA compositions dominate atmospheric methane metabolism in different soils. The characteristics of the methane metabolism and the (14)C-PLFA fingerprints excluded any significant role of autotrophic ammonia oxidizers in the metabolism of atmospheric methane.

Carbon Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1979

Fingerprint pattern frequencies in schizophrenics. Importance of ethnic origin and plexus visualization score ratings.

Our previous work with schizophrenics has suggested that the plexus visualization score (PVS), a characteristic derived from in vivo observation of skin capillaries, may be helpful in distinguishing between biologically different groups of patients. Preliminary fingerprint data demonstrated a significant difference in the frequency of whorls between high PVS and low PVS schizophrenics. A survey of fingerprints in control subjects revealed, however, that their ethnic background, even within the presumably 'mixed' Caucasian population of the USA, should also be taken into account. In the present study, the fingerprint pattern frequencies were, therefore, studied in 242 schizophrenics selected on the basis of both their ethnic origin and PVS ratings. Our results demonstrate a statistically significant difference in fingerprint pattern frequencies between high PVS and low PVS schizophrenics, even when they are matched for ethnic origin. The effect of the ethnic factor on fingerprint pattern frequencies in this patient sample is similar to the one previously reported for normal subjects.

Dermatoglyphics↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of cytopathic and noncytopathic isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus by oligonucleotide fingerprinting.

The molecular technique of RNA fingerprinting was used to characterize the genomes of 5 isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV): 2 viral pairs from the same animal, BVD-ILN/BVD-ILC and BVD-TGAN/BVD-TGAC, and the cytopathic viral prototype, BVD-NADL. Oligonucleotide patterns from the viruses were compared, and unique and overlapping oligonucleotides were identified. A comparison of the fingerprints indicated that the genome of each virus was distinguishable by the T1 RNase oligonucleotide fingerprinting technique. The greatest similarity observed was between oligonucleotides from BVD-ILC and BVD-ILN. Eighteen large oligonucleotides were conserved in all 5 BVDV isolates studied. We found that within a pair of BVDV, the cytopathic fingerprint was different from the noncytopathic fingerprint, indicating that cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV may be distinct viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography on fingerprint of Cnidium monnieri.

In our studies, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) was employed in fingerprint analysis of Cnidium monnieri for the first time. Average chromatography of 10 batches Cnidium monnieri from Jiangsu province, China, which have long been considered as the original and genuine herbal medicine, was first established as the characteristic fingerprint. Within 25 min the major effective components were separated by 18 mM borate, 12 mM phosphate and 50 mM SDS (pH 9.2) containing 20% methanol. The relative standard deviations of migration times and peak areas were less than 5%. As a new approach of fingerprint, MKCE was compared to the conventional approach-HPLC in our experiments. The fingerprint developed by HPLC comprised 8 peaks that were collected within 40 min. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values of retention times of corresponding peaks in HPLC analysis were very small (maximum 3% and average 0.9%). In conclusion, each two methods had its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, besides HPLC, MEKC as a feasible method, could be used in the development of fingerprint of Cnidium monnieri.

China↗
PubMed2005

Formulation and implementation of a phase-resolved fluorescence technique for latent-fingerprint imaging: theoretical and experimental analysis.

A theoretical and experimental study of the imaging of latent fingerprints by a phase-resolved fluorescence technique along with associated signal-processing analysis is described. The system configuration is optimized by incorporation of a novel approach of homodyne-assisted even-step phase shifting in a signal-processing concept. The excitation laser source and gain of the detection device, which are modulated at megahertz frequency followed by sensitive signal-processing concepts, are employed to separate the fingerprint fluorescence from background fluorescence. Experiments are carried out with fingerprints deposited upon different types of substrate surfaces. Later, a quantitative image-quality assessment is carried out, which confirms the improvement in the quality of the phase-resolved fingerprint image. Imaging of older fingerprints with better contrast is also carried out with the proposed novel technique.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Polarization-based and specular-reflection-based noncontact latent fingerprint imaging and lifting.

In forensic science the finger marks left unintentionally by people at a crime scene are referred to as latent fingerprints. Most existing techniques to detect and lift latent fingerprints require application of a certain material directly onto the exhibit. The chemical and physical processing applied to the fingerprint potentially degrades or prevents further forensic testing on the same evidence sample. Many existing methods also have deleterious side effects. We introduce a method to detect and extract latent fingerprint images without applying any powder or chemicals on the object. Our method is based on the optical phenomena of polarization and specular reflection together with the physiology of fingerprint formation. The recovered image quality is comparable to existing methods. In some cases, such as the sticky side of tape, our method shows unique advantages.

Biometry↗