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PubMed2026

Dual-species interactions with intestinal bacteria drive multi-drug resistance in Campylobacter.

OBJECTIVES: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Campylobacter infections are an increasing clinical concern, as rising fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance leaves macrolides as the primary treatment option. We investigated multidrug resistance in clinical Campylobacter samples from Germany. METHODS: We analyzed 6980 clinical isolates (2010-2022), performing phenotypic susceptibility testing and sequencing on 2912 genomes. Cultures showing multidrug resistance were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: We found that 453 (6%) Campylobacter samples were resistant to both FQ and macrolides. Two of the C. jejuni samples were resistant to antibiotics from ten different classes. Genome analysis revealed that these samples, despite being derived from single colonies, contained >10% Enterococcus DNA reads. SEM confirmed the presence of coccoid bacteria interspersed with spiral-shaped Campylobacter. Additional culture-based purification resulted in pure C. jejuni isolates that retained FQR but lost macrolide resistance. The presence of MDR Enterococcus spp. in the mixed samples protected C. jejuni from above-MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) concentrations of several ribosome-targeting antimicrobials whereas pure Campylobacter were susceptible. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of microbial interactions on resistance phenotypes is poorly understood. We show that close interactions with highly resistant intestinal bacteria can induce multidrug resistance phenotypes in Campylobacter. These findings highlight that microbial context shapes antibiotic resistance and may influence treatment outcomes.

Campylobacter jejuni↗
PubMed2006

[Antimicrobial susceptibilities of organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in 2002].

Using the agar dilution method, the antibacterial activity of 18 antibiotics inclusive of 4 carbapenems were investigated against 101 strains of urinary pathogens isolated from patients with urinary tract infections who visited the Department of Urology at Kagoshima University Hospital, between January and December 2002. 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 3 strains of Staphylococcus spp. (exclusive of S. aureus), 14 strains of Enterococcus faecalis, 3 strains of Enterococcus spp. (exclusive of E. faecalis), 41 strains of Escherichia coli, 21 strains of Enterobacteriaceae (exclusive of E. coli), 12 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 3 strains of glucose-nonfermentative Gram-negative rods (exclusive of P. aeruginosa) were examined. 1. Against clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria, vancomycin and teicoplanin were active. Additionally, arbekacin was active against S. aureus clinical isolates and ampicillin was active against E. faecalis clinical isolates. Carbapenems were active against clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria, except for multi-drug resistant strains of Gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus. 2. As for clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, meropenem was most active against Enterobacteriaceae among 13 antibiotics tested. Against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, MIC90 of meropenem was the lowest among 13 antibiotics tested. In addition, resistant rate of meropenem and biapenem against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates was lower than those of the other carbapenems tested. 3. As main urinary pathogens showed no remarkable increase in resistance to carbapenems, it can be stated that carbapenems retain their position as the drug of first choice for severe infection.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline tested against organisms causing community-acquired respiratory tract infection and nosocomial pneumonia.

Emerging antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract pathogens has created a critical need for development of new antimicrobial agents that are not affected by the commonly occurring genetic resistance mechanisms. Tigecycline, a novel broad-spectrum parenteral glycylcycline, has been shown to be active against many of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, atypical, and anaerobic organisms, including strains highly resistant to commonly prescribed antimicrobials and was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treating infections of skin and skin structures, and for intra-abdominal infections. In this study, tigecycline spectrum and potency were evaluated against a global collection of pathogens (2000-2004) recovered from community-acquired respiratory infections (7580 strains) or from hospitalized patients with pneumonia (3183 strains). Among community-acquired infections, the ranking pathogens were Haemophilus influenzae (52.9%; 21% ampicillin-resistant), Streptococcus pneumoniae (39.2%; 23.7% penicillin-nonsusceptible), and Moraxella catarrhalis (7.9%). Tigecycline displayed potent activity by inhibiting 100% of the 3 species at clinically achievable concentrations (2, 1, and 0.5 microg/mL, respectively). The 10 most prevalent pathogens producing 94.3% of pneumonias in hospitalized patients were Staphylococcus aureus (48.5% of strains; 49.4% oxacillin-resistant), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.6%), Klebsiella spp. (5.6%), S. pneumoniae (4.6%), Acinetobacter spp. (4.5%), Enterobacter spp. (4.0%), Escherichia coli (3.8%), Serratia marcescens (2.5%), Enterococcus spp. (2.3%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1.8%), and beta-hemolytic streptococci (1.1%). At a concentration of 4 microg/mL, tigecycline inhibited >96% of these pathogens (exception, P. aeruginosa). S. aureus was readily inhibited by tigecycline (MIC50 and MIC90, 0.25 and 0.5 microg/mL, respectively) with all strains inhibited at < or =1 microg/mL. Streptococci recovered from hospitalized patients (beta-hemolytic and S. pneumoniae) were also very susceptible to tigecycline with the highest MIC being 0.12 microg/mL. All E. coli (including 13.3% with an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase [ESBL] phenotype) were inhibited by < or =1 microg/mL, and all Klebsiella (25.8% ESBL phenotype) and Enterobacter spp. plus 97.0% of Serratia spp. were inhibited by < or =4 microg/mL. Tigecycline was also active against Acinetobacter spp. and S. maltophilia strains (MIC50 and MIC90, 1 and 4 microg/mL, respectively). Further clinical studies should consider the role that tigecycline may play in the therapy for severe respiratory tract infections, both of nosocomial and community origin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Antimicrobial activity of a novel des-fluoro (6) quinolone, garenoxacin (BMS-284756), compared to other quinolones, against clinical isolates from cancer patients.

The in vitro spectrum of a novel des-fluoro (6) quinolone, garenoxacin (BMS-284756), was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin against 736 clinical isolates from cancer patients. Garenoxacin was the most active agent overall against Gram-positive organisms, with potent activity against Aerococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Rhodococcus equi, Stomatococcus mucilaginous, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus spp., and all beta-hemolytic and viridans streptococci. Although ciprofloxacin was the most active agent tested against the Enterobacteriaceae garenoxacin inhibited the majority of these isolates at <or=4.0 microg/ml, its proposed susceptibility break-point. All 4 agents had sub-optimal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and variable activity against other non-fermenters, with Stenotrophomonas maltophila and Alcaligenes spp. being the most resistant isolates. The overall broad spectrum of garenoxacin warrants its evaluation for the prevention or treatment of infections in cancer patients.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2000

Activity and spectrum of 22 antimicrobial agents tested against urinary tract infection pathogens in hospitalized patients in Latin America: report from the second year of the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (1998).

The potency and spectrum of various antimicrobial agents tested against 434 bacterial isolates causing urinary tract infection (UTI) in hospitalized patients in Latin America were evaluated. The genotypes of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and selected multi-resistant isolates were also evaluated by molecular typing techniques. Escherichia coli (60.4%) was the most common aetiological agent causing UTI, followed by Klebsiella spp. (11.2%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.3%). In contrast, Enterococcus spp. isolates caused only 2.3% of UTIs. Fewer than 50% of E. coli isolates were susceptible to broad-spectrum penicillins. The resistance rates to ciprofloxacin and the new quinolones were also high among these isolates. The molecular characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli showed that most of them have a double mutation in the gyrA gene associated with a single mutation in the parC gene. The Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates studied demonstrated high resistance rates to beta-lactam drugs, including broad-spectrum cephalosporins. The carbapenems were the compounds with the highest susceptibility rate among these isolates (100.0% susceptible) followed by cefepime (91.7% susceptible). Meropenem, imipenem and cefepime were also the most active drugs against Enterobacter spp. Among P. aeruginosa isolates, meropenem (MIC(50), 2 mg/L) was the most active compound, followed by imipenem (MIC(50), 4 mg/L), cefepime (MIC(50), 8 mg/L) and ceftazidime (MIC(50), 16 mg/L). The results presented in this report confirm that bacterial resistance continues to be a great problem in Latin American medical institutions.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

[Microbiologic analysis of results from blood cultures].

The aim of our investigations was the microbiological analysis together with the evaluation of sensitivity of bacteria frequently isolated from blood cultures. Blood samples were taken from patients with symptoms suggesting bacteremia in Rydygier's Hospital in Cracow. A total of 11,170 blood samples taken from 1997 to 2000 were tested. Automatic VITAL system (bioMerieux) was applied to culture and detect microorganisms. Bacteria were identified by ATB system (bioMerieux). Susceptibility was detected by ATB and disc diffusion method. Percentage of positive results relating to detection of microorganisms of clinical significance was 16.9% (1891 cultures). Staphylococcus spp. (Staph. epidermidis in range 22.8% to 21.9%), Enterococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were most frequently isolated species among aerobic Gram-positive bacteria. In 2000, compared to 1997 the number of isolates of MRSA increased considerably (from 1.8% to 6.8%). In blood infections the increase of frequency of E. coli bacteria was also noted: 6.1% and 11.4% in 1997 and 2000, respectively. Among non-fermentant bacilli the percentage of occurrence of P. aeruginosa in the period of 4 years was comparable in the range 7.3% in 1997 to 7.2% in 2000. The increase in the frequency of blood infections of A. baumanii was also noticed (respectively from 4.8% to 9.9%). Susceptibility of P. aeruginosa strains to selected beta-lactame antibiotics and aminoglycosydes increased in 2000 in comparison to 1999. A. baumanii strains were 100% sensitive only to imipenem.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1996

Clinical evaluation of the BacT/Alert and isolator aerobic blood culture systems.

The BacT/Alert (BTA) (Organon Teknika, Durham, NC) and Isolator 10 (ISO) (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, NJ) blood culture systems were evaluated for their ability to detect aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms in blood of adult patients. For each culture 8 mL of blood was inoculated into both the aerobic standard BTA bottle and the ISO tube. Of 7,259 paired culture sets, 1,168 organisms were recovered, and 667 (57.1%) of these were considered clinically significant. This represented 540 clinically significant positive cultures from 266 patients. Of the significant isolates, 410 were recovered by both systems, 108 by BTA only and 149 by ISO only (P <.025). Overall, the BTA detected 77.7% of the significant isolates, whereas ISO detected 83.8%. The ISO recovered significantly more isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (P = .0001), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp (P <.01), and non-Enterobacteriaceae gram-negative rod species (P <.0025), whereas the BTA detected significantly more isolates of Streptococcus spp (P <.0025). Growth of S aureus (P <.0025), Enterococcus spp (P <.0025), and Streptococcus spp (P <.0075) was detected earlier by the BTA when laboratory coverage was available during the first shift only (7:30 AM to 4:00 PM), and additionally of Enterobacteriaceae (P <.0005) and other gram-negative rod species (P <.0001) if coverage was extended to 12:00 AM. Yeasts were detected more rapidly by the ISO (P <.0025). The ISO contamination rate (5.9%) was six times that of the BTA. Taking into account its ability to rapidly detect most organisms, its automated and thus labor-saving features, and the minimal contamination rate associated with its use, the BTA appears to be a reliable alternative to the ISO as a blood culturing system, although improvement in detection of staphylococci and non-Enterobacteriaceae gram-negative rods would be desirable.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Activity of trovafloxacin (with or without ampicillin-sulbactam) against enterococci in an in vitro dynamic model of infection.

Antibiotic-resistant enterococci are being increasingly identified as causal agents of infection. Trovafloxacin is a new fluoronaphthyridone with enhanced activity against gram-positive cocci and variable activity reported against Enterococcus spp. Twenty-one strains of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and two strains of Enterococcus faecalis (one vancomycin resistant) were studied at an initial inoculum of 10(6) CFU/ml in time-kill assays with trovafloxacin (3 mg/liter), ampicillin-sulbactam (100/50 mg/liter), and the combination. Six strains of E. faecium (five vancomycin resistant) also were studied in an in vitro two-compartment dynamic model that mimics human pharmacokinetics with trovafloxacin simulated at 300 mg every 12 h (q12h), ampicillin-sulbactam at 2/1 g q6h, and the combination. Peripheral compartments were sampled q2h for 30 h for bacterial counts. Trovafloxacin MICs ranged from 0.5 to 32 mg/liter, and the nine strains of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium for which MICs were < or =2 mg/liter were more likely to show a reduction of 2 log units or more in viable counts in time-kill assays than were strains for which MICs were higher. Synergism with ampicillin-sulbactam was found for only one strain (trovafloxacin MIC, 16 mg/liter). Similar results were obtained in the pharmacokinetic model, with 2- to 4-log-unit reductions in viable bacteria for trovafloxacin-susceptible strains. Although no convincing evidence of synergism was found, ampicillin-sulbactam in combination minimized late bacterial regrowth of two trovafloxacin-susceptible strains. These data suggest that this high dose of trovafloxacin (with or without ampicillin-sulbactam) might be useful against strains of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium for which MICs were < or =2 mg/liter.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed2005

Tigecyclin--the first glycylcycline to undergo clinical development: an overview of in vitro activity compared to tetracycline.

Tetracycline antimicrobials are characterised by a broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity which includes Gram-positive, most Gram-negative, anaerobic and "atypical" (Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae) species. However, the original clinical utility of the tetracyclines has been compromised as a result of increasing resistance to them among previously susceptible, common pathogens. Research into structure-activity relationships among various tetracycline derivatives resulted in discovery of the 9-t- butylglycylamido tetracyclines, now known as the glycylcyclines, which are not affected by either specific efflux pump or ribosomal protection mechanisms of resistance. Tigecycline, 9-t-butylglycylamido-minocycline, is the first in the glycylcycline class to undergo clinical development. This review of published in vitro data clearly demonstrates the potent activity of tigecycline against a wide range of common hospital and community bacterial pathogens including those having acquired mechanisms of resistance to older congeners (tetracycline, minocycline and doxycycline). Its activity against multiply-resistant Staphylococcus spp, including glycopeptide-intermediate strains (GISA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp. (including vancomycin-resistant strains) and some extended-spectrum, beta-lactamase producing isolates of species of the Enterobacteriaceae, is particularly noteworthy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1991

[Antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from patients at 6 hospitals in Osaka].

We examined MICs of 6 oral new quinolones and 4 oral cephems against bacteria isolated from patients at 6 hospitals in Osaka during the period from January to June in 1990, and the following results were obtained. 1. All species excluding Streptococcus pyogenes were more sensitive with less frequencies of resistance to new quinolones than to cephems. In new quinolones, tosufloxacin (TFLX) was the most active against Gram-positive cocci and ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and TFLX had the highest activities against Gram-negative rods. 2. Resistant (MIC of CPFX greater than or equal to 3.13 micrograms/ml) strains to new quinolones were observed at higher frequencies than 10% among Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Citrobacter freundii, Morganella morganii, Providencia rettgeri, Serratia spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas cepacia and Xanthomonas maltophilia. 3. The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to new quinolones isolated from in-patients or urine was significantly higher than that from out-patients or other sources. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in resistance frequencies of P. aeruginosa due to types of patients or sources. But, there were significant differences in frequencies of resistant organisms of either species to new quinolones among hospitals. 4. Twenty-seven strains (19.7%) of 137 S. aureus strains examined were methicillin-resistant, and they were similarly resistant to new quinolones also. Methicillin susceptible S. aureus were also similarly sensitive to new quinolones.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

In vitro activity of daptomycin against clinical isolates with reduced susceptibilities to linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin.

An initiative was taken to determine the in vitro activity of daptomycin against 85 Gram-positive isolates with reduced susceptibilities to linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Daptomycin had potent activity against all strains, with a Staphylococcus spp. minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) < or =2 microg/mL and an Enterococcus spp. MIC < or =8 microg/mL. Resistance to linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin appears to be independent of reduced susceptibility to daptomycin.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1992

The E-Test applied to susceptibility tests of gonococci, multiply-resistant enterococci, and Enterobacteriaceae producing potent beta-lactamases.

The E-Test (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden), a new and novel approach developed to test antimicrobial susceptibility, was compared with the agar dilution method. A collection of 57 organisms, including those with known resistances to various antimicrobial agents was tested against 15 drugs using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS) methods. The E-Test quantitative accuracy (+/- 2 log2 dilutions) compared with agar dilution results was 99% for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 95% for Escherichia coli strains with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, 100% for Enterobacter-Citrobacter spp. with type-1 stably derepressed enzymes, and 95% for Enterococcus spp. with various drug resistances (penicillins, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and vancomycin). The E-Test procedures with these species were easy to perform, reproducible, and quantitatively and qualitatively accurate (89%-100%). The E-Test appears to be an acceptable option for susceptibility testing of these difficult-to-treat, drug-resistant bacterial strains.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Isolation and epidemiological study of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from patients of a haematological unit in Poland.

Enterococcus faecium has recently emerged as a serious nosocomial pathogen. Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) have been isolated in Europe and the USA since 1988. This is the first report on isolation of vancomycin resistant E. faecium (VREM) strains in Poland, from Haematological Unit patients in the Clinical Hospital in Gdańsk. In total, 6412 samples were examined between December 1996 and October 1997. Five hundred and five isolates of Enterococcus spp. were collected. One hundred and one were classified as Enterococcus faecium of which 49 were resistant to vancomycin (MIC > 256 mg/L) and teicoplanin (MIC > 256 mg/L), characteristic of the VanA phenotype. Twenty-nine patients were infected or colonized. A PCR-based specific diagnostic assay confirmed the phenotype. The multiplex PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns were consistent with VanA-type of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium for all isolates examined. These isolates were epidemiologically-related as shown by PCR-fingerprinting.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

In vitro activity of fosfomycin trometamol against pathogens from urinary tract infections: a Spanish multicenter study.

The in-vitro susceptibilities of a total of 1371 urinary tract pathogens to fosfomycin trometamol were determined. According to the NCCLS breakpoints, Enterobacteriaceae and gram-positive microorganisms were, in general, very sensitive to this antimicrobial. More than 90.0% of the Escherichia coli and Citrobacter spp. and more than 70.0% of the Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, Enterobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci and Enterococcus spp. strains tested were susceptible to fosfomycin trometamol. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. strains were more resistant. In general, recent clinical isolates from urinary tract infections (UTIs) in both community and hospital were also very sensitive (> 80.0%) to fosfomycin, its activity being higher than that of the rest of the antimicrobials commonly used for therapy of uncomplicated UTIs. More than 75.0% of the most frequently isolated pathogens from UTIs, except for P. aeruginosa (31.8%) and Acinetobacter spp. (11.1%), were susceptible to fosfomycin trometamol. The results obtained in this study, together with the infrequency of side effects and its pharmacokinetic properties, indicate that fosfomycin trometamol may be a useful alternative for single-dose therapy of uncomplicated UTIs.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

[Causative agents of bloodstream infections in children with neoplasm, in 5 hospitals of Santiago (1994-1998)].

BACKGROUND: Pediatric patients in treatment for cancer can have fatal bacterial infections. Thus, in the presence of fever or other signs infection, antimicrobials have to be prescribed empirically. AIM: To know the causative agents of bacteremia in children with cancer, their changes with time and between different hospitals and their patterns of susceptibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the blood cultores of children with cancer in five hospitals of Santiago, from 1994 at 1998. RESULTS: During the study period, 707 agents were isolated. The most frequently isolated species or genus were coagulase negative Staphylococcus (43%), Staphylococcus aureus (16%), Escherichia coli (9%), Klebsiella spp. (8%), Pseudomonas spp. (5%) and Candida spp. (4%). Coagulase negative Staphylococcus was 55% resistant to meticilin and S. aureus was 44% resistant. Enterobacteriaceae had 15% resistance to gentamicin and amikacin, 2% to imipenem, 26% to ceftriaxone, 21% to cefotaxime and 20% to ceftazidime. Among non fermenting agents resistance was 6% for imipenem, 9% for amikacin 10% for ciprofloxacin, 19% for ceftazidime and 22% for cefoperazone. The resistance of Streptococcus spp. (non pneumoniae) to penicillin reached 50% and that of Enterococcus spp. was of 33%. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment for pediatric patients with cancer must be modified and new guidelines including more active medications for patients at risk for bacteremia, should be devised.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Analysis of microorganisms isolated from febrile neutropenic children with neoplastic disease].

The microbiological evaluation of the blood was carried out as a continued monitoring of the microorganism culture using the colourmetric system VITAL 200 (bio-Mérieux). There have been analysed 4660 bacteriological research results of the peripheral blood, blood from Broviac and from Broviac liquid of the children suffering from cancer treated in the years 1997-2000 in the Pediatric, Hematology and Oncology Clinique of the State Clinical Hospital in Bydgoszcz. There have been gained 1032 positive cultures from KZZ, KZB, PZB. There have been recognized 259 bacteremia and 22 fungemia by the children with fever in the neutropenia period. In the analysed four years in the blood dominated Gram-positive bacteria. Among Gram-positive bacteria there were mostly Staphylococcus spp. (42.5%), mostly CNS, fewer numerous were Streptococcus spp. (14.5%) and Corynebacterium spp. (5.9%). Among Gram-negative bacteria mostly were isolated Acinetobacter spp. (25.6%), Pseudomonas spp. (9.7%), E. coli (13.8%), Enterobacter spp. (13.9%), Klebsiella spp. (9.2%). There were observed few infections by strains resistant to many antibiotics, S. maltophilia, B. cepacia, E. faecium, S. haemolyticus. All strains Staphylococcus spp. were sensitive to vancomycin. There have not been found Enterococcus spp. resistant to glycopeptides. Most active against Gram-positive rods were carbapenems and aminoglycosides.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed2002

Comparative evaluation of two commercial chromogenic media for detection and presumptive identification of urinary tract pathogens.

The performance of two commercial chromogenic media for the isolation and presumptive identification of urinary tract pathogens, the CPS ID2 (bioMérieux, France) and the CHROMagar Orientation (BBL Becton Dickinson, USA), was evaluated and compared with that of cystine-lactose-electrolyte-deficient agar and tryptic soy agar with 5% sheep blood. The detection, determination of bacterial counts, and presumptive identification of bacteria causing urinary tract infections were evaluated in 3,000 urine specimens. The two chromogenic media showed excellent correlation with the standard media for the detection and the bacterial count of urinary pathogens. The Escherichia coli strains produced the expected colour on the CHROMagar Orientation and the CPS ID2 media in 99% and 90% of the cases, respectively. The Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Citrobacter and the Proteus-Morganella-Providencia groups were easily identified on both chromogenic media, but further biochemical tests were needed to differentiate them to a species level. Both media enabled the differentiation, with varying degrees of difficulty, of Pseudomonas spp. strains from members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. All isolates of Enterococcus spp. were correctly identified and were easily distinguished from the Streptococcus agalactiae isolates. Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates were easy to identify only on the CHROMagar Orientation medium. No substantial difference was observed when comparing the results of the susceptibility tests, which were performed according to the standardized disk diffusion method as described by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, for colonies recovered from the blood agar versus those recovered from the chromogenic media. In conclusion, the CPS ID2 and CHROMagar Orientation media enabled excellent detection, count determination, and presumptive identification of urinary pathogens, both in pure and mixed cultures, and reliable and accurate antimicrobial susceptibility testing directly from primary isolates. Moreover, these media allowed a remarkable reduction in the workload and a significant savings of time. On the basis of their performance, these media can replace the standard primary plating media used in the routine diagnosis of urinary tract infections.

Candida↗
PubMed1999

Three kinds of antibacterial substances from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. (Shiitake, an edible mushroom).

Three kinds of antibacterial substances were extracted by chloroform, ethylacetate or water from dried Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes). These substances possess efficient antibacterial activities against Streptococcus spp., Actinomyces spp., Lactobacillus spp., Prevotella spp., and Porphyromonas spp. of oral origin. In contrast, other general bacteria, such as Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Bacillus spp., and Candida spp. were relatively resistant to these substances. Chloroform extracts had bactericidal activity against both growing and resting bacterial cells of S. mutans and P. intermedia, whereas the other two extracts showed bacteriostatic activity against both growing and resting bacterial cells of S. mutans and resting bacterial cell of P. intermedia. The antibacterial activity of chloroform extracts and ethylacetate extracts were relatively heat-stable. The water extract was heat-labile.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗