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PubMedDate not supplied

Doctors for the world: Indian physician emigration.

Almost 60,000 Indian physicians practice in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia--a workforce equal to 10 percent of the physicians in India and the largest émigré physician workforce in the world. I traveled to India to interview leaders in medical education, health policy, and public health, to better characterize and understand Indian physician emigration. A changing political and policy environment in India is raising new questions about what might be done to keep more of India's physicians at home.

Australia↗
PubMed1995

Intestinal parasitic infections in the residents of an emigration camp in Tijuana, Mexico.

We examined stool specimens of the residents in the emigration camp in Tijuana, Mexico for helminth eggs or protozoan cysts with formalin-ethyl acetate concentration method in February and July 1992. Out of 92 examined samples, number of positive was 49 (53.3%). While number of cumulative positive was 66 (71.7%). Cysts of Entamoeba coli (29.3%) Giardia lamblia (9.8%), Entamoeba histolytica (7.6%), and eggs of Taenia spp. (6.5) were most frequently observed. Filtered water supply and chemotherapy were required in this camp.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Beyond the statistics: why are Quebec physicians emigrating?].

During the period 1986-1999, about 16% of the annual average number of active physicians in Quebec have left for the US or an other Canadian province. The absolute number was 2367. During the same period, 661 would have returned to Quebec. The majority of the outmigrating doctors were graduated from the anglophone university of the Province (although 44 percent are francophone) whereas the majority of the returning doctors were graduated from the 3 francophone universities of the Province. As a matter of fact, 78 percent of the returning doctors are francophone. The migration decision is equally linked to post-graduate training and occupational opportunities and job satisfaction. This feature should be related to an other: those who have returned to Quebec have had a geographic and occupational mobility level far lower than those who have not returned. Finally, it is noteworthy that there are significant differences between the doctors emigrating to the US and their colleagues going to an other Canadian province.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Possible approaches to improving the international comparability of immigration and emigration statistics: an illustration of the Canadian situation

"This article seeks to highlight the extent of the lack of standardization which exists in the field of international migration statistics and, using statistics for Canada as an example, to illustrate how significant progress towards resolving this problem could be made if sufficient numbers of countries made their immigration and emigration statistics gradually comply more fully with the United Nations recommendations."

Americas↗
PubMed1981

[Notes on estimating the age distribution of emigrant surviving children].

"A procedure is described to obtain an age distribution of emigrant surviving children from the reports of such children obtained from women by a census or survey. A simple form of the procedure, requiring a minimum of calculation, is shown to work almost as well as the more elaborate form, and is recommended for most uses. "These new procedures, explicitly introducing an age model of migration, yield age distributions which are substantially different from, and probably more realistic than those obtained through the use of model fertility and mortality schedules alone.... The age distributions of migrant children [in Colombia] as obtained in this paper are compared with those obtained by Somoza.... The procedure described here produces a total almost 10 percent higher because it shifts the age distribution of the migrant children towards higher ages with lower proportions of surviving mothers." (summary in ENG)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The American emigrant in Canada: trends and consequences.

"This article discusses the nature of out-migration from the United States to Canada and assesses the consequences of such emigration for the two countries. It is concluded that, excluding the British born population, being foreign born is a handicap in Canada, not as asset, and the American born overcome this occupational disadvantage by virtue of their higher social origins and education."

Americas↗
PubMed1987

Earnings by language group in Quebec in 1980 and emigration from Quebec between 1976 and 1981.

"Between 1976 and 1981 many pople moved out of Quebec, especially anglophones. To the extent that a person's decision to stay or to move may be related to earnings prospects, earnings comparisons with individuals who lived in Quebec in 1981 may suffer from a selection bias. This paper analyses emigration from Quebec and earnings with a two-equation model, using a sample of men drawn from the from the 1981 [Canadian] census. It is found that a selection bias is indeed present for anglophones and that the returns to learning French may be underestimated when that bias is ignored."

Acculturation↗
PubMed1991

Emigration and wages in an open economy: some evidence from Pakistan.

"This paper examines the impact of labour emigration on the wages of both the skilled and unskilled workers....Using... Pakistani data, it is found that unskilled labour is used extremely intensively in the agriculture sector (exportable), skilled labour is used extremely intensively in the manufacturing sector (importable), and capital is used as the middle factor in both the traded goods sectors. Moreover, capital is used significantly less intensively in the construction (non-traded) sector relative to both the traded sectors.... The results suggest that the higher wages to both the skilled and unskilled workers must be compensated by a reduction in the rate of returns to capital if export-oriented and import-competing sectors in Pakistan are to remain internationally competitive."

Asia↗
PubMed1992

Post-Soviet emigration today and tomorrow.

Trends in migration from the former Soviet Union are examined in light of recent political changes there. The author projects that "the number of departures may go up to 1-1.5 million people a year. This may happen if the present unfavorable socioeconomic conditions and instability continue to exist and if technical problems related to exit arrangements are solved. Once the situation normalizes first and foremost in Russia, the scope of emigration may be maintained at a level of 500,000 to 600,000 people per annum within the next two or three years and then begin to decline."

Demography↗
PubMed1995

[The tendency of youths to emigrate: the Uruguayan case].

"This paper presents the case of Uruguay, seen as an emigration country on the basis of the information contained in the Youth National Survey....The results show that one fourth of the persons in the cohorts defined as young plan to live abroad even though not permanently....[We propose] paying more attention to cultural and social mobility aspects in the analysis of international migration, as well as general prospects of life styles that are offered as possibilities to young people in a country like Uruguay in the frame of the economic and cultural globalisation in which the references are those of the developed countries." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Latin America, land of emigration: the process approach to net migration].

"In this paper, the author deals with migration in America since 1950, focusing on the emigration process from Latin America. For this purpose, the analysis is based upon net migration rates that can be obtained by indirect methods. At the beginning, data are provided by continents, then the analysis focuses on 25 Latin American countries." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed1980

[The Dutch emigration pattern around 1840 in the European perspective].

"In 1850 and 1860 the Netherlands ranked eighth among twelve North-Western European nations that contributed to the transatlantic migration. The Dutch emigration pattern reflecting the agrarian crisis of the 1840's resembled the one of Hanover and Westphalia, be it that like in Scandinavia the ecclesiastical situation played a more important part. Besides the motivating forces, conditions such as information, organization, public and official reactions, and transportation are reviewed." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗
PubMed1991

Foreign-born Canadian emigrants and their characteristics (1981-1986).

"This article provides estimates of levels and structures of recent return migration from Canada. Estimates are distinguished according to sex, period of immigration and place of birth of foreign-born emigrants. Special attention is paid to propensity to return. The impact of return migration on change of foreign-born populations is also evaluated." This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1989 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index, Vol. 55, No. 3, Fall 1989, p. 426).

Americas↗
PubMed1984

American emigration: similarities and differences among migrants to Australia and Israel.

"... The primary objective of this paper [is] to study American emigrants with respect to their motivations for migration, their absorption in the host country, and the factors in return migration to the United States." The focus of the paper is on U.S. migration to Australia and Israel. The data are from interviews and surveys conducted by the authors since 1974 and by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics. The similarities and differences between the two groups of migrants are discussed.

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Unemployment of the educated and emigration of post-secondary graduates from the LDCs.

The author examines the emigration of educated individuals from developing countries and reviews selected approaches to the study of international human capital flows. Attention is then given to two policy issues: the financing of postsecondary education and an international brain drain tax. The following factors are identified as critical in their impact on educated worker migration: "(a) the rigidity or flexibility of the wage in the market for the services of educated labour; (b) the extent of government subsidy (explicit or implicit) of the cost of post-secondary education; (c) the extent of responsiveness of the investment in education to the private return on such investment or its being exogenously controlled by the government; and (d) the type of restrictions (if any) imposed by the receiving industrialized countries on the migration flows from the LDCs." Comments by M. Ali Khan on a previous article by Blomqvist on the subject are also included (pp. 655-6).

Demography↗
PubMed2003

An outbreak of gnathostomiasis among Korean emigrants in Myanmar.

Thirty-eight (designated as cases) of 60 Korean emigrants who consumed raw fresh water fish in Yangon, Myanmar developed migratory swellings and creeping eruptions on the back, abdomen, flank, and other cutaneous areas 1-10 weeks later. The symptoms included itching, nodule formation, fatigue, urticaria, fever, pain on the skin, and erythematous plaques. Skin biopsies of two cases revealed no parasites. However, the mean +/- SD peripheral blood eosinophilia among the cases was 6.3 +/- 6.5% (n = 29) and 9.0 +/- 9.8% (n = 26) in two examinations. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of their serum samples, using Gnathostoma doloresi adult worms as the antigen, showed mean +/- SD optical densities of 0.47 +/- 0.29 (n = 28) and 0.32 +/- 0.20 (n = 30) in two examinations and 0.12 +/- 0.09 (n = 50) in healthy controls. Two advanced third-stage larvae of G. spinigerum were found in two of six catfish purchased at a local market in Yangon. The outbreak of the human infection is suggested to have been due to G. spinigerum, which is known to live out its life cycle in the Yangon area of Myanmar.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The emigration of lymphocytes from Peyer's patches in sheep.

The magnitude of the output of lymphocytes from Peyer's patches (PP), the morphology of the lymphocytes and their route of exit from PP has been examined in sheep. An extracorporeal perfusion system was used to selectively label a 3-4 m length of the terminal ileum of lambs at 6-10 weeks of age (the mesenteric lymph nodes had previously been excised from most lambs). This part of the intestine contains about 80% of the total PP tissue in a lamb and most of the lymphoid cells in the perfused tissue were within the PP. During a 10 min labeling period, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was added to the perfusate to label all the cells in the perfused tissues and [3H]thymidine [(3H]dThd) was added at the same time to label only those cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle. The unincorporated label was then washed from the perfused tissues, the normal blood circulation was reestablished and the lamb allowed to recover from anesthesia. It was established that the labeling was restricted to the perfused tissue and therefore that any labeled cells subsequently found elsewhere in the animal must have emigrated from the terminal ileum. During the 24 h after perfusion 1.4 X 10(9)-3.9 X 10(9) lymphoid cells (i.e. FITC labeled) left the perfused tissues via the lymph; 12-19% of these cells were either in the process of dividing or less than 24 h old (i.e. [3H] dThd labeled). The majority of the labeled cells probably came from the PP and most were classified as small lymphocytes although the [3H] dThd labeled population included a high proportion of large lymphocyte and lymphoblasts especially during the early hours after the perfusion. The labeled lymphocytes entered the blood in substantial numbers which increased linearly with time so that by 24 h about 7% of the lymphocytes in the blood were fluorescent. The numbers of newly produced cells began to increase rapidly in the blood only during the 12 h to 24 h period. The number of labeled cells in the blood was reduced by about 95% when the lymph from the perfused tissues was drained from the lamb during the experiment. This result provides clear evidence that the vast majority of all of the cells that leave the PP do so via the lymph and not via the blood.

Animals↗