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PubMed1991

An interpretation of the effects of age on migration: Nordic migrants' choice of settlement in Sweden.

A model of the relationship between age and migration is developed and applied to data concerning migrants from other Scandinavian countries who settled in Sweden between 1968 and 1985. The author shows "how changes in Sweden's domestic economic conditions and distance determine the probability for settlement in any of its 24 provinces for migrants of different ages. The results show that in the integrated Nordic labor market, wages at destination do not explain differences in migrants' settlement behavior across ages. Instead they suggest that the major factors to explain the differences are the labor market situation for the different age groups and distance."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

The spatial components of demographic change.

"In recent years, fertility in developed countries has drastically fallen towards replacement levels, so that further changes play an increasing role in determining the dynamics of population systems. In this paper, the dynamics of multiregional populations are analyzed when occasional perturbations resulting from changes in social and economic conditions exist. A perturbation theory for population models is introduced and the increasing effect of changes in demographic rates in determining the spatial component of the multiregional population growth is shown." The author outlines the critical situations in which perturbations produce drastic demographic changes. Data for Italy are used to show the theory's usefulness in analyzing both short- and long-term effects of changes in vital rates.

Demography↗
PubMed1988

Migration trends and regional labour market change in Poland.

The author examines internal migration and its relation to economic conditions in Poland during the period since World War II. The "basic facets of internal migration in Poland, as they prevailed over the last decades, will be summarized in Section 2 and [compared] with the most recent mobility trends. Section 3 will focus on migration flows within and among 49 regions over the 1975-1983 period while taking account of changing industrial employment levels in individual regions. Alternative interpretations of observed migration patterns will be sought in Section 4. Preliminary conclusions and some further questions will be listed in Section 5."

Demography↗
PubMed1999

Free markets and the marriage market: structural adjustment, gender relations, and working conditions among Dominican women workers.

The relationship between economic conditions and marriage patterns in the Dominican Republic is analyzed using data collected in 1994 on women working in a free-trade zone. The author concludes that changes associated with structural adjustment appear to have contributed to a deterioration of the job market and a greater prevalence of female-headed households. It is shown that "structural adjustment increases the need for women to work, because of cuts in government programs, declining real wages, growing inflation, and a deterioration in male employment, which weakens the man's role as principal breadwinner and increases the importance and visibility of women's contribution to the household economy. This change in the gender composition of the labor force has encouraged some women to resist marriage and/or remarriage because the ¿marriage market' of eligible men willing and able to support a family has been reduced, contributing to greater marital instability."

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Social policy and economic change in Chile, 1974-1985: the case of children.

Taking the case of Chile in the period 1974-85, this article examines the impact of economic conditions and social policies on poor households, and especially on children. The study starts with an analysis of the nature of the economic policies implemented in Chile during 1974-85 and their effects on income distribution and on the material living conditions of poor households. It then looks into the social policies, government expenditure, and the main programs directed toward poor households and children, as well as at the changes in child welfare that followed. From this macrosocial level the study diverts to the household level and describes, based on several in-depth studies of small samples of households in the Santiago metropolitan area during the years 1982-85, the daily experiences of poor households--their deteriorating economic conditions and the behaviors adopted to stretch scarce resources to satisfy basic needs. The final part draws some lessons from the Chilean case.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Occupational asthma.

Occupational asthma is an important occupational respiratory disorder, both in terms of morbidity, disability and in the total number of cases. The two types of occupational asthma are classified on the basis of their temporal relationship to onset. Occupational asthma with latency reflects allergic occupational asthma and is a condition characterized by a preceding latent period of workplace exposure during which allergic sensitization to a material present at the work site occurs. It is characterized biochemically by immunologic alterations and physiologically by variable and work-related airflow limitation with the presence of both specific and nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness. In contrast, occupational asthma without latency is an asthmatic condition that develops suddenly and without a preceding latent period, as epitomized by the reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS). RADS is distinguished physiologically by chronic, persistent nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness and usually occurs after a single brief high-level exposure to an irritant gas, vapor of fume; new information suggests that a more prolonged irritant exposure, in certain susceptible persons with a pre-existing allergic predisposition, can also lead to the initiation of new-onset asthma. The factors that may be influential in the pathogenesis of occupational asthma include: exposure characteristics, industrial factors, job attributes, geographic and climatic conditions, economic considerations and personal or host conditions, such as atopy and cigarette smoking. Preventive measures and opportunities for intervention are essential and must address plans for reducing or eliminating accidents and spills, as well as plans for engineering control methods and proper and effective local exhaust ventilation. Medical surveillance programs are the keystone for prevention and should identify persons who are at an increased risk for developing occupational asthma, as well as detecting asthma at an early stage when intervention options are likely to be successful. For sensitized workers, the best preventive option is completed removal from the work environment.

Asthma↗
PubMed2006

Health status of returnees to Kosovo: do living conditions during asylum make a difference?

OBJECTIVE: From August 1999 to July 2001, asylum seekers who had come to Switzerland from Kosovo were repatriated. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between living conditions during asylum in Switzerland and health status among returnees. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of 319 ethnic Albanian families in Kosovo, selected from a list of 12900 heads of households who had received repatriation aid. METHODS: Consenting household members aged 16 years or more who had received asylum in Switzerland were interviewed during the autumn of 2001. Questions explored living conditions during asylum, present socio-economic conditions (World Bank Kosovo Poverty Assessment Survey), subjective physical and mental health [Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)], traumatic events (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire) and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). RESULTS: Ninety-four per cent of selected households were located. Among the 580 participants, 25.5% suffered from PTSD and 65% lived in extreme poverty. Subjective health scores, measured by SF-36, were low, particularly for those affected by PTSD. Among living conditions in the host country, duration of stay longer than 26 weeks was associated with lower mental health scores, particularly among people with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: Two years after the conflict, returnees had low health scores. The association between duration of stay and lower mental health scores may reflect the stress of adapting to asylum or the consequence of compulsory repatriation. This study has implications for the emerging healthcare system in Kosovo and for policies of asylum in host countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A sickness called unemployment: a long-term unemployment. Association of Community Development (ACD)].

OBJECTIVES: The general objective of this investigation is to know the possible consequences of long-term unemployment on the family and social environment, as well as the mechanisms which lead to the appearance of health problems among long-term unemployed people. METHODS: The subjects of this study were long-term unemployed people of 35 to 55 years of age of the municipal term of Madrid, with families depending on them. This is a qualitative-intensive investigation, with special emphasis on the individual, social, sanitary and economical aspects. The instrument of common measurement was the combination of the discussion group integrated by five people, during approximately 120 minutes, with focused and individual interviews (48) over a semistructured script, during approximately 60 minutes, using recording instruments (audio tape). RESULTS: During the development of the discussion group a worsening of the psychological health and family situation was observed as a consequence of remaining unemployed. In the more thorough interviews we could detect clear differences according to the impact of unemployment on health depending on the low socioeconomical area, women and older unemployed people. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of unemployment on health cannot be isolated from other underlying bad social and economical conditions, that is to say, from social, economical, educative inequalities, etc., previous to the unemployment situation.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Factors affecting workers' compensation claims activity.

This study examined whether and to what degree workers' compensation claims activity is related to the regulatory environment, prevalence of occupational injury, and employment conditions. A major finding was that when economic conditions induce people to leave the work force, a related increase in workers' compensation claims tends to occur. This statistically significant relationship was evident in both the recent history of workers' compensation awards for occupational hearing loss in West Virginia and in federal workers' compensation claims activity during the 1970s.

West Virginia↗
PubMed1992

Socio-economic versus obstetric risk factors for drug addiction in offspring.

Two possible risk factors for drug addiction were weighed against each other: (1) perinatal factors associated with obstetric medication at time of birth; and (2) factors associated with familial socio-economic conditions at time of birth. The subjects comprised 200 amphetamine addicts and 200 opiate addicts born in Stockholm 1945-1966. In a matched case control study, addicts were compared to their siblings with regard to possible obstetric risk factors by means of conditional logistic regression controlling for socio-economic level and civil status. Administration of opiates, barbiturates and nitrous oxide to mothers during labour was associated with drug addiction in offspring, hence confirming results from earlier studies. In a cohort study the risk associated with birth at a given hospital and familial socio-economic level was analysed by means of log-linear analysis using 7100 controls from the general population. For amphetamine addicts, a low socio-economic level at time of birth might be of importance for the infant subsequently becoming an addict. This could not be demonstrated for the opiate addicts. An uneven distribution of births among the hospitals, most pronounced for the amphetamine addicts, is in agreement with the hypothesis that obstetric practices may be risk factors for adult drug addiction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Evaluating trauma care capabilities in Mexico with the World Health Organization's Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care publication.

OBJECTIVE: To identify affordable, sustainable methods to strengthen trauma care capabilities in Mexico, using the standards in the Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care, a publication that was developed by the World Health Organization and the International Society of Surgery to provide recommendations on elements of trauma care that should be in place in the various levels of health facilities in all countries. METHODS: The Guidelines publication was used as a basis for needs assessments conducted in 2003 and 2004 in three Mexican states. The states were selected to represent the range of geographic and economic conditions in the country: Oaxaca (south, lower economic status), Puebla (center, middle economic status), and Nuevo León (north, higher economic status). The sixteen facilities that were assessed included rural clinics, small hospitals, and large hospitals. Site visits incorporated direct inspection of physical resources as well as interviews with key administrative and clinical staff. RESULTS: Human and physical resources for trauma care were adequate in the hospitals, especially the larger ones. The survey did identify some deficiencies, such as shortages of stiff suction tips, pulse oximetry equipment, and some trauma-related medications. All of the clinics had difficulties with basic supplies for resuscitation, even though some received substantial numbers of trauma patients. In all levels of facilities there was room for improvement in administrative functions to assure quality trauma care, including trauma registries, trauma-related quality improvement programs, and uniform in-service training. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified several low-cost ways to strengthen trauma care in Mexico. The study also highlighted the usefulness of the recommended norms in the Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care publication in providing a standardized template by which to assess trauma care capabilities in nations worldwide.

Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Health care of workers of industrial enterprises in Ukraine].

Presents the conceptual basis for recreating the system of primary health care of workers of industrial enterprises under modern conditions. Organization of medical care under modern economic conditions is shown as exemplified by a specially designed model of medical care of workers of atomic power station.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Four ways to ensure a successful future for your dental practice.

Practices must concentrate on optimizing their financial performance regardless of what economic conditions prevail. Even with signs of an economic turnaround, the 4 areas of your practice highlighted in this article demand your focus. Levin Group is seeing a nationwide breakdown in many of these 4 areas. Proper planning and organization with the appropriate management structure and systems can avoid these issues and keep your practice operating at maximum productivity and profitability.

Accounts Payable and Receivable↗
PubMed1980

Serological survey of toxoplasmosis in Somalia.

Of 356 samples of human sera collected from native patients in two distinct zones of Somalia, 53% were positive (greater than or equal to 1:8) to the dye-test for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. A significantly lower incidence (P less than 0.01) of infection was found in patients living in the arid Mogadishu area, compared to that in patients from villages on the river borders, situated in humid soil zones. Furthermore, in 4.2% of the river area cases the titres were over 300 I.U., indicating that acute T. gondii infection exists among the Somalian population. These differences were regarded as being due to climatic and geographical conditions rather than to diet or socio-economic conditions.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1996

Secular trends in the growth of children aged 0-6 years in a rural Nigerian community.

Cross-sectional anthropometric measurements were taken between 1987 and 1990 in 673 children aged 0-6 years in Imesi Ile village, Nigeria. The height and weight curves obtained fall behind corresponding growth curves in the same community three decades previously. Mid-upper arm circumference values indicated moderate to severe malnutrition in 25.8% of children aged 1-5 years. The heights of 67.1% and weights of 59.7% of the children fell below the third percentile of a Nigerian equivalent of an international reference population standard. Possible reasons for deterioration of the nutritional status of children in the community include the prevailing adverse socio-economic conditions, changes in child rearing practices over the years, persistence of unsatisfactory living conditions and failure to sustain the implementation of innovative programmes previously introduced into the community. It is suggested that present programmes aimed at promoting the health of rural communities should be reviewed to improve sustainability and should be backed up by measures to improve socio-economic and living conditions.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2004

Trunk deformity is associated with a reduction in outdoor activities of daily living and life satisfaction in community-dwelling older people.

We have evaluated the association between trunk deformities of the sagittal plane and functional impairment of daily living in community-dwelling elderly subjects. The analysis involved a detailed assessment of indoor and outdoor activities of daily living, satisfaction with life, and mental status. The participants in this study were 236 community-dwelling older adults, aged 65 years and older, living in Kahoku district of Kochi in Japan. The participants were classified based on their posture, which was assessed using photographs of the subjects, and interviewed to assess their basic activities of daily living (BADL), instrumental ADL (IADL), and cognitive well-being in the cross-sectional study. The statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. The lumbar kyphosis group received significantly lower BADL and IADL scores than the normal group. The trunk deformity group which were defined as kyphosis, flat back, and lumbar lordosis groups exhibited decreases in activities that included going out, shopping, depositing and withdrawing money, and visiting friends in the hospital. These activities require going outdoors; thus, this study showed that the trunk deformity group had limitations in outdoor activities. There was no significant difference between the geriatric depression score (GDS) and the pattern of posture. The abnormal trunk deformity groups tended to score lower than the normal group with regard to subjective healthiness and life satisfaction measures, including subjective health condition, everyday feeling, satisfaction with human relationships, satisfaction with economic condition, and satisfaction with present life.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1987

Simulated efficiency of range beef production. I. Growth and milk production.

A revised version of the Texas A&M University Beef Cattle Production Model was used to simulate the effects of growth, milk production and management system on biological and economic efficiency of beef production in a northern plains, range environment. Animals varying in genetic potential for birth weight (BWA), yearling weight (YW), mature weight (WMA) and milk production (PMA) were simulated under both a weanling system of management (weaned calves custom-fed in the feedlot) and a yearling system (calves wintered on the ranch, then custom-fed after their second summer). The yearling system of management was biologically less efficient, but economically more efficient than the weanling system due primarily to heavier slaughter weights of fed animals. The advantage of the yearling system was most apparent for smaller genotypes. Herd efficiency improved with decreased BWA and increased YW, but changed little when WMA was varied while other growth traits were held constant. Increased PMA was favored for production of live weight at weaning and for production of slaughter product when feedlot costs were high. Increased PMA was not favored when feed costs for the cow herd were high. Economic weights generated from the simulation indicated the importance of selection for rapid early growth followed by selection for lighter birth weight. While larger genotypes were generally favored in this study, optimal cow size depended on economic conditions. Larger types were more biologically efficient and more economically efficient using standard costs, but medium- and small-size cattle were more efficient when feedlot costs were high. Small cattle were least efficient when feed costs for the cow herd were high.

Animal Husbandry↗