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PubMed2000

Relationship between a bull's parental genetic merit difference and subsequent progeny trait variability in Angus, Gelbvieh, and Limousin cattle.

Data from the American Angus Association, American Gelbvieh Association, and the North American Limousin Foundation were analyzed to determine whether parental genetic differences are associated with Mendelian sampling of their bull progeny or with Mendelian sampling variances and weight variances of their bull progeny's offspring. Parental differences were measured as the difference between the parents' EPD for birth weight (DIF(BW)), weaning weight direct (DIF(WW)), and yearling weight (DIF(YW)). A bull's data were used if both parents had calculated EPD and the bull had at least 25 progeny with records for the specific trait. Traits calculated for each bull were his Mendelian sampling (MS(Bull)), progeny Mendelian sampling variance (MSsigma2progeny), progeny weight variance (WTsigma2), and progeny corrected weight variance (CWTsigma2 = adjusted weight minus appropriate dam EPD) for birth, weaning, and yearling weights. Pearson correlations were computed between DIF(BW), DIF(WW), and DIF(YW) and MS(Bull), MSsigma2progeny, WTsigma2, and CWTsigma2 for each trait, within each breed. Across breeds, the correlations ranged from -.07 to .11 for MS(Bull) .01 to .14 for MSsigma2progeny, -.06 to .09 for WTsigma2, and -.06 to .08 for CWTsigma2. Although some of the correlations were significantly different from zero their relatively small magnitude indicates little relationship between parental differences in genetic merit and subsequent offspring variability for each of the three breeds.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genetic evaluation of the probability of pregnancy at 14 months for Nellore heifers.

To estimate the heritability for the probability that yearling heifers would become pregnant, we analyzed the records of 11,487 Nellore animals that participated in breeding seasons at three farms in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul. All heifers were exposed to a bull at the age of about 14 mo. The probability of pregnancy was analyzed as a categorical trait, with a value of 1 (success) assigned to heifers that were diagnosed pregnant by rectal palpation about 60 d after the end of the breeding season of 90 d and a value of 0 (failure) assigned to those that were not pregnant at that time. The estimate of heritability, obtained by Method R, was 0.57 with standard error of 0.01. The EPD was predicted using a maximum a posteriori threshold method and was expressed as deviations from 50% probability. The range in EPD was -24.50 to 24.55%, with a mean of 0.78% and a SD of 7.46%. We conclude that EPD for probability of pregnancy can be used to select heifers with a higher probability of being fertile. However, it is mainly recommended for the selection of bulls for the production of precocious daughters because the accuracy of prediction is higher for bulls, depending on their number of daughters.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Effects of selection for ultrasound intramuscular fat percentage in Angus bulls on carcass traits of progeny.

Angus bulls (n = 20) from three pure-bred herds in Georgia were acquired to determine the impact of selecting sires based on phenotypic yearling ultrasound intramuscular fat percentage (UIMF) or UIMF EPD on marbling score of steer progeny. Each year in each herd, pairs of bulls were selected to create large differences based on their age adjusted phenotypic yearling UIMF measurements. The average UIMF, weighted by number of progeny per sire, was 3.75% (SD = 1.10%) and 1.70% (SD = 0.53%) for high UIMF (HU) and low UIMF (LU) bulls, respectively. All available ultrasound measurements collected in the purebred co-operator herds were combined with other ultrasound records collected by the American Angus Association for the computation of genetic values for ultrasound fat thickness, ribeye area, and intramuscular fat percentage. Each year bulls were randomly mated to 14 to 30 commercial Angus females. Carcass weight, fat thickness at the 12th rib, ribeye area at the 12th rib, marbling score, yield grade, and quality-grade measurements were collected on 188 steer progeny. Carcass data were linearly adjusted to 480 d of age at slaughter. Steer progeny sired by HU bulls had higher age-adjusted marbling score and quality grade (P < 0.05), and smaller age-adjusted ribeye area (P < 0.05) than steer progeny sired by LU bulls. No significant differences between phenotypic UIMF lines were found for age-adjusted fat thickness (P = 0.84) and yield grade (P = 0.33) in the steer progeny. The regression of age-adjusted carcass marbling score and quality grade of the steer progeny on ultrasound intramuscular fat percentage EPD of the sires produced highly significant regression coefficients of 90.50 and 49.20, respectively. Thus, yearling Angus bulls selected for high-phenotypic UIMF and UIMF EPD can be expected to produce steer progeny with significantly higher amounts of marbling and quality grade. It also appears that marbling can be increased without corresponding increases in external fat thickness and yield grade.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Additive genetic relationships between heifer pregnancy and scrotal circumference in Nellore cattle.

To estimate heritability (h2) for yearling heifer pregnancy and to estimate the genetic correlation between heifer pregnancy and scrotal circumference, 18,145 records of Nellore heifers exposed to breeding at an age of approximately 14 mo and 25,466 records of contemporary young bulls were analyzed. Heifer pregnancy was considered as a categorical trait, with the value 1 (success) assigned to heifers that were pregnant after rectal palpation approximately 60 d after the end of a 90-d breeding season and the value 0 (failure) otherwise. A single-trait animal model for heifer pregnancy and a two-trait animal model including heifer pregnancy and scrotal circumference were used. Contemporary groups were defined in two ways: including (CG2) or not including (CG1) weaning management of the heifer. Heritability estimates obtained by Method R in single-trait analyses were 0.68 +/- 0.09 and 0.61 +/- 0.10 using CG1 and CG2 definitions, respectively. Heritability estimates for two-trait analyses were 0.69 +/- 0.09 (CG1) and 0.63 +/- 0.08 (CG2) for heifer pregnancy and 0.57 +/- 0.03 (both CG) for scrotal circumference. The genetic correlation estimates between the two traits were 0.20 +/- 0.12 (CG1) and 0.20 +/- 0.13 (CG2). Based on the results of this study, EPD for heifer pregnancy can be used to select bulls for the production of precocious daughters and will be more effective than selecting on scrotal circumference EPD in Nellore cattle. However, scrotal circumference can be incorporated in a two-trait analysis to increase the accuracy of prediction for heifer pregnancy EPD for young bulls. Using contemporary group without heifer weaning management gave higher h2 and, for two-trait analysis, converged more quickly.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Relationship among GeneSTAR marbling marker, intramuscular fat deposition, and expected progeny differences in early weaned Simmental steers.

Research has demonstrated that triiodothyronine and thyroxin are correlated with marbling (MARB) deposition in Wagyu cattle. Polymorphisms in the 5' region of the thyroglobulin gene have been associated with an improvement in overall fattening and could be used as a gene marker for MARB. The commercially available GeneSTAR MARB test measures the specific thyroglobulin gene polymorphism and identifies cattle as having 0, 1, or 2 copies of the allele; these are identified as 0-STAR, 1-STAR, or 2-STAR, respectfully. Early weaned Simmental steers (n = 192) of known genetics were individually fed over a repeated 4-yr trial period to determine the correlations between GeneSTAR MARB test [Genetic Solutions/Bovigen Pty. Ltd. (Australia) in conjunction with Frontier Beef Systems, LLC (Louisville, CO)] results and intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition. Yearling weight, MARB, percent retail cuts, and carcass weight EPD were calculated for each steer. Steers were weaned at 88.0 +/- 1.1 d, pen-fed a high-concentrate diet for 84.5 +/- 0.4 d before allotment, and subsequently individually fed a 90% concentrate diet composed primarily of cracked corn and corn silage for 249.7 +/- 0.7 d. Steers were slaughtered at 423.3 +/- 1.4 d. Deoxyribonucleic acid samples were used by Genetic Solutions/Bovigen (Australia) for GeneSTAR MARB analysis. Steers with allele types of 0-STAR (n = 47), 1-STAR (n = 95), and 2-STAR (n = 33) had no effect (P > 0.10) on MARB score, chemically determined IMF percentage, quality grade, or percent low Choice and better. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in performance or other carcass parameters among the allele types. GeneSTAR results were not associated with MARB (P > 0.10). Conversely, MARB EPD was correlated (P < 0.01) with MARB score (r = 0.44) and IMF percentage (r = 0.27). Thus, in this management system, MARB EPD is an accurate predictor of IMF deposition. These data suggest that the GeneSTAR MARB marker was not an efficacious predictor of IMF deposition in early weaned Simmental steers fed a high-energy diet.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2007

Genetic evaluation of beef carcass data using different endpoint adjustments.

Carcass data from 6,795 Simmental-sired animals born from 1992 to 2001 were used to determine whether adjustment to a constant age, back-fat, HCW, or marbling score would result in differences in heritability of the carcass traits and, correspondingly, if EPD calculated using those variance components and adjustments would result in sire reranking. The endpoints were age (EPA), backfat (EPF), HCW (EPC), or marbling (EPM). The traits analyzed were 12th-rib backfat (FAT), HCW, marbling (MRB), LM area (LMA), and percentage retail cuts (PRC). The data were analyzed using an animal model, where contemporary group was included as a fixed effect and was composed of slaughter date, sex, and herd. Random effects included in the model were direct genetic and residual. Estimates of heritability ranged from 0.12 to 0.14, 0.32 to 0.34, and 0.26 to 0.27 for FAT, HCW, and LMA, respectively, for the corresponding endpoints. Heritability for MRB was estimated to be 0.27 at all endpoints. For PRC, estimates of heritability were more variable, with estimates of 0.23 +/- 0.05, 0.32 +/- 0.05, 0.21 +/- 0.05, and 0.20 +/- 0.04 for EPA, EPF, EPC, and EPM, respectively. However, because the EPF and EPC adjustments adjust for a component trait of PRC (FAT and HCW, respectively), they may be altering the trait to one different from PRC. Spearman rank correlations between EPD within a trait using EPA compared with the other endpoints were >0.90 (P < 0.01) for FAT, HCW, MRB, and LMA. For PRC, Spearman rank correlations with EPA EPD were 0.73 (P < 0.01), 0.93 (P < 0.01), and 0.95 (P < 0.01) for EPF, EPC, and EPM, respectively. For most traits and endpoints, there was little reranking among sires when alternative endpoints were used. However, adjusting PRC to EPF appears to result in a greater heritability and substantial re-ranking of sires, potentially due to the adjustment changing the trait to one other than PRC.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A comparison of methods for ranking boars from different central test stations.

Data were received from 24 test stations on 3,999 boars tested in fall 1984 and spring 1985. In an effort to increase the connectedness between stations, one reference sire was selected to produce sons (reference boars) through artificial insemination to be tested in the different stations. Fifty-two reference boars were placed across 17 of the test stations. The performance traits analyzed were average daily gain (ADG) and backfat adjusted to 105 kg (ABF). The methods used to rank boars were: 1) individual record (ADG, ABF), 2) individual record deviated from the contemporary group mean, and 3/4) individual record plus performance of relatives (including/excluding reference boars) using expected progeny differences (EPD) estimated from a reduced animal model (RAM) statistical procedure. Ranks of boars using these four methods of genetic evaluation were compared using Spearman rank correlation methodology. The ranks of the boars changed significantly as the complexity of analysis increased for both ADG and ABF. Rank correlations between individual record and contemporary group deviations for ADG and BF were .47 and .20, respectively. Rank correlations between contemporary group deviations and RAM estimates of EPD for ADG and ABF were .53 and .41, respectively. These were significantly different from 1.0. However, there was no significant difference between rankings based on EPD including vs excluding the reference boars. The importance of rank changes coupled with the increased accuracy of these more complex evaluation methods strongly suggest that best linear unbiased predictors of genetic value be utilized in comparing boars in central test stations.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: validation for an Australian sample.

One hundred and three post-partum women completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. A cut-off score of 12.5 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale identified all nine women who reached criteria for major depression. At this threshold the sensitivity (the percentage of true "cases" identified) of the EPDS was 100%, its specificity (the percentage of true "non-cases" identified as such) 95.7% and its positive predictive value (the percentage of all those tested as positive who were correctly identified as such) 69.2%. Although this study supported the validity of the EPDS, a replication of this study on a larger sample is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Measurement of effective pedicle diameter in the human spine.

Effective pedicle diameter (EPD), the maximal cancellous diameter of the spinal pedicle, demonstrates the maximal diameter available for transpedicular screw placement. The pedicles of 16 spines from T6 to L5 were measured directly with a graduated mean increase in the EPD ranging from 4.8 mm at T6 to 5.9 mm at L5. This direct pedicle measurement was significantly smaller than that of previously reported studies, which directly and radiographically measured pedicle outside width rather than inner diameter. Three specimens had little, if any, pedicular medullary cavity on direct measurement, although radiographic appearance of a medullary cavity existed. If EPD is significantly smaller than radiographic pedicle width measurements, safe transpedicular screw fixation may not be achieved. Preoperative planning must account for this so that transpedicular screws of correct diameter may be used and the complications of pedicular blowout fracture and neurologic impairment may be avoided.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Quality of life of women depressed in the post-partum period].

BACKGROUND: Depression is common among women, specially during breeding. AIM: To characterize post-partum depression in a group of women attending a primary health care clinic and its relationship to quality of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample included women meeting criteria for Major Depression, with a child of up to 11 months old. Exclusion criteria included the presence of psychosis, history of mania, alcohol abuse, illegal drug use, high suicide risk, and receiving mental health care in the last three months. Structured interviews used were the Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (EPDS), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire (SF-36) and questions about incapacity and health care use. RESULTS: The sample included 159 women with a median age of 27 years (range: 16-43 years). Thirty three percent were married, 30.8% lived in common law marriage, 9.4% were divorced, and 26.4% were single. Most (89.3%) were housewives, 31% were students, and 6.9% were employed. The average score on the EPDS was 17 points (S.D. 4.2). The average SF-36 somatic score was 42.7 points (S.D. 8.2), and the emotional score was 30.3 (D.S. 0.3). The relation between the average score on the EPDS and the somatic and emotional scores was statistically significant (p=0.000-0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Most women were mildly to moderately depressed. Their depression was associated with a marked impairment of activities of daily living. These findings add to the evidence suggesting that depression is associated with marked disability cultures, even when the depression is mild to moderate.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Preventive symptomatic immunotherapy versus placebo in seasonal rhinitis due to grasses in children and to Parietaria in adult patients.

BACKGROUND: EPD is the only preventive symptomatic immunotherapy available on the market and approved by competent bodies. Recent double-blind placebo controlled (DBPC) studies have demonstrated its efficacy in seasonal and perennial rhinitis. The aim of the study was to confirm the efficacy and safety of a single dose of immunotherapy administered six-eight weeks before the pollen season. METHODS: Two simultaneous DBPC trials were carried out. The first consisted of 20 children with grass-pollen seasonal rhinitis (Bollate-Milano, Italy) and the second included 30 adult patients with Parietaria-pollen seasonal rhinitis (Genova, Italy). EPD was administered only to the active groups. RESULTS: A significant difference in favour of the active treatment groups was seen in oral antihistamine use (p < 0.05) during the peak pollen seasons. Throughout the pollen seasons, rhinoconjunctivitis scores for the two groups in both studies presented no significant difference, even if the values were lower in the active groups. CONCLUSIONS: The oral antihistamine reduction, observed in the active groups during the seasonal period, supports the efficacy of this treatment, although a significant improvement in the rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms was not observed, probably due to the use of oral antihistamine in the placebo groups. The overall profile of the EPD was good. It could be particularly suited for short term therapy to prevent seasonal symptoms in allergic patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"They don't leave you on your own:" a qualitative study of the home care of chronically ill children.

Learning to cope with a chronic illness is a process often demanding professional help that extends beyond the time spent in the hospital. Using interviews, this qualitative study describes the subjective experiences of five families with children who are chronically ill and the experiences of the two head nurses at External Care Services (EPD) in Berlin, Germany, an institution focused exclusively on home care for children. The positive experiences expressed by parents reflect the patient-oriented understanding of caring developed by the EPD, which strives for the qualified instruction of families and the building of caring relationships. As a result of the care offered by the EPD, many children are spared the repeated hospitalizations that so hinder the normalization of family life and impede family health.

Berlin↗
PubMed2002

Is postnatal depression a risk factor for sudden infant death?

BACKGROUND: In New Zealand, an association has been shown between postnatal depression and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). AIM: To replicate the New Zealand study. DESIGN OF STUDY: Case-control study. SETTING: The city of Sheffield, UK. METHOD: The database of the Sheffield Child Development Study was used Demographic and obstetric data were collected and at one month postpartum the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered. Detailed information on the cause of all infant deaths was available. RESULTS: There were 32,984 live births during the study period (from the year 1988 to 1993) and 42 babies died with the cause registered as SIDS. Multivariate analysis showed that smoking was the most important risk factorfor SIDS (odds ratio [OR] = 7.24, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 2.76 to 19.01), followed by a high EPDS (OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.46 to 6.99) and residence in an area of poverty (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.06 to 5.11). CONCLUSIONS: The Sheffield data confirm the New Zealand findings. A high EPDS score and, by implication, postnatal depression, may be risk factors for SIDS, however, there are many possible explanations for the association.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Comparative study on family life education, sex education and human sexuality.

Under UNESCO (UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) EPD auspices, a comparative study on family life education, sex education and human sexuality is being undertaken by EPD in collaboration with UNESCO Regional Offices covering four regions of the world--Asia and the Pacific, Africa, Latin America and Caribbean, and Arab States. Over the past 20 years, some 90 countries in the world have implemented population education programs. These programs follow different conceptual frames of reference based on predominant national problems and thrusts. Many of these have included family life education, sexuality and human reproductive issues. In the light of emerging issues and problems, it has been urged that key concepts and contents on family life education should be revised and updated accordingly, taking into account the specificity of sociocultural contexts. Before undertaking the revision and updating of contents, an analysis of the contents of existing national and regional training and teaching/learning materials in the four regions is currently being undertaken. The results of these analyses will serve as basis for the reconceptualization of population education/family life education within the new EPD philosophy, taking into account the emerging needs in the areas of information, training, and educational materials development. The studies which are currently under preparation look into the following: (i) the justifications for implementing family life education programs; (ii) content analysis of family life education and sex education programs in terms of rationale, objectives, concepts, themes and contents, teaching strategies and methodologies, etc.; (iii) changing scenes in the 90s; (iv) emerging key issues and concepts; (v) objectives, concepts and contents to be reinforced or revised for training and teaching purposes; (vi) recommendations for a reconceptualization/reorientation; and (vii) lessons learned and future needs and requirements.

Africa↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of intervening measures on postpartum depression].

OBJECTIVE: To study the related factors of postpartum depression (PPD) and the effects of intervening measures to PPD incidence. METHODS: 1 597 pregnant women selected from our antenatal care clinic were investigated by using the hospital anxiety and depression questionnaire (HAD) during pregnancy and the Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (EPDS) after childbirth. All the enrolled women were randomly divided into control group and intervening group by the proportion of 1 to 2. Six intervening measures were used in the latter group. RESULTS: (1) There were 49 women whose HAD >or= 11 score (anxiety-depression mood) with 28 cases (57.1%) had got postpartum depression in the control group. In the intervening group, however, there were 94 women whose HAD >or= 11 score with 24 cases (25.5%) had got postpartum depression. There is a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01). (2) There were 71 (13.0%) women whose EPDS >or= 13 score (postpartum depression) in the control group. In the intervening group, however, there were 63 (6.0%) women whose EPDS >or= 13 score. There had a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01). (3) PPD women had higher N and P scores than those of non-PPD women (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: (1) Prenatal anxiety, depression, negative personality and postpartum psychological and physiological changes were high risk factors to PPD. (2) Psychological personality play an important role in PPD. (3) Incidence of PPD was significantly reduced by social support.

China↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of postpartum depression in Edirne, Turkey, and related factors.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the community prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) in Edirne, Turkey, and the potential risk factors for it. STUDY DESIGN: The study was performed on mothers during the 6-week postpartum visit at home. A questionnaire that was devised to collect data on basic demographic information on the mothers and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were applied. A total of 210 mothers were interviewed between January and April 2002, and 178 of them whose data were complete were analyzed. We evaluated EPDS cutoff scores > or =12. RESULTS: With an EPDs cutoff score of > or =12, the prevalence of PPD was 40.4%. Such factors as the husband's unemployment and a low educational level, living in a rented house, and having psychological or other problems during a previous pregnancy were the most significant risk factors for PPD. In the logistic model, the family's preference for a male infant in the previous pregnancy, female infant in the previous delivery and unwanted pregnancy were associated with PPD. The OR for these 3 variables and their 95% CI are, respectively, OR = 3.10, 95% CI 1.57-6.12; OR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.09-4.37, and OR = 2.84, 95% CI 1.22-6.61). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PPD was high. Although the risk factors were similar to those in other studies, other family members' mention of wanting a son can cause depression in the mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Women's views of being screened for postnatal depression.

Routine use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as part of the assessment process for postnatal depression (PND) has been widely implemented in England. However, the views of the women being assessed are only now becoming known. The paper reports on a study aimed at exploring women's views of being screened for PND. Interviews were undertaken with 15 recent mothers who had been screened for PND. Participants included those with both high and low scores on the EPDS. Although mothers were generally positive about screening there were a number of issues which caused some concern. These related to the process of screening, the instrument itself and the lack of information provided to the women. A major concern related to being identified as having PND and the consequences. A number of simple measures were identified around the provision of information which, if implemented in current practice, could improve the acceptability of screening for PND. We believe that, by ensuring these simple provisos are met, screening for PND using the EPDS could be seen as beneficial to a large proportion of women and acceptable even to those who are not troubled by symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Relationship between attachment style and depressive symptoms in postpartum women: findings from Turkey].

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the association between depressive symptoms and attachment style in postpartum women in a non-western setting. METHOD: This study was carried out at the local health care centers in April 2004 among Turkish mothers within 2 to 18 months postpartum. A sociodemographic data sheet and the Turkish versions of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (AAQ) were administered to 80 mothers. RESULTS: On the EPDS, 30 % of the sample (n=24) displayed symptoms of depression with a cut-off score of >/=11. Postpartum depressive symptoms (EPDS >/= 11) were found to be associated with insecure attachment style (X2=4.42, p=0.035; X2=10.81, p=0.001 for Part 1 and Part 2 of AAQ, respectively). CONCLUSION: Maternal insecure attachment behavior, stimulated by the close relationship with the infant may contribute to the factors that may give rise to symptoms of depression. The present study, performed in a non-western country, confirms the results of the previous western studies suggesting a relationship between insecure attachment style and postpartum depression (PPD). Clinicians should pay particular attention to vulnerable women regarding their attachment style for early identification and treatment of PPD, either in western or non-western societies.

Adult↗