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PubMed1992

Parental divorce, adolescence, and transition to young adulthood: a follow-up study.

In a long-term study of the effects of divorce, children in a Finnish town who had completed questionnaires in school at age 16 were followed up with postal questionnaires at age 22. Depression in young adulthood was found to be slightly more common among children from divorced families. In addition, the life trajectories of children in divorced families revealed more stressful paths and more distress in both adolescence and young adulthood.

Achievement↗
PubMed1994

Psychosocial coping resources in elementary school-age children of divorce.

The psychosocial coping resources of elementary school-age children living in the sole custody of a divorced single parent were compared with those of their peers living with nondivorced parents. Children of divorced parents were found to have lower levels of self-efficacy, self-esteem, and social support, and less effectual coping styles. Contact with the noncustodial parent was found to have a positive influence on their attitudes toward divorce.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

The effect of divorce on child survival in a rural area of Bangladesh.

The data for this study come from Matlab, a rural area of Bangladesh, where a continuous registration of demographic events has been maintained by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh since 1966. A total of 11,951 first marriages of Muslims that took place in the area between 1975 and 1987 were followed until the end of 1989, to examine the relationship between parental marriage breakdown and survival of first live-born children. The impact of divorce on survival of children during infancy and childhood was examined, using hazard analysis. Other independent variables included age of mother at birth, and mother's education, year of birth, sex of children, and residence at the time of childbirth. It is shown that the net odds of death among children of divorced mothers in infancy and childhood were respectively 3.2 and 1.4 times higher than those of mothers whose marriages continued. The paper also discussed the possible mechanisms which link divorce and child survival.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1983

Children of divorce. Counseling guidelines for the primary care physician.

As the divorce rate climbs, more and more children are affected by divorce. For some of these children, the personal losses they suffer are too great to overcome. Young children are particularly vulnerable to feelings of guilt, shame, inferiority, and distrust, which may lead to more serious problems later in life. Dr Price and colleagues offer suggestions to primary care physicians on counseling children of divorce and their parents, with emphasis on a holistic, empathic approach to therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Broken dreams: a study of the effects of divorce and depression on dream content.

To investigate the dream characteristics associated with a major life change, 29 women (ages 30-55) undergoing divorce were studied six nights in a sleep laboratory. The group was stratified on a self-report depression scale (the Beck Depression Inventory) into a depressed (N = 19, mean = 23.2) and nondepressed (N = 10, mean = 8.2) group and compared to a nondepressed married group who had never considered divorce. The dreams of those divorcing without major mood upset were longer and dealt with a wider time frame than those of the other two groups. They also dealt with marital status issues which were absent in the dreams of the depressed group. On follow-up those who had been depressed showed positive dream changes in mood, dreamlike quality, and identification of dream self with the marital role. The study suggests that some dream characteristics respond adaptively during life changes but that this is delayed when subjects are depressed. This raises the possibility of a corrective intervention for such persons.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Perceptions of quality of life following divorce: a study of children's prognostic thinking.

The general quality of latency-aged children's prognostic thinking and the way in which they view the long-range impact of divorce upon peer adaptation are explored. When interviewed about responses to two fictional peers with marked behavior problems, 80 children in the third and fifth grades displayed an optimism in their prognostic thinking about the future of these peers. In general, peers from divorced homes were perceived as having a more positive future adjustment than peers from intact homes. However, male subjects from disrupted homes revealed a significantly pessimistic orientation regarding the impact of divorce upon the future; females from disrupted homes had a strikingly optimistic view. Implications for school-based interventions are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

The impact of divorce on a preadolescent girl.

This paper presents clinical material from the psychoanalysis of a 12-year-old girl whose parents had divorced several years earlier. Material drawn from her analysis permits us to examine the question: given the intrapsychic demands of the prepubertal period, how was the experience of divorce registered, what aspects of intrapsychic functioning became distorted, and what, if any, remained uncontaminated? The impact of the parental divorce lay in an intensification and entrenchment of characteristic latency defenses which, as puberty approached, contributed to heightened internal conflict and an insistent turn to reality as both explanation for and solution of intrapsychic conflict.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Divorce after couple therapy: an overlooked perspective of outcome research.

This exploratory study provides data about couples that divorced following couple therapy and compares them with couples that remained together. The divorced couples differed from the nondivorced couples in age difference, complaint at intake, positive regard, and empathy at the start of therapy. Most of the couples found couple therapy useful and viewed their divorce as a positive result of therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Mother- and father-child attachment themes in the story completions of pre-schoolers from post-divorce families: do they predict relationships with peers and teachers?

Based on Bowlby's claim that 'internal working models' of self-with-parent influence the way a child approaches relationships with others, this study examined attachment representations of 66 pre-schoolers (39 boys, 27 girls) in relation to teachers' or child-care providers' perceptions of their social competence. The study goes beyond previous related studies in three ways: (1) all children were from post-divorce families; (2) mother- and father-child representations were examined separately; and (3) teachers rated their own relationship to the child in addition to children's socially competent behaviors and behavior problems with peers. Attachment representations were assessed with an expanded version of the Attachment Story Completion Task (see Bretherton, Ridgeway, & Cassidy, 1990) adapted for children of divorce by presenting the mother and father as living in separate houses. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that children's enactments of child-mother attachment behavior in their story completions were the best predictor of boys' and girls' teacher-rated social competence. However, boys' and girls' enactments of empathy toward mother and father as well as child-father attachment themes correlated with social competence in opposite directions: For boys, these narrative enactments were related positively to social competence, while for girls, these relationships were negative. Theoretical and methodological implications of the findings for children of divorce and for assessing the working model construct are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Children of divorced and separated parents: summary and review of findings from a long-term follow-up study in the UK.

As divorce and separation rates continue to rise it is likely that problems among the children of such parents will also continue to increase. The nature of short term problems for the children of separating parents are well known. There is now evidence of a risk of longer term difficulties which may be the result of a chain of circumstances which begins close in time to the separation and divorce. Long term as well as short term risks should therefore be considered in planning care strategies for the children of divorcing parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Special problems in divorce management.

Pediatric practice currently involves assisting patients and families in solving problems related to the process of divorce. The normal reactions and course of divorce adjustment have been thoroughly described, but specific guidelines are needed to guide treatment planning in related situations which may be highly problematic. Through review and synthesis of research and clinical literature, specific recommendations are developed for management of divorce-related problems in school relationships, economic issues, custody, visitation, and remarriage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Emotional stress and traffic accidents: the impact of separation and divorce.

BACKGROUND: Personal responses to stressful life events are suspected of increasing the risk of serious traffic accidents. METHODS: We analyzed data from a French cohort study (the GAZEL cohort), including a retrospective driving behavior questionnaire, from 13,915 participants (10,542 men age 52-62 years and 3373 women age 47-62 years in 2001). Follow-up data covered 1993-2000. Hazard ratios for serious accidents (n = 713) were computed by Cox's proportional hazard regression with time-dependent covariates. Separate analyses were also performed to consider only at-fault accidents. RESULTS: Marital separation or divorce was associated with an increased risk of a serious accident (all serious accidents: hazard ratio 2.9, 95% confidence interval = 1.7-5.0; at-fault accidents: 4.4, 2.3-8.3). The impact of separation and divorce did not differ according to alcohol consumption levels. Other life events associated with increased risk of serious accident were a child leaving home (all accidents: 1.2, 0.97-1.6; at-fault accidents: 1.5, 1.1-2.1), an important purchase (all accidents: 1.4, 1.1-1.7; at-fault accidents: 1.6, 1.2-2.1), and hospitalization of the partner (all accidents: 1.4, 1.1-2.0). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that recent separation and divorce are associated with an increase in serious traffic accidents.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2000

Parental divorce: long-term effects on mental health, family relations and adult sexual behavior.

Specific long term effects of parental divorce were examined in a sample of 179 Icelanders, 20 to 30 years of age. The participants answered the Borromean Family Index, the Affect Balance Scale and a number of questions on sexual behavior and attitudes towards marriage and divorce. Results showed that compared to adults whose parents remained married, those of divorced parents reported more negative emotional experiences at the time of the study and had looser family ties. They also had greater number of short love affairs, had their first love affair at a younger age, had a greater number of sexual partners, and were younger at the time of their first sexual intercourse than adults whose parents remained married.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Children of divorce in a Scandinavian welfare state: are they less affected than US children?

A fairly common view holds that children's risks of negative outcomes associated with family dissolution are generally small or even nonexistent in Scandinavia, and clearly smaller than what is usually found in the United States. This view was empirically examined in a recent large-scale study of 4,127 12-15-year-old children in Norway, of whom 623 had experienced parental divorce and lived in a single-mother family. The somewhat paradoxical pattern of findings was as follows: (a) The negative associations between parental divorce and various outcomes were found to be generally very similar in Norway and the United States in spite of the great differences in family policy and welfare benefits for single mothers (at the macro level); and (b) Mediational effects of family economic resources were in both countries most marked for the academic achievement area, and the predictive power of such variables was quite similar, again in spite of the great differences in absolute level of the economic resources available to single-mother families in the two countries. The results cast some doubt on the value of the absolute economic deprivation perspective in explaining the results, and the many Norwegian welfare benefits do not seem to mitigate the association between divorce and negative outcomes for the children involved. Also policy implications derived from the economic deprivation perspective are questioned. Alternative interpretations of the findings involving relative deprivation and economic resources as a partial proxy for other non-economic factors are briefly discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Children's conception of the continuity of parenthood following divorce.

By means of doll play children aged between 4 and 14 years were interviewed to establish whether they believed that parental status continued beyond divorce. Three levels of understanding were identified: unquestioned assertion, without justification, of the inviolate nature of parenthood; belief that continuity of parenthood, following divorce, was conditional upon place of residence, positive affect toward the children involved or subsequent marital status; recognition of the permanence of parental relationships accompanied by differentiation of relationship and role. Children whose parents were known to be divorced tended to show more mature levels of understanding than children from intact nuclear families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Social networks and social support of recently divorced women.

A study of the support networks and social support of recently divorced women with children was conducted over two years. Its purpose was to assess changes in the women's social support and identify their unmet needs. Data were collected from 148 women by mailed questionnaire and telephone interview soon after the final divorce decree, and again at two years. The women did experience a significant decrease in network size and social support over two years; however, the primary members of their networks--family and friends--remained stable. Women with preschool-age children had more family support than those with older children. Nine categories of unmet needs were identified. Most frequently cited, in descending order, were emotional support, financial assistance, need for a boyfriend/partner/spouse, time for herself, and child care. The average number of needs per woman was less than two. The findings of this study confirm the losses in overall network size and support that women experience after divorce. The identification of unmet needs helps nurses to target areas in which women may require assistance to find social support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Divorce in the Kibbutz: lessons to be drawn.

The kibbutz in Israel constitutes one of the few places in Western culture where one is able to examine the essence of an "authentic emotional divorce" because of the minor role of factors that are extraneous to the disruption of the emotional marital attachment itself. This is the case because the kibbutz is a society that is based and functions upon principles that neutralize to a large extent the legal, economic, and co-parenting obstacles to a constructive divorce. Although there are significant differences in the severity of the postdivorce conflict, the divorce crisis is rather similar in kibbutz and non-kibbutz settings regarding both the quality of the emotional responses and the nature of the influencing factors--thus pointing to the ubiquitousness of the human condition.

Adaptation, Psychological↗