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PubMed1976

Probable progress in the therapy of organophosphate poisoning: extracorporeal hemodialysis and hemoperfusion.

Whether or not extracorporeal hemodialysis or hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal might be used in eliminating organophosphates following poisoning with nitrostigmine, demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide, or dimethoate was here examined. Nitrostigmine could not be hemodialysed. The other two organophosphates, on the other hand could be well eliminated from the blood by hemodialysis. The clearance rates for demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide and dimethoate were 52.98 ml/min and 59.07 ml/min respectively, at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The clearance values for hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal were higher under the same trial conditions, the values being 83.70 ml/min for demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide and 87.84 ml/min for dimethoate. Nitrostigmine, too, could be eliminated from the blood by hemoperfusion, its clearance being 59.20 ml/min.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Genotoxicity assay of five pesticides and their mixtures in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7.

Four organophosphorus pesticides (azinphos-methyl, diazinone, dimethoate, and pirimiphos-methyl), and one carbamate (benomyl) were tested for cytotoxicity, reverse mutation and gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7, with and without the S9 metabolic system. Furthermore, two mixtures of the above compounds, namely benomyl + pirimiphos-methyl (6/1 ratio) and dimethoate + diazinone + azinphos-methyl (10/4/6 ratio) were tested in the same experimental model. Azinphos-methyl, benomyl, and pirimiphos-methyl alone did not induce any genotoxic effect, whereas azinphos-methyl and diazinone were active in inducing reversion and gene conversion. The benomyl + pirimiphos-methyl mixture did not show any genotoxic activity. The dimethoate + diazinone + azimphos-methyl mixture was genotoxic, although an antagonistic effect between the components was observed. The addition of S9 post-mitochondrial liver fraction decreased the activity of both single and mixed genotoxic agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Tradescantia-micronucleus and -stamen hair mutation assays on genotoxicity of the gaseous and liquid forms of pesticides.

The clastogenic and mutagenic effects of the insecticide Dimethoate (Cygon-2E), herbicides Atrazine, Simazine (Princep), Dicamba (Banvel D) and Picloram (Tordon) were studied using the Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) and Tradescantia-stamen hair mutation (Trad-SHM) assays. In clone 4430, dimethoate fumes both significantly increased the pink mutation events and reduced the number of stamen hairs per filament with increasing dosages. The pink mutation events were elevated by the liquid treatment with Picloram at 100 ppm concentration. The result of Trad-MCN test on Dimethoate fumes was not significantly different between the control and treated groups. The herbicide Atrazine showed positive effects at 10-50 ppm dose (liquid) and signs of overdose at 100 and 500 ppm concentrations. Simazine was mildly positive in elevating the MCN frequencies in the dose range of 5 to 200 ppm (liquid doses). Both Dicamba and Picloram induced a dosage-related increase in MCN frequencies in the Trad-MCN tests using Tradescantia clone 03. However, in higher dosages (200 ppm or higher), there were signs of overdose, reduction of MCN frequencies and physical damage of the leaves and buds of plant cuttings.

Absorption↗
PubMed1998

Controlled release of sugar and toxicant from a novel device for controlling pest insects.

A novel biodegradable device, designed for long-lasting residual effectiveness of feeding stimulant (sugar) and insecticide (dimethoate) against apple maggot files and other insects, was formulated. The device is an 8-cm diameter fruit-mimicking sphere, consisting of 42-50% sugar entrapped in a mixture of gelatinized corn flour and wheat flour in the presence of glycerin, and coated with a layer of latex paint containing dimethoate and sugar. We found that the outer layer of paint prevents cracking of the sphere upon drying and creates a barrier to control the release of both sugar and dimethoate. Releases of each ingredient were screened first by chemical analysis and then by bioassays in the laboratory and in field cages against apple maggot flies. Chemical analysis demonstrated strong potential for controlled release of water-soluble feeding stimulant and water-insoluble insecticide measured as a function of the amount of rainfall and duration of exposure time. Field results showed greater than 70% insecticidal activity after 11 weeks of sphere exposure in an orchard. This device has the potential to be used for a variety of insect-control applications through manipulating its shape, color and texture into forms known to be attractive to target insects, and by employing various toxicants designed to be effective against such insects.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparative susceptibility and possible detoxification mechanisms for selected miticides in banks grass mite and two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The susceptibility and possible detoxification mechanisms of the Banks grass mite (BGM), Oligonychus pratensis (Banks), and the two-spotted spider mite (TSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, to selected miticides were evaluated with and without synergists. BGM was 112-fold more susceptible to the organophosphate dimethoate, and 24-fold more susceptible to both the pyrethroids bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin than TSM. The synergist triphenyl phosphate (TPP) enhanced the toxicities of bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin against BGM by 3.0- and 4.2-fold, respectively, and enhanced the toxicities of bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and dimethoate against TSM by 6.2-, 1.9-, and 1.7-fold, respectively. The synergist diethyl maleate (DEM) enhanced the toxicities of bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin against BGM by 2.2- and 2.9- fold, respectively, and enhanced the toxicity of bifenthrin against TSM by 4.1-fold. On the other hand, the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increased the toxicities of bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin by 6.0- and 2.6-fold, respectively, against BGM, and by 4.5- and 1.9-fold, respectively, against TSM. The significant synergism with these pyrethroids of all three tested synergists (except for DEM with lambda-cyhalothrin against TSM) suggests that esterases, glutathione S-transferases, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases all play important roles in their detoxification. However, the toxicity of dimethoate was not enhanced by these synergists in either mite species (except for TPP against TSM). Apparently, these metabolic enzymes play less of a role in detoxification of this organophosphate in these mites.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Susceptibility of populations of Banks grass mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) suspected of developing bifenthrin resistance from three maize fields.

Banks grass mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks), from three Texas maize fields were assayed for bifenthrin resistance following poor field control in 1995. Laboratory bioassays showed the field mites to be 3- to 23-fold more tolerant to bifenthrin than the susceptible laboratory culture. Comparison of LC50 values to assays with bifenthrin from 1985 to 1993 indicated no statistically significant changes in mite resistance. However, high LC90 values in 1995 suggest possible resistance development. The percentages of resistant mites from the three fields in 1995 were calculated to be 4.7%, 17.9%, and 30.9%. The Banks grass mite population exhibiting the highest level of tolerance to bifenthrin was further assayed to evaluate tolerance levels to other insecticides alone and in combination with synergists and insecticides. A high level of tolerance existed in the 1995 'bifenthrin-selected' Banks grass mite strain to bifenthrin, dimeothate, and amitraz. The combination of bifenthrin or dimethoate with a synergist indicated changes in the ability of the more resistant 1995 mites to detoxify insecticides. The activity of a dimethoate + bifenthrin mixture and a three way mixture of dimethoate, bifenthrin, and piperonyl butoxide caused 5- and 38-fold increase in toxicity against the more resistant Banks grass mite.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of some insecticides on several enzymes of tryptophan metabolism in rats.

The activities of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.11), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.17), kynurenine 3-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.9), kynureninase (EC 3.7.1.3), kynurenine transaminases, and pyridoxal phosphokinase (EC 2.7.1.35) in the liver, kidney and lung rats were measured after administration of a single dose and repeated doses of dimethoate, carbaryl and fenvalerate, respectively. Ten percent LD50 of each insecticide was orally administered to a rat for a single dose, while 5% LD50 was orally given for five consecutive days as repeated doses. The control animals received the same volume of vehicle (polyethylene glycol 300). Body weight and organs weight losses were recognized only after repeated doses of dimethoate, while protein content remained constant compared to control animals. Repeated administration of dimethoate caused significant decrease in the activity of kynurenine 3-hydroxylase (28.3% decrease in liver, and 32.5% in kidney), kynurenine-pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.7) (40% in liver, and 24.2% in kidney), kynurenine- pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1-) (24.5% in kidney) and pyridoxal phosphokinase (36.1% in liver). Repeated doses of carbaryl resulted in a significant decrease in the activity of apo-tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (42.8%), kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate transaminase (40% in liver), kynurenine-pyruvate transaminase (30.6% in liver), and serine-glyoxylate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.51) (47.9% in liver). Externally added insecticides at different concentrations to the incubation mixture resulted in an inhibition to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, while the other enzymes examined showed no change in their activities.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Host plant-induced changes in detoxification enzymes and susceptibility to pesticides in the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae).

Adult female twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, reared on lima bean plants were moved to cucumber, maize, or new lima bean plants (the latter being a control) and evaluated after 24 h or 7 d for changes in susceptibility to three pesticides and in levels of related detoxification enzymes. The largest and most consistent changes were observed in mites feeding on cucumber. Susceptibility of mites on cucumber to the synthetic pyrethroids bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin was greater than that of mites reared on lima bean and maize after only 24 h on the plants, and remained higher after 7 d. Mites on cucumber also were more susceptible to the organophosphate dimethoate than were mites on lima bean, but only after 7 d on the host. Susceptibility was inversely related to activities of both general esterase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in mites on cucumber; general esterase and GST activities were 60 and 25% lower, respectively, than activities of twospotted spider mite on lima bean after 7 d of feeding. Mites on maize were slightly but significantly more susceptible than those on lima bean to bifenthrin, but not to lambda-cyhalothrin, after 7 d and to dimethoate after 24 h but not after 7 d. General esterase and GST activities in twospotted spider mite fed on maize for 24 h were 20 and 16% higher, respectively, than activities in twospotted spider mite on lima bean, but general esterase activity was 30% lower than lima bean-fed mites and GST was not different after 7 d. Thus, plant-induced changes in general esterase activity, perhaps in combination with GST activity, in twospotted spider mite appear to be inversely related to, and possibly responsible for, changes in susceptibility of twospotted spider mite to several pesticides, particularly the synthetic pyrethroids. General esterases appear to play less of a role in the detoxification of the organophosphate insecticide dimethoate.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Problems of housefly (Musca domestica) control due to multiresistance to insesticides.

The development of chemical control of Musca domestica on Danish farms 1945--72 is outlined. It has been strongly influenced by successive development of resistance and failure of control by one insecticide after another. The chlorinated hydrocarbons used as residual sprays failed 1947--51. Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) were widely used from 1953, first as strips impregnated with parathion and residual sprays with diazinon. Resistance to OPC was first found in 1955, diazinon was given up in 1957--59 and parathion strips failed in the early '60's. Trichlorfon paint-on baits were widelyused 1958--64 and serious resistance did not appear until 1967, induced by selective pressure of fenthion and dimethoate used as residual sprays. High resistance to the contact effect of trichlorfon now occurs everywhere in Denmark. However, trichlorfon baits are still able to kill many flies. Residual sprays with fenthion, ronnel and fenitrothion were used to some extent 1960--70, but increased resistance reducing the residual effect developed in 2--3 years. Dimethoate was used on the majority of farms 1965--72. It was very effective the first years and resistance increased slowly until 1971--72, when high to extreme dimethoate-resistance became general on Danish farms. This was associated with high resistance to other OPC for fly control, e.g. fenthion, fenitrothion, bromophos, and tetrachlorvinphos, and to carbamates, with the result that no generally effective residual sprays were available. In 1971--72 frequent treatments with synergized pyrethroids have been tried. However, the method is often expensive, and serious resistance problems have appeared on a few farms. In this situation preventive, sanitary measures to eliminate or reduce fly breeding in manure are becoming decisive again, but difficult to practise due to lack of farm labour. The extreme Danish situation is compared with those in other areas, and probable reasons for differences in resistance and control problems are discussed, as well as possibilities for strategies to reduce resistance development.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Resistance to fenitrothion in Danish houseflies, Musca domestica.

Resistance to fenitrothion was investigated in housefly populations in Danish farms 1964--72 in connection with trials of fenitrothion, dimethoate and other organophosphorus compounds for fly control. Resistance was tested by topical application and expressed as resistance ratios, R/S, relative to normal susceptible strains. In 1964--70 fly populations on farms sprayed with fenitrothion (one year each) only developed mode-rate fenitrothion-resistance, R/S at LD 95 below 21 and fly control was generally satisfactory. However, in 1972 high fenitrothion-resistance, R/S 100--400 at LD 95, was found in several fly populations, both on farms treated with fenitrothion and on farms treated with dimethoate, fenitrothion, or bromophos. In all cases the high fenitrothion-resistance was associated with high resistance to dimethoate. Some characteristics of this, apparently complex, resistance are discussed including the effect of certain synergists. Resistance to fenitrothion in Danish flies is only partly reduced by pretreatment with high dosages of sesamex, which inhibits microsomal detoxication, and very little by TBTP (S, S, S tributyl phosphorotrithioate), which inhibits other types of break-down of organophosphorus compounds, e.g. by ali-esterases. The occurrence of fenitrothion- resistance in field populations of houseflies in other regions is briefly reviewed. Widespread, partly very high, resistance has recently been reported from Japan.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Resistance to fenitrothion in Danish houseflies, Musca domestica.

Resistance to fenitrothion was investigated in housefly populations in Danish farms 1964--72 in connection with trials of fenitrothion, dimethoate and other organophosphorus compounds for fly control. Resistance was tested by topical application and expressed as resistance ratios, R/S, relative to normal susceptible strains. In 1964--70 fly populations on farms sprayed with fenitrothion (one year each) only developed mode-rate fenitrothion-resistance, R/S at LD 95 below 21 and fly control was generally satisfactory. However, in 1972 high fenitrothion-resistance, R/S 100--400 at LD 95, was found in several fly populations, both on farms treated with fenitrothion and on farms treated with dimethoate, fenitrothion, or bromophos. In all cases the high fenitrothion-resistance was associated with high resistance to dimethoate. Some characteristics of this, apparently complex, resistance are discussed including the effect of certain synergists. Resistance to fenitrothion in Danish flies is only partly reduced by pretreatment with high dosages of sesamex, which inhibits microsomal detoxication, and very little by TBTP (S, S, S tributyl phosphorotrithioate), which inhibits other types of break-down of organophosphorus compounds, e.g. by ali-esterases. The occurrence of fenitrothion- resistance in field populations of houseflied in other regions is briefly reviewed. Widespread, partly very high, resistance has recently been reported from Japan.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

The stability of organophosphorus insecticides in fresh blood.

We investigated the stability of 14 organophosphorus insecticides: dichlorvos, fenitrothion, cyanophos, malathion, phenthoate, methidathion, dimethoate, thiometon, isoxathion, diazinon, trichlorfon, EPN, acephate and sulprofos, in fresh blood. The organophosphorus compounds, except for sulprofos, decomposed over time at 37 degrees C, with varying decomposition speed for each compound. Methyl phosphate types (dichlorvos) decomposed most rapidly, followed by methyl thiophosphate types (fenitrothion and cyanophos) and methyl dithiophosphate types (methidathion, dimethoate and thiometon). Methyl thiophosphate types decomposed faster than ethyl thiophosphate types (isoxathion and diazinon). Of the five methyl dithiophosphate type insecticides (malathion, phenthoate, methidathion, dimethoate and thiometon), the compounds with a carboxylic ester bond (malathion and phenthoate) decomposed faster than the others. Compounds left standing at 37 degrees C decomposed faster than those left standing at 4 degrees C. Temperature has a great effect on the decomposition of organophosphorus insecticides in blood. However, the order of the decomposition speeds of each compound was approximately the same at different temperatures. In cases of suspected organophosphate poisoning, it should be considered that the blood concentration of the compound might decrease during the postmortem interval.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1998

Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Greek Virgin Olive Oil by Capillary Gas Chromatography.

In this study, the occurrence of 15 organophosphorus pesticide residues in Greek virgin olive oil was investigated. Analysis was carried out using capillary gas chromatography with specific detectors (FPD and NPD), after sample extraction with n-hexane and cleanup by partitioning between n-hexane and acetonitrile. Sixty-two samples of virgin olive oil were taken from the major production areas and packing companies of Greece during 1992-1994. In 46 samples, 9 organophosphorus pesticides, namely dimethoate, fenthion, omethoate, chlorpyrifos, methamidophos, parathion-methyl, parathion, methidathion, and malathion, were found, in concentrations ranging from 0.0005 to 0.1800 mg/kg. Diazinon, pirimiphos-methyl, paraoxon-methyl, malaoxon, carbophenothion, and azinphos-ethyl were not detected in any sample. In most samples pesticide residues were below the detection limits (0.0001 and 0.001 mg/kg), and most of the positive findings were a fraction (i.e., <0.09-18%) of the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius maximum residue limits (MRLs) except for dimethoate, which was ranged between 1 and 45%. Only one sample contained dimethoate residue that exceeded the Codex MRL for refined olive oil.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Effects of five insecticides used in apple orchards on Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say) (Hemiptera: Miridae).

Azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, dimethoate, phosmet and phosalone were used in apple orchards to manage apple aphid, apple maggot, woolly apple aphid and leaf eating caterpillars. Among the five insecticides evaluated, dimethoate, carbaryl and azinphosmethyl were the most toxic to the nymphs and adults of Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say) from two regions. Phosalone was the least toxic. Nymphs were more resistant than the adults. While the LC50 for dimethoate was 130 ppm for nymphs, it was 3 ppm for adults from St. Jean-Baptiste-de-Rouville. There were also significant differences in the level of resistance between the two regions where the H. vitripennis were collected. At St. Alexandre the LC50 for phosalone on nymphs was 19,250 ppm whereas, at St. Jean-Baptiste-de-Rouville it was 160,000 ppm.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Occurrence of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in water of the Nile river at the estuaries of Rosetta and Damiatta branches, north of Delta, Egypt.

A study was conducted from summer 1995 to summer 1997 to assess the seasonal occurrence of pesticide residues and other organic contaminants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in water at the estuaries of Rosetta and Damiatta branches of the Nile river. The results indicated that organochlorine compounds (OCs) including HCB, lindane, p,p'-DDE, p,p'DDD, p,p'-DDT, aroclor 1254 and aroclor 1260 were present in all the water samples at concentration levels ranging between 0.195-0.240, 0.286-0.352, 0.035-0.067, 0.019-0.033, 0.024-0.031, 0.390-0.70 and 0.166-0.330 microgram/l, respectively. The levels of these compounds were higher in water of Damiatta branch than those found in water of Rosetta branch. Aldrin, dieldrin and endrin were not detected in all water samples. Only 4 compounds from 36 organophosphorus insecticides, fungicides and s-triazine herbicides tested were detected in water samples collected during summer and autumn seasons from Rosetta branch. The concentration levels of these detected compounds, dimethoate, malathion, captan, and ametryne, ranged from 0.011 to 0.340 microgram/l, respectively. Similar compounds during the same seasons as found in water of Rosetta branch were also detected in water of Damiatta branch except ametryne. The levels of the detected compounds (dimethoate, malathion and captan) ranged between 0.030 and 0.330 microgram/l. The levels of detected organophosphorus insecticides, fungicides and s-triazine herbicides were in the order: dimethoate > malathion > captan > ametryne.

Egypt↗
PubMed2005

Glutathione S-transferase and insecticide resistance in laboratory strains and field populations of Musca domestica.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity of 10 house fly laboratory strains and 21 field populations are described with two substrates, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB), commonly associated with resistance. Three laboratory strains selected by tetrachlorvinphos, lindane (gamma-HCH) and dimethoate, respectively, had significantly elevated CDNB- and DCNB-GST activities. The multiresistant field population 791a had significantly elevated CDNB- and DCNB-GST activities. Many strains recorded several individuals with high CDNB- and/or DCNB-GST activity and to evaluate these differences, phenotypes were defined by cluster analysis. A phenotype, GST-R, indicating high CDNB- and DCNB-GST activities, was found in 23 of 31 laboratory strains or field populations. GST-R was likely to be involved in gamma-HCH resistance in strain 17e, tetrachlorvinphos resistance in strain 39m2b, and dimethoate resistance in strain 49r2b. The frequency of GST-R in selected laboratory strains and field population correlated with the frequency of house flies surviving the organophosphate azamethiphos either topically applied or by ingestion. There was no significant correlation between GST activity and the toxicity of the organophosphate dimethoate or the pyrethroids bioresmethrin and pyrethrin.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Cost-benefit evaluation of house fly (Diptera:Muscidae) control in caged layer poultry houses.

House fly (Musca domestica L.) control was determined in small-unit, commercial, caged layer poultry houses. Cyromazine was the most cost effective treatment (4 per bird per season) and provided the highest level of control. Larviciding and adulticiding with dimethoate, fenthion and dimethoate, permethrin and dimethoate, and stirofos provided good fly control, and these treatments were moderately cost effective. The use of dichlorvos-stirofos provided only marginal fly control and was not cost effective. Early-season manure removal, combined with more selective insecticide use would provide the caged layer producer with a more effective management strategy for controlling house flies in small-unit operations.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Subsurface tile drainage loss of modern pesticides: field experiment results.

The concentration and loss of two herbicides (bentazone and MCPA), two fungicides (fenpropimorph and propiconazole) and two insecticides (dimethoate and pirimicarb) were measured in tile drainage water from a 2,813 m2 experimental grass field from May to August 2001. Three different pesticides were applied to the field and subsequently a rainfall of 10 mm was simulated during the first experiment and 16 mm during the second experiment. Bromide was applied as a conservative tracer in the first experiment and the concentration of bromide and suspended sediment was also measured in tile drainage water. In the first experiment, maximum concentrations of bentazone, fenpropimorph and dimethoate in drainage water were 5.8 microg l(-1), 0.33 microg l(-1) and 2.29 microg l(-1), respectively. In the second experiment, maximum concentrations for MCPA, propiconazole and pirimicarb were 3.6 microg l(-1), 0.065 microg l(-1), 2.3 microg l(-1), respectively. The loss:applied ratio was highest for bentazone (0.088%) and declined in the order of dimethoate (0.057%), pirimicarb (0.050%), propiconazole (0.0031%) and fenpropimorph (0.00042%). Exposure of the macroinvertebrate species Gammarus pulex to pesticides in the drainage water during the second experiment (exposure time: 7 hours) showed significant mortality/inactivity as compared to an upstream and downstream control.

Amphipoda↗