A call for clinical policies development in family practice.
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Angina, Unstable↗
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Developing policy in an administrative health region.
The paper presents recent English health and social care legislation as observed by a dentist, in a post which carries no dental remit, but involves responsibility in a Regional Health Authority for a variety of care groups, including mental health, learning disabilities and geriatrics, for interagency working and implementation of legislative changes. It poses a series of questions for dentistry which might arise from these changes, from the perspective of an informed 'outsider' of the dental world working at a strategic level.
Catchment Area, Health↗
Responsible conduct in research: recent policy developments in the area of research integrity.
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Canada↗
Population education as a component of development policy.
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Birth Rate↗
Medicare medical policy development.
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Humans↗
A selected, annotated list of materials that support the development of policies designed to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities.
Research documents the existence of racial and ethnic health disparities. As a result, policy makers are seeking to address these disparities. This list is a starting point for building or updating a collection that supports this policy development process. It is written for health policy librarians and researchers and includes annotated recommendations for books, periodicals, government publications, and Websites. Entries for print publications are primarily from 1998 to 2003.
Book Selection↗
Dynamic actor network analysis for diffuse pollution in the province of North-Holland.
Diffuse pollution problems involve numerous different organizations and this requires decision makers to involve different actors if they want to develop policies that have a chance of being implemented effectively. A first step in such interactive policy development would be to gain an overview of the different actors involved in diffuse pollution problems, as well as their views on the problem, their interests and their means to influence policy development and implementation. Dynamic Actor Network Analysis (DANA) offers a method that helps analysts in providing such an overview, and the use of this method is explored through its application to a case in the Dutch province of North Holland. The described case specifically focuses on the use of herbicides in public space and involves actors from regional water management authorities, municipalities and private sector users. An important finding is that there is an imbalance in the perceptions of actors that needs to be addressed by water management authorities. The paper concludes that DANA is a promising tool for offering new and useful insights to decision makers, although more practical experience is needed to better assess the utility of this analysis tool.
Diffusion↗
How should public health policy be developed? A case study in European public health.
BACKGROUND: Article 129 of the Treaty of Rome (as amended at Maastricht) gave new powers to the European Union (EU) institutions to develop and implement public health programmes at EU level. The authors were invited by the cabinet of Commissioner Flynn to assist the Commission by developing new policy proposals in certain specific areas. METHODS: The approach was agreed with officials of the Public Health Unit (now the Public Health and Safety Directorate) in DG V. Working groups of experts were appointed to review policy options in five discrete areas. The experts were resident in 13 of the 15 current EU member states, and were employed in academic departments, in health ministries, in local government, and in non-governmental organizations. Draft reports were presented to an evaluation panel of additional experts, whose comments contributed to the final report to the Commission. RESULTS: The final report consisted of five main chapters, corresponding to the work of the five working groups. The recommendations were grouped into those for which implementation would be short term, medium term or longer term, and these were summarized as a Plan of Action. CONCLUSION: Five criteria for good public health policy development were satisfied, but the approach used was excessively expensive and time-consuming. Some further lessons for future policy development work have also been recorded. This work provided a fascinating insight into the workings of the EU institutions.
European Union↗
Tackling social inequality through the development of health policy in Lithuania.
AIMS: The major aim of this study was to assess existing inequalities in health of Lithuanian population and to present the process of health policy development as a major tool for reducing inequalities. The objectives were: to present life expectancy and mortality trend analysis in comparison with other European countries; to demonstrate risk profile of Lithuanian population to major noncommunicable diseases related to social inequalities and inequities in health; and to present the process of National health policy development as potential for effective reduction of inequalities in health of Lithuanian population. METHODS: Information about demographic, general health situation and inequalities in health was obtained from Lithuanian Department of Statistics, National Health Information Centre and research studies performed at Kaunas University of Medicine. RESULTS: Considerable demographic, social and territorial inequalities in health were disclosed in Lithuania. Large proportion of them might be related to social inequalities in the society. Substantial improvements in health status of Lithuanian population could be expected if due attention was paid to social determinants of health. CONCLUSION: Implementation of balanced national health policy involving all sectors of the society is the solution.
Adolescent↗
Working towards a national health information system in Australia.
One of the major administrative dilemmas facing the Australian national health care system is the need to reform practices associated with massive data-information overload. The current system is burdened with paper-based administrative forms, patient record files, referral notes and other manual methods of data organisation. An integrated computer-based information system may be perceived as an attractive solution to such burdens. However, computerisation must not be seen as a panacea with the possibility of exacerbating information overload and accentuating privacy concerns. Recent surveys in Australia [1] and the US [2] indicate a perceived causal link between computers and privacy invasion. Any moves toward a national health information system must counter this perception through macro-level education schemes of affected parties and micro-level mechanisms such as the establishment of hospital privacy officers. Such concerns may be viewed as a subset of the wider privacy debate, and information policy development should address such considerations to develop policies to prevent unauthorized access to personal information and to avoid the extraction and sale of sensitive health data. Conservative in nature and slow to change the health care sector may be forced to adopt more efficient work practices through the increasing proliferation of information technology (IT) in health care delivery and an escalating emphasis upon accountability and efficiency of the public health care dollar. The economic rationalist stance taken by governments in Australia and other nations generally will also force health care workers to adopt and develop more efficient information management practices, health indicators and best practice care methods than presently employed by this sector The benefits of a national health information system are far reaching, particularly in developing a more effective health care system through better identifying and understanding community health care trends and in applying IT to the efficient collection of data for the development of more appropriate performance measures and statistical indicators. A coherent and integrated approach is called for in the design of a national health information system which incorporates the necessary and requisite security features to meet privacy concerns. Protecting information privacy poses complex political, economic, technological, legal and social problems for systems developers and health care providers alike [2]. According to Brannigan [3] there are three components involved in the formulation and implementation of privacy: public policy (What level of privacy does society want?); legal structure (Does the law adequately provide for society's privacy requirements?); and technical (how much privacy can technical tools provide, at what cost, and with what effects on the system?). Examining technical tools alone, it is apparent that the necessary technologies are available in Australia to provide the security of medical records required by public policy. Such tools may include encryption, user and data authentication methods, authorisation schemes and mechanisms for the prevention of data inference. While none of these available measures are infallible, it is suitable for most applications where the encryption mechanism can provide protection for a given length of time. Australia needs to develop a coherent national health information infrastructure policy to ultimately avoid fragmented, duplicated and incompatible systems that rely on different standards and protocols. Such a policy will only work by addressing the key issue of patient privacy within a technological framework. The application of IT to health care systems is a sensitive social experiment affecting many professions including general practitioners, medical administrators, politicians, lawyers, computer specialists, privacy advocates and patients whose records will ultimately reside in the system. (abstract trun
Australia↗
The ASVIN Project: a study of electronic and printed veterinary science journals in the UK and Ireland.
ASVIN was a Research Support for Libraries Programme (RSLP) Funded Project, whose principal aim was to develop better co-operation between nine libraries in the veterinary and animal health field. The project examined a number of library-related areas, such as journal archiving, collection development policies, development of a common Z39.50 catalogue interface, grey literature, and printed and electronic journals. This paper examines the latter, whilst also providing a detailed analysis of printed journals held in partner libraries. Comparisons of the nine partner library collections are undertaken with a range of secondary sources, and an ASVIN core list of veterinary journals was developed. It looks at some of the issues relating to e-journals, expressing the benefits and concerns that many librarians are experiencing, such as licensing arrangements, archiving and general management issues.
Animals↗
Department of Health Research Initiative on Nutrition Phase 2: overview of findings and recommendations.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this overview is to synthesise and summarise the findings and recommendations of all 14 projects funded between 1997 and 2002 under Phase 2 of the Department of Health's Policy Research Programme Nutrition Initiative. This is aimed at end users, including policy makers, practitioners, researchers and research funding bodies. DESIGN: The main findings and recommendations for policy and practice, as well as for future research, contained in the peer-reviewed final report of each project are summarised under headings identified as being useful for policy groups and practitioners: Maintenance of a healthy weight; Functional outcomes related to different markers of iron status; Nutritional aspects of bone health in humans; and Dietary interventions. RESULTS: The overview draws together the key findings and recommendations for current and future policy and practice from the second phase of the research programme and identifies research gaps. CONCLUSIONS: The findings and recommendations of the Department of Health's Nutrition Research Initiative have contributed to the scientific evidence base for policy development, policy evaluation, and will inform practitioners as well as researchers and research funding bodies.
Evidence-Based Medicine↗
Priorities and strategies for promoting community-based prevention policies.
The public health community faces major choices in priorities for its mission in a rapidly changing environment. One option is to place greater emphasis on public health policy development. Policy making requires a grasp of the interplay among stakeholders, policy makers, the press, and the public. A framework for gathering relevant information and guiding strategic action is a useful tool for participation in community, state, and national arenas in the interests of population health. Organization-targeted approaches can make policy advocacy, community mobilization, and public education about policy issues more effective. This requires investment in public health infrastructure.
Attitude to Health↗
Lessons learned from the first funding period of the CDC Assessment Initiative.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Assessment Initiative enables state and local health departments to improve their capacity to use data for developing policy and ensuring that needed health services are provided. Using reports and comments submitted by staff from the participating states, lessons learned are summarized for the first funding period of the initiative. Although many activities were common among the participating states, the lessons learned varied for them. From a commitment to the concepts of assessment, policy development, and assurance, a vision for the national mission of public health is provided and the various roles in fulfilling the mission are defined.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
Developing a complementary therapy policy.
Increasingly, healthcare professionals from a variety of settings are looking to integrate complementary therapies into mainstream healthcare. Robust policy development is a prerequisite for effective integration and the building of sustainable services. Unfortunately many of those wanting to drive forward the complementary therapy agenda have little knowledge of policy development. For those individuals planning to integrate complementary therapies into care, this article will address some of the issues around developing a complementary therapy policy: the need for a robust policy, how to begin developing a policy and suggested inclusions for such a policy.
Advisory Committees↗
Categorizing the telehealth policy response of countries and their implications for complementarity of telehealth policy.
Developing countries are exploring the role of telehealth to overcome the challenges of providing adequate health care services. However, this process faces disparities, and no complementarity in telehealth policy development. Telehealth has the potential to transcend geopolitical boundaries, yet telehealth policy developed in one jurisdiction may hamper applications in another. Understanding such policy complexities is essential for telehealth to realize its full global potential. This study investigated 12 East Asian countries that may represent a microcosm of the world, to determine if the telehealth policy response of countries could be categorized, and whether any implications could be identified for the development of complementary telehealth policy. The countries were Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Three categories of country response were identified in regard to national policy support and development. The first category was "None" (Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam) where international partners, driven by humanitarian concerns, lead telehealth activity. The second category was "Proactive" (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand) where national policies were designed with the view that telehealth initiatives are a component of larger development objectives. The third was "Reactive" (Hong Kong and Japan), where policies were only proffered after telehealth activities were sustainable. It is concluded that although complementarity of telehealth policy development is not occurring, increased interjurisdictional telehealth activity, regional clusters, and concerted and coordinated effort amongst researchers, practitioners, and policy makers may alter this trend.
Asia, Southeastern↗
Science and norms in policies for sustainable development: assessing and managing risks of chemical substances and genetically modified organisms in the European Union.
Use of chemical substances and genetically modified organisms cause complex problems characterised by scientific uncertainty and controversies. Aiming at sustainable development, policies for assessment, and management of risks in the two areas are under development in the European Union. The article points out that both science and norms play a central role in risk assessment as well as risk management and suggests that the precautionary principle, the principle of public participation, and the polluter pays principle, all adopted in the European Union, offer a way to operationalise the concept of sustainable development. It is shown, however, that a number of steps ought to be taken to better implement the principles through different policy measures. In doing so, and by recognising the role of both science and norms, the decision-making on risks related to the use of chemicals or genetically modified organisms can be improved to better promote sustainable development.
Chemical Industry↗
Continuing care: developing a policy analysis for nursing.
Continuing care: developing a policy analysis for nursing Many authors have commented on the invisibility of nursing in policy development, implementation and analysis. Some of this invisibility may be attributed to the lack of an easily accessible framework to assist analysis of policy from a nursing perspective. In this paper we offer a framework for nursing policy analysis based on the domain concepts of nursing. We use continuing care for older people, a topical policy issue and fundamental nursing specialty, as a case study to demonstrate the utility and potential of such a framework in action. The resulting analysis helps identify areas of potential policy interest to nurses, raises questions for further policy analysis and offers a coherent position statement for action.
Aged↗