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PubMed2001

The effect of a commercial high-fibre diet and an iso-malto-oligosaccharide-supplemented diet on post-prandial glucose concentrations in dogs.

In order to evaluate the effect of insoluble and soluble fibre on the levels of post-prandial glycaemia, six healthy dogs were fed three different diets: a low-fibre control diet, a high-fibre diet (HF; mainly insoluble fibre) and the control diet with 10% iso-malto-oligosaccharides (IMO) added. The diets were fed for 2 days before the blood collections were started on the third day. Serial blood samples were taken 20, 60, 90, 150, 180, 240 and 360 min after feeding and one sample was taken just before the feeding after a fasting period of at least 20 h. There were no problems concerning the faecal consistency. The post-prandial glycaemia curve was significantly lower in the HF and IMO group in comparison with the control group. At 20 and 60 min the glucose concentration was significantly lower in the HF and IMO groups. At 90 and 150 min only the IMO group had a significantly lower glucose concentration. At 360 min there was a trend for a lower glucose concentration in the IMO group. The results show that both the HF and the IMO diets had a beneficial effect on post-prandial hyperglycaemia. Substitution of IMO may have the same or a slightly better effect, but this has to be confirmed in diabetic dogs and the effect may depend on the composition of the basal diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A high cholesterol, (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid diet induces hypercholesterolemia more than a high cholesterol (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid diet in hamsters.

This study was designed to study the effects of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on plasma and liver lipids, particularly lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, in hamsters. Diets rich in (n-3) PUFA (21 g/100 g fatty acid) or (n-6) PUFA (37.4 g/ 100 g fatty acid) with or without 5 g/kg cholesterol (C) supplements were given for 4 wk to male hamsters weighing 70-90 g. The VLDL- and (IDL + LDL)-cholesterol concentrations were 114 and 128% higher in hamsters fed the (n-3) PUFA + C diet than in those fed the (n-6) PUFA + C diet. However, these differences were not observed when cholesterol was not supplemented. Hamsters fed the (n-3) PUFA diet had significantly lower plasma and hepatic triglyceride concentrations than those fed the (n-6) PUFA diet. Concentrations were comparable in hamsters fed (n-6) PUFA + C and (n-3) PUFA + C. Hepatic cholesteryl esters were significantly lower, while hepatic microsomal acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity and VLDL cholesteryl esters were significantly higher in hamsters fed the (n-3) PUFA + C diet than in those fed the (n-6) PUFA + C diet. Our results demonstrate that elevation of VLDL- and (IDL + LDL)-cholesterol in hamsters by (n-3) PUFA, compared with (n-6) PUFA, is dependent on dietary cholesterol supplementation and may be due to decreased catabolism of these lipoproteins.

Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase↗
PubMed1998

A diet containing chickpeas and wheat offers less protection against colon tumors than a casein and wheat diet in dimethylhydrazine-treated rats.

We examined the influence of extruded chickpeas and wheat relative to casein and wheat in a dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon tumor study in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The three diets, based on a modified AIN76 rodent diet with fat present at 10 g/100 g dry matter (DM), were as follows: casein with wheat starch (Cas/S) as control, casein with wheat (Cas/W) and chickpeas with wheat (CP/W). All diets were fed from 5 wk of age throughout the 28-wk study. At 28 wk, there was a significantly lower incidence of large intestinal tumors in rats fed Cas/W relative to those fed CP/W ( 11 vs. 56%, chi-square test, P = 0.018). The colonic tumor burden (tumors/tumor-bearing animal) was not different in Cas/W-fed and CP/W-fed rats (1 vs. 1.7), but the tumor mass index was significantly lower in the former group (0.22 vs. 1.21, P = 0.026). Rats fed the CP/W diet had significantly lower plasma cholesterol concentration (P < 0.01) than rats fed the other two diets. The cecal contents of rats fed the CP/W diet had significantly greater relative weights (46%, P < 0.05) than those of the Cas/W-fed rats; this was associated with higher concentrations of all short-chain fatty acids. Fecal analyses showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations of total fat (54%), total steroids (83%) and secondary bile acids (179%) in the CP/W-fed rats relative those fed Cas/W. There were higher concentrations of nitrogen in the feces of CP/W rats relative to the Cas/W-fed rats (84%, P < 0.05), associated with greater fecal weights (67%, P < 0.05). Although wheat and its fibers have been shown to be protective against DMH-induced cancers in rats, this was not the case in this study in which chickpeas (45 g/100 g diet) provided the protein and were an important source of soluble fiber. Elevated fat, secondary bile acid concentrations and/or nitrogenous compounds could be responsible for the increased colon tumorigenesis seen and may reflect a legume effect.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fat diet, osmotic fragility of erythrocytes and inotropic response of rat heart papillary muscle to noradrenaline stimulation: early appearance of the diet effect by lovastatin.

Intake of lovastatin, an inhibitor of endogenous cholesterol synthesis, leads to a compensatory increase in the uptake of cholesterol from plasma (low density lipoprotein endocytosis). The drug might exert effects also by facilitating uptake of fatty acids carried in low density lipoprotein. It has been reported that dietary fat may alter physical properties of erythrocytes as well as adrenergic effects in heart muscle. We have therefore studied osmotic fragility of erythrocytes and inotropic and lusitropic responses of isolated heart papillary muscles taken from rats fed for 3 weeks either a purified high fat diet (olive oil/coconut oil 16 g/6 g/100 g diet), prepared plus and minus lovastatin, or similar diets in which 4 g/100 g diet of the olive oil was replaced by cod liver oil. Three weeks feeding of a high fat diet containing cod liver oil did not affect osmotic fragility of erythrocytes or indices of inotropy or lusitropy in papillary muscles in response to noradrenaline stimulation neither in the absence nor in the presence of lovastatin. In contrast, purified high fat diet lacking cod liver oil increased osmotic fragility in a fraction of the erythrocytes. When lovastatin was added to this diet the osmotic fragility was increased for the whole population of erythrocytes. In this situation the "relaxation-onset index"--an index of early relaxation in the papillary muscles--was shifted to higher concentrations of noradrenaline. Thus, intake of lovastatin may lead to an early appearance of effects of dietary fat on osmotic fragility of erythrocytes and on heart muscle responses to catecholamines. These effects of lovastatin are, however, apparently dependent upon the kind of dietary fat as they are prevented by the presence of cod liver oil.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Diet and gall stones: effects of refined and unrefined carbohydrate diets on bile cholesterol saturation and bile acid metabolism.

It has been suggested that consumption of refined carbohydrate foods (notably sugar and white flour) increases bile cholesterol saturation and hence the risk of cholesterol gall stone formation. To test this hypothesis, 13 subjects with probable cholesterol gall stones ate refined and unrefined carbohydrate diets, each for six weeks in random order. On the refined carbohydrate diet, subjects ate more refined sugar (mean = SEM: 106 +/- 7 vs 6 +/- 1 g/day, p less than 0.001), less dietary fibre (13 +/- 1 vs 27 +/- 3 g/day, p less than 0.001), and had a higher energy intake (9.17 +/- 0.66 vs 7.16 +/- 0.64 MJ/day, p less than 0.001). After each diet, the lipid composition of duodenal bile and bile acid kinetics was determined. The cholesterol saturation index of bile was higher on the refined carbohydrate diet in all but one subject, with a mean value of 1.50 +/- 0.10 compared with 1.20 +/- 0.12 on the unrefined diet (p less than 0.005). On the refined carbohydrate diet, bile contained relatively less cholic acid and slightly more deoxycholic acid. There were, however, no significant differences in total or individual bile acid pool sizes. There were also no differences in the rates of primary bile acid synthesis or fractional turnover on the two diets. Consumption of carbohydrate in refined form increases bile cholesterol saturation. The risk of gall stones might be reduced by avoidance of refined carbohydrate foods.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A choline-deficient diet exacerbates fatty liver but attenuates insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet.

Liver fat accumulation is proposed to link obesity and insulin resistance. To dissect the role of liver fat in the insulin resistance of diet-induced obesity, we altered liver fat using a choline-deficient diet. C57Bl/6 mice were fed a low-fat (10% of calories) or high-fat (45% of calories) diet for 8 weeks; during the final 4 weeks, diets were either choline deficient or choline supplemented. In choline replete animals, high-fat feeding induced weight gain, elevated liver triglycerides (171%), hyperinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance. Choline deficiency did not affect body or adipose depot weights but amplified liver fat accumulation with high-fat diet (281%, P < 0.01). However, choline deficiency lowered fasting plasma insulin (from 983 +/- 175 to 433 +/- 36 pmol/l, P < 0.01) and improved glucose tolerance on a high-fat diet. In mice on 30% fat diet, choline deficiency increased liver mRNA levels of the rate-limiting enzyme in phosphatidylcholine synthesis and of enzymes involved in free fatty acid esterification, without affecting those of de novo lipogenesis or fatty acid oxidation. We conclude that liver fat accumulation per se does not cause insulin resistance during high-fat feeding and that choline deficiency may shunt potentially toxic free fatty acids toward innocuous storage triglyceride in the liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Selection line x diet interactions for two lines of pigs fed 12 or 24% protein diets.

An experiment with crossbred swine was conducted over six generations of selection based on an index (Index) of average daily gain in weight (ADG) in a test period from 56 d of age to 91 kg gross weight and average backfat thickness (ABF) measured from ultrasonic scans at 91 kg. Test pigs of the high protein select (HS) and control (HC) lines were fed a 24% crude protein (CP) diet and pigs of the low protein select (LS) and control (LC) lines were fed a 12% CP diet during the test period. The extent of genetic (selection line) x environmental (dietary) interaction effects was determined based on feeding closely related boars and gilts from both the HS and LS lines on both diets. Tests were conducted in 1986 and 1987 with progeny of the fifth and sixth generations of selection. Records for 472 pigs sired by 37 boars and out of 101 dams were analyzed for effects of selection and diets on AGE of pig at 91 kg, ADG, ABF, LMA (longissimus muscle area at the last rib) and Index. Statistically significant interactions effects of line x diet were noted (P less than .01) for AGE, ADG and Index, traits with low to moderate heritabilities (h2). For ABF and LMA, body composition traits with moderate or higher h2, interaction effects of line x diet were near zero. These results suggest that for best all-around future performance, traits such as AGE and ADG, selection probably should be practiced under dietary conditions under which future populations will be produced. For body composition traits such as ABF and LMA, selection probably would be more effective if pigs were fed a more enriched protein diet. However, as a practical matter, to more rapidly improve the genetic merit of the swine population, both the central station and on-the-farm testing programs should be conducted under standard commercial production systems.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Effect of diets containing n-3 fatty acids on muscle long-chain n-3 fatty acid content in lambs fed low- and medium-quality roughage diets.

In two experiments, each with 32 cross-bred ([Merino x Border Leicester] x Poll Dorset) wether lambs (26 to 33 kg weight range), animals were randomly assigned to one of four treatments. A mixture of lucerne chaff:oaten chaff was used as a basal diet, offered in different ratios. Animals were allowed to consume on a free-access basis in Exp. 1 or 90% of ad libitum intake in Exp. 2 in order to provide a low- (6.5 MJ ME/d) and medium- (9.5 MJ ME/d) quality basal diet, respectively. Isoenergetic amounts of lipid supplements, fish meal (80 g DM), canola meal (84 g DM), and soy meal (75 g DM) were tested in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, fish meal (9% DM), unprotected rapeseed (7% DM), and protected canola seed (6% DM) were fed as supplements. At the end of 53-d (Exp. 1) or 46-d (Exp. 2) experimental periods, lambs were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir and at 24 h postmortem longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle was collected for the analysis of fatty acid (FA) composition of structural phospholipid and storage triglyceride fractions. Fish meal diet increased LT muscle long-chain n-3 FA content by 27% (P < 0.02) in Exp. 1 and 30% (P < 0.001) in Exp. 2 compared with lambs fed the basal diet, but fish meal decreased (P < 0.01) the n-6 FA content only in Exp. 1. Soy meal and protected canola seed diets increased (P < 0.01) LT muscle n-6 FA content but did not affect long-chain n-3 FA content. Longissimus thoracis muscle long-chain n-3 FA were mainly deposited in structural phospholipid, rather than in storage triglyceride. In both Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, the ratio of n-6:n-3 FA in LT muscle was lowest (P < 0.01) in lambs fed fish meal supplement compared with all other treatments. Protected canola seed diet increased the ratio of n-6:n-3 FA (P < 0.01) and PUFA:saturated fatty acid (P < 0.03) content from those animals fed the basal, fish meal, and unprotected rapeseed diets in Exp. 2. This was due to an increase in muscle n-6 FA content, mainly linoleic acid, of both phospholipid (P < 0.001) and triglyceride (P < 0.01) fractions and not to an increase in muscle n-3 FA content. The results indicate that by feeding fish meal supplement, the essential n-3 FA can be increased while lowering the ratio of n-6:n-3 content in lamb meat to an extent that could affect nutritional value, attractiveness, and the economic value of meat.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Diet and exercise intervention have favourable effects on blood pressure in mild hypertensives: the Oslo Diet and Exercise Study (ODES).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 1-year diet intervention, exercise intervention and both combined on blood pressure (BP) in normotensives and mild hypertensives. Two hundred and nineteen sedentary middle aged men and women with slightly deranged coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors were randomised to a control, a diet, an exercise and a diet + exercise group. Based on baseline diastolic BP, participants were divided into tertiles, giving baseline average BP of 141.4/96.7 in tertile 1, 130.7/87.6 in tertile 2 and 121.9/79.0 in tertile 3. The 1-year net-difference in BP between the intervention groups and the control group decreased across the tertiles; in tertile 1 being -11.2/-6.7 (p < 0.05), -11.3/-6.7 (p < 0.05 for systolic BP only) and -7.0/-5.1 (NS) in the combined, diet and exercise group respectively. Triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and insulin variables were significantly and favourably changed, the changes being most marked in the combined group. The results show that diet and diet + exercise are about equally effective in reducing BP, and the effects may be dependent on the baseline level. Within the upper tertile of baseline BP, the decline in BP in the combined intervention and the diet group are almost comparable to those obtained with drug treatment. In addition, other important CHD risk factors were all changed in a beneficial direction.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

NAD glycohydrolase activity in the liver of rats fed on excess leucine diet and low or high protein diet.

In rats fed for 2 weeks on a 10% casein diet supplemented with 5% leucine, the hepatic NAD content was lowered when comparing with the control rats pair-fed on the 10% casein diet. The hepatic NAD glycohydrolase [EC 3.2.2.5] activity increased by 25% in the leucine-supplemented diet-fed rats and by 40% in the nicotinic acid-free diet-fed rats. The hepatic NAD glycohydrolase activity in the rats fed on the nonprotein diet freely for 1 week was elevated by 60% compared to the rats fed on the 18% casein diet. The hepatic NAD content in the former animals was significantly lower than that in the latter. The 70% casein diet caused changes in neither hepatic NAD content nor NAD glycohydrolase activity. These results indicated an inverse relationship between hepatic NAD content and NAD glycohydrolase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[The diet of patients with atherosclerotic disease compared with the standard diet in the population].

BACKGROUND: In the guidelines for follow-up of patients with established atherosclerotic disease, the importance of diet and other life style intervention strategies in reducing cardiovascular risk is emphasised. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a survey in 363 general practices in 1997-99 we examined the diet of 3,160 patients with established atherosclerosis treated with a lipid lowering agent, and compared it with the diet of 530 persons interviewed in an omnibus survey, representative of the general Norwegian population above 40 years of age. A simple questionnaire was used for diet registration. We compared the quality of the patients' diet with their lipid levels and fulfilled treatment goals. RESULTS: A greater proportion of the patients used skimmed milk, polyunsaturated margarine and vegetable oil, and they ate less fat cheese and less fat meat compared to the other group. There were only small differences in the use of fish, fruit and vegetables. A more healthy diet in the patients reflected a better achievement of the treatment goals for blood lipids. INTERPRETATION: Patients with established cardiovascular disease seemed to have a more healthy diet than the general population. The use of fruit and vegetables has to be encouraged.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Comparative effects of a protein deprived diet on the weight, lymphocyte content and the number of DNA-synthesizing and dividing cells in the lymphoid organs of the rat. Influence of the diet on the stimulating action of phytohemagglutinin and the inhibitory action of cortisone.

The changes induced in adult male rats by a protein deprived (PD) diet lasting 7 weeks were investigated from the viewpoint of the cell contents of the popliteal lymph nodes (PLN), spleen and thymus; the levels of DNA-synthesizing lymphocytes counted on cell smear autoradiographs, and the levels of mitoses. The stimulating effect of a subplantar injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and the inhibitory action of cortisone (3 mg/100 g per day for 5 days) were also determined in normal and PD rats. The PD diet significantly reduced the cell contents, primarily in the thymus, as well as the number of labeled cells and mitoses per mg of tissue and per entire organ. When expressed on the basis of 10(3) cells, the levels of both cell groups were also reduced in the spleen but not in the PLN's where they were already very low with a balanced diet. In the thymus, the sharp drop in the mitotic index (M.I.) contrasted with unchanged levels of labeled cells and an important increase in the labeling density per cell. PHA increased the M.I. to a great extent in the PLN's and spleen in normal rats but not in PD rats. In contrast, the labeling index (p. 10(3) cells) in the spleen, as well as the number of labeled cells per mg and per organ, increased in PLN's and the spleen after PHA to a much greater extent with a PD diet than with a normal diet. These results suggest a premitotic block of the cell cycle after protein deprivation. Also, the mitotic index appears to be a more reliable test, than the labeling index, of the lymphostimulating action of PHA and of its inhibition following protein removal from the diet. The effects of cortisone in normal rats resembled to a large degree those of a protein-free diet. If the hormone was administered to PD rats, the residual lymphocytes of the atrophic thymus were still more cortisone-sensitive than those of normal rats. On the contrary, DNA synthesizing cells in the PLN's and spleen, and mitoses in the spleen resisted cortisone in PD rats, while they were partly destroyed by the hormone in the controls. This suggests that primarily the cortisone-resistant lymphocytes of these organs are capable of synthesizing DNA after prolonged protein deprivation. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis of an intervention of endogenous glucocorticoid hormones in the protein lack-induced lymphoid involution.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental diets for the study of lipid influence on the induced mammary carcinoma in rats: II--Suitability of the diets.

We have previously reported one method for obtention of experimental diets for the study of the effects of dietary lipids on the rat breast carcinoma. The purpose of this second part of the study was to develop a quality control system for demonstrating the suitability of these diets. This system is essentially based on the animals' growth control, their period clinical examination as well as the anatomopathological postmortem study of the animals submitted to such diets. Two groups of weaning rats, control (C) and hyperlipidic (HL), were submitted to a low-fat diet (N3) or a high-fat polyunsaturated--corn oil--diet (HL20) respectively. At 53 days of age all animals were induced with 5mg of dimethylbenz (a) anthracene. Experiments were ended when animals reached a mean age of 214 days. The results show: 1) a normal ponderal evolution of the animals in the two experimental groups with respect to two series of the same strain fed with a standard diet, and 2) the homogeneity of growth determined by the coefficient of variance study. On the other hand, neither the weekly clinical examination nor the anatomopathological post-mortem studies revealed any pathology that could be specifically attributed to nutritional imbalance. These results confirm the suitability of both diets for rat growth. Their use in the study of the effects of dietary lipids on the mammary carcinoma would satisfy the initial aim of guaranteeing the specificity of the results.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

The national cholesterol education program diet vs a diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein and monounsaturated fat: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, obesity is a major clinical and public health problem causing diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, as well as increasing cardiovascular and total mortality. Dietary restrictions of calories and saturated fat are beneficial. However, it remains unclear whether replacement of saturated fat with carbohydrates (as in the US National Cholesterol Education Program [NCEP] diet) or protein and monounsaturated fat (as in our isocaloric modified low-carbohydrate [MLC] diet, which is lower in total carbohydrates but higher in protein, monounsaturated fat, and complex carbohydrates) is optimal. METHODS: We randomized 60 participants (29 women and 31 men) to the NCEP or the MLC diet and evaluated them every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. They were aged 28 to 71 years (mean age, 44 years in the NCEP and 46 years in the MLC group). A total of 36% of participants from the NCEP group and 35% from the MLC group had a body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) greater than 27. The primary end point was weight loss, and secondary end points were blood lipid levels and waist-to-hip ratio. RESULTS: Weight loss was significantly greater in the MLC (13.6 lb) than in the NCEP group (7.5 lb), a difference of 6.1 lb (P = .02). There were no significant differences between the groups for total, low density, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, or the proportion of small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles. There were significantly favorable changes in all lipid levels within the MLC but not within the NCEP group. Waist-to-hip ratio was not significantly reduced between the groups (P = .27), but it significantly decreased within the MLC group (P = .009). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the NCEP diet, the MLC diet, which is lower in total carbohydrates but higher in complex carbohydrates, protein, and monounsaturated fat, caused significantly greater weight loss over 12 weeks. There were no significant differences between the groups in blood lipid levels, but favorable changes were observed within the MLC diet group.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Validation of a self-administered diet history questionnaire using multiple diet records.

The validity of a self-administered diet history questionnaire has been estimated using as the reference data the mean of three 4-day diet records collected over the year prior to the administration of the questionnaire, in 1985-1986. Subjects were women ages 45-70 years, participants in the Women's Health Trial Feasibility Study, a multi-center clinical trial in which some women were randomized to be taught to adopt and maintain a low-fat diet, while others maintained their usual diet. The questionnaire produced group mean nutrient estimates closely approximating the values obtained by three 4-day records, e.g. in the usual-diet group, 37.7% of calories from fat by both food records and by questionnaire, and in the low-fat group, 21.3% of calories from fat by food records and 23.7% of calories from fat by questionnaire. Correlations between questionnaire and diet records for per cent of calories from fat were 0.67 and 0.65 respectively in the two groups; most correlations were in the 0.5-0.6 range, and were similar to those achievable by a single 4-day food record.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

The effects of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet and a low-fat diet on mood, hunger, and other self-reported symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of weight loss diets on mood, food cravings, and other self-reported symptoms. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Mood and other symptoms were evaluated by participant self-report using the Atkins Health Indicator Test (AHIT) in individuals undergoing weight loss following either a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LCKD) or a low-fat diet (LFD). Participants were 119 overweight community volunteers randomized to an LCKD or an LFD. An additional 51 participants who had completed an earlier trial contributed data for the psychometric analyses but were not included in the prospective analyses. Self-reported symptom levels on seven scales factor-analytically derived from the AHIT (negative affect, fatigue, somatic symptoms, physical effects of hunger, insomnia, hunger, and stomach problems) were acquired during 12 visits. RESULTS: After adjusting for the change in BMI over the course of the trial, participants experienced significant improvements in most symptoms regardless of diet. Diet group x visit interactions were observed for negative affect [F(9,803) = 2.30, p = 0.015] and hunger [F(9,803) = 3.62, p < 0.0002]. Examination of means indicated that the LCKD group reported less negative affect and hunger, compared with the LFD group. DISCUSSION: Regardless of diet, participants experienced significant improvement in a broad range of symptoms. Symptoms of negative affect and hunger improved to a greater degree in patients following an LCKD compared with those following an LFD. Whether these symptom changes explain the greater short-term weight loss generally experienced by LCKD followers deserves further research.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Insulin resistance, low-fat diets, and low-carbohydrate diets: time to test new menus.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Insulin resistance increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and the risk of cardiovascular disease increases further once diabetes has developed. As insulin resistance is a precursor to diabetes, it is critically important to identify cost-effective means, such as dietary changes, by which to reduce insulin resistance. The purpose of this review is to evaluate recent findings concerning dietary composition and insulin resistance, with particular focus on low-fat diets compared with the currently popular low-carbohydrate diets. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent findings indicate little support for the value of low-carbohydrate diets as therapies for insulin resistance. In contrast, the limited data available suggest that the higher fat content of typical low-carbohydrate diets may exacerbate insulin resistance in the long term. Preliminary data indicate that proteins from different sources may have differing effects on insulin resistance. Preliminary data also suggest the potential value of whole grains, fruits and vegetables in therapeutic diets to reduce insulin resistance. SUMMARY: Current evidence supports the inclusion of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and lean sources of animal proteins including low-fat dairy products in dietary therapies for insulin resistance. Those who wish to follow a low-carbohydrate diet should be encouraged to follow a new menu low in fat, and with most of the protein derived from plant sources.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Diet and colorectal cancer: implications for the obese and devotees of the Atkins diet.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the Western world and its prevalence is increasing. Potential causes of this increase are changes in diet and the increases in obesity seen. This paper looks at the literature surrounding diet and obesity and the links to this increase in CRC. Heralded as a weight loss miracle we investigate whether the literature suggests the Atkins diet may actually do more harm than good by acting to increase an individual's risk of CRC. Obesity has been demonstrated to be a major factor in the increase in CRC although links to changes in diet are more tenuous. Published studies on diet suggest the Atkins diet may help reduce rather than increase the risk of CRC.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗