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PubMed1988

Cancer and nutritional misconceptions: a perspective.

Misconceptions and disinformation have clouded the relevance of nutritional practices in cancer prevention. This perspective presents data from experimental and human studies, showing that, for most cancers, no convincing evidence exists to incriminate any dietary factor. The relevance of fiber and excess energy intake to the risk of colorectal cancer is also far from established. It is concluded that the significance of dietary factors in cancer prevention, is exaggerated. Even if an association does exist between nutritional practices and the risk for certain cancers, it is very small. As physicians, we should not allow nutritional misconceptions, fads, and belief systems, to mislead the public into wasting billions of dollars for ineffective dietary practices and "nutritional" supplements, in the false hope of cancer prevention.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

Food expenditure pattern, storage practices, food fads and fallacies of seven villages of Guntur districts.

The present study was carried out to assess the food expenditure pattern, storage practices, Food fads, and fallacies of seven villages of Guntur districts. Expenditure on protective foods in Buddam village isn nil, due to which the preschool children are in Grade II and Grade III malnutrition. Introduction of weaning food to the children in all the villages is after 6 months. The most commonly used storage structure for paddy are gunny bag, puri and patra.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1997

Search for the competitive edge: a history of dietary fads and supplements.

The premise and promise of ergogenic aid use is rooted in antiquity and is based upon superstition and ritualistic behavior of athletes who perceive that past performances were predicated upon unique dietary constituents or dietary manipulation. Accounts from ancient times recommended that athletes and soldiers preparing for battle consume specific animal parts to confer agility, speed or strength associated with that animal. Scientific understanding of the chemical and physiological nature of muscular work in the early 20th century was followed by ergogenic aid use by athletes and rationalized as "scientific" justification. Ergogenic aids such as alkaline salts, caffeine, carbohydrate and protein have been used by athletes with variable success. As nutritionists and exercise physiologists discovered and perfected the scientific understanding of metabolic reactions, athletes in turn experimented with the amount, form and timing of administration in the search for optimal performance. Anabolic steroids and blood doping enhance athletic performance, but health risks, ethics and sportsmanship contravene their use. Popularity and use of ergogenic aids often have preceded scientific substantiation of claims. Current products such as protein isolates and antioxidant nutrients commonly are used by athletes, and many ergogenic aids available today differ little from those used long ago.

Diet Fads↗
PubMed1984

Unpasteurized milk. The hazards of a health fetish.

Meaningful differences in nutritional value between pasteurized and unpasteurized milk have not been demonstrated, and other purported benefits of raw milk consumption have not been substantiated. Conversely, the role of unpasteurized dairy products in the transmission of infectious diseases has been established repeatedly. To effectively counsel patients attracted by the health claims made for raw milk, practicing physicians must understand both the rationale used by proponents of raw milk and the magnitude of the risk involved in drinking raw milk.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial.

CONTEXT: The scarcity of data addressing the health effects of popular diets is an important public health concern, especially since patients and physicians are interested in using popular diets as individualized eating strategies for disease prevention. OBJECTIVE: To assess adherence rates and the effectiveness of 4 popular diets (Atkins, Zone, Weight Watchers, and Ornish) for weight loss and cardiac risk factor reduction. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A single-center randomized trial at an academic medical center in Boston, Mass, of overweight or obese (body mass index: mean, 35; range, 27-42) adults aged 22 to 72 years with known hypertension, dyslipidemia, or fasting hyperglycemia. Participants were enrolled starting July 18, 2000, and randomized to 4 popular diet groups until January 24, 2002. INTERVENTION: A total of 160 participants were randomly assigned to either Atkins (carbohydrate restriction, n=40), Zone (macronutrient balance, n=40), Weight Watchers (calorie restriction, n=40), or Ornish (fat restriction, n=40) diet groups. After 2 months of maximum effort, participants selected their own levels of dietary adherence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: One-year changes in baseline weight and cardiac risk factors, and self-selected dietary adherence rates per self-report. RESULTS: Assuming no change from baseline for participants who discontinued the study, mean (SD) weight loss at 1 year was 2.1 (4.8) kg for Atkins (21 [53%] of 40 participants completed, P = .009), 3.2 (6.0) kg for Zone (26 [65%] of 40 completed, P = .002), 3.0 (4.9) kg for Weight Watchers (26 [65%] of 40 completed, P < .001), and 3.3 (7.3) kg for Ornish (20 [50%] of 40 completed, P = .007). Greater effects were observed in study completers. Each diet significantly reduced the low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio by approximately 10% (all P<.05), with no significant effects on blood pressure or glucose at 1 year. Amount of weight loss was associated with self-reported dietary adherence level (r = 0.60; P<.001) but not with diet type (r = 0.07; P = .40). For each diet, decreasing levels of total/HDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and insulin were significantly associated with weight loss (mean r = 0.36, 0.37, and 0.39, respectively) with no significant difference between diets (P = .48, P = .57, P = .31, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Each popular diet modestly reduced body weight and several cardiac risk factors at 1 year. Overall dietary adherence rates were low, although increased adherence was associated with greater weight loss and cardiac risk factor reductions for each diet group.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Effects of a commercial soy lecithin preparation on development of sensorimotor behavior and brain biochemistry in the rat.

Pregnant rat dams and offspring were exposed to a 5 or 2% soy lecithin preparation or a control diet. Enrichment was either lifelong beginning at gestation, limited to the time preceding, or the time following weaning, or absent (constituting a "pure" control group). The most marked early sensorimotor deficits (reflex righting and swimming development) were seen in the 5% soy lecithin preparation group, although all soy lecithin preparation-exposed offspring had elevated brain/body weight ratios and choline acetyltransferase levels. Later, animals exposed to lifelong 5 or 2% soy lecithin preparations were hypoactive, had poor postural reflexes, and showed attenuated morphine analgesia. The results indicate that dietary soy lecithin preparation enrichment during development leads to behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities in the exposed offspring.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Atheroma development in apolipoprotein E-null mice is not regulated by phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) on threonine 187.

Excessive cellular proliferation is thought to contribute to neointimal lesion development during atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity by p27 inhibits mammalian cell growth. Mounting evidence indicates that p27 negatively regulates neointimal thickening in animal models of restenosis and atherosclerosis, and its expression in human neointimal lesions is consistent with such a protective role. Cell cycle progression is facilitated by cyclinE/CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of p27 on threonine 187 (T187) during late G1. The purpose of this study was to assess whether this phosphorylation event plays a role during atherosclerosis. To this end, we generated apolipoprotein E-null mice with both p27 alleles replaced by a mutated form non-phosphorylatable at T187 (apoE-/-p27T187A mice) and investigated the kinetics of atheroma development in these animals compared to apoE-/- controls with an intact p27 gene. Fat feeding resulted in comparable level of hypercholesterolemia in both groups of mice. Surprisingly, aortic p27 expression was not increased in fat-fed apoE-/-p27T187A mice compared with apoE-/- controls. Moreover, atheroma size, lesion cellularity, proliferation, and apoptotic rates were undistinguishable in both groups of fat-fed mice. Thus, in contrast to previous studies that highlight the importance of p27 phosphorylation at T187 on the control of p27 expression and function in different tissues and pathophysiological scenarios, our findings demonstrate that this phosphorylation event is not implicated in the control of aortic p27 expression and atheroma progression in hypercholesterolemic mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Gender and energy balance: sex differences in adaptations for feast and famine.

According to this theory/review, the cross-culturally common finding of more women than men among the obese is at least in part a consequence of sex differences in evolutionary selection pressure. James and Trayhurn claim that the propensity to obesity is linked to th ability to survive a fast and both may involve reduced heat production. The present theory extends this relationship to sex differences in energy balance. According to the theory proposed here, mammalian females were subjected to more severe selection pressures during times of short food supply than males were and hence females were under more pressure to evolve mechanisms to facilitate survival during famine, which led to sex differences in obesity. The data relevant to sex differences in starvation survival, obesity and heat production, and the possible evolutionary roles and implications of sex differences in chromosomes and in organizational and activational sex hormones are reviewed. The conclusion is that evolution has created a linkage between sex chromosomes, hormones and energy balance, and this linkage is at least in part responsible for the greater resistance of the female to famine and for her greater tendency to become obese in times of feast.

Adaptation, Physiological↗