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PubMed1987

Somatomedins in tumour cyst fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and tumour cytosol in patients with glial tumours.

In the present study, the levels of the growth-promoting hormones, somatomedins, were analysed in tumour cyst fluid, CSF, and tumour cytosol, collected from 22 unselected patients with intracranial tumours. All samples contained somatomedin activity. 5/7 CSF samples, taken from patients with tumour mass visible on CT, showed elevated concentrations. 6/9 cyst fluid samples, taken from patients with glioma were elevated compared with normal serum somatomedin levels. Tumour cytosol, taken from 7 patients with malignant glioma contained somatomedins in an elevated level compared with values previously analysed from normal adult brains. These preliminary findings demonstrate for the first time the presence of somatomedins in brain tumours and suggest the use of somatomedins as a possible brain tumour marker.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Radioimmunoassay of 5-androstene-3 beta,17 beta-diol in plasma and in breast cyst fluid.

A simple and reliable radioimmunoassay for the determination of 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol in peripheral plasma and in breast cyst fluid, after a chromatography on Celite microcolumn has been described and evaluated. The antiserum used was raised in rabbits injected with dehydroepiandrosterone-15 alpha-(O-carboxymethyl)-bovine serum albumin. In men below 40 years of age the levels ranged from 0.85 to 2.80 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM: 1.52 +/- 0.11; n = 24) and from 0.50 to 2.20 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM: 0.93 +/- 0.09; n = 20) in men aged between 41 and 62 years. The mean level was significantly different (P less than 0.001) between the 2 groups. A significant correlation (r = -0.56; P less than 0.01) was demonstrated between age and all male levels. In females the mean plasma level was in the follicular phase: 0.81 +/- 0.07 ng/ml (range: 0.40-1.50; n = 17; age: 19-41 years) and in the luteal phase: 0.83 +/- 0.05 ng/ml (range: 0.40-1.30; n = 29; age: 18-43 years). No cyclical change and no correlation with age could be evidenced. A significant difference (P less than 0.001) was shown between females and the young male group. In breast cyst fluid the levels ranged from 0.05 to 13.70 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM: 2.36 +/- 0.86; n = 20) whereas the sulfate concentrations ranged from 75 to 7500 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM: 1891 +/- 565; n = 15), thus demonstrating very wide inter-individual variations.

Androstenediol↗
PubMed1988

Immunoreactive human chorionic gonadotrophin from the cyst fluid and CSF of patients with craniopharyngioma.

A specific radioimmunoassay for the beta-chain of human chorionic gonadotrophin irHCG beta has demonstrated HCG-like material to be present in craniopharyngioma cyst fluid in nine consecutive patients with craniopharyngioma. There was no detectable LH/HCG bioactivity as assessed using testosterone production from isolated Leydig cells from rat testis in seven samples tested. One patient was also found to have measurable irHCG beta in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which fell to undetectable levels following surgery; in this patient, there was clinical evidence that the cyst fluid had leaked into the CSF pre-operatively. Immunocytochemical staining for HCG beta and intact HCG was positive in five of the tumours. irHCG beta was not measurable in the serum of any of the patients.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed1992

Relationship between the concentrations of estriol sulfate and estrone sulfate in human breast cyst fluid.

Estriol-3-sulfate (E3S) is present in human breast cyst fluid (BCF) in median levels of 8.7-10.4 nmol/L, yet is barely detectable in the serum (less than 0.034 nmol/L). The source of this huge concentration of E3S is unknown. It may accumulate from blood by active transport or be synthesized and concentrated within the cyst. Since estrone sulfate (E1S) and its possible precursor, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) are elevated in BCF, E3S may originate via 16 alpha-hydroxylation of E1S. The present study examined the correlations between the levels of DHEAS and E1S with those of E3S in BCF. The sodium and potassium ions were also quantified and related to the steroid concentrations. By linear regression analysis of log-normalized data there was a highly significant correlation between the concentrations of E1S and E3S (n = 355, r = 0.690, P less than 0.001) and between DHEAS and E3S (n = 361, r = 0.577, P less than 0.001). The BCF were classified according to their K/Na ion ratios: type 1, greater than 1.0, type II, less than 0.25, and type III, 0.25-1.0. By Student's t test, the concentrations of E3S differed between each BCF Type (P less than 0.002). This was also true for E1S and DHEAS. Type 1 cysts were associated with the highest estrogen sulfate levels and type II with the lowest levels. The possible physiological importance of this observation resides in reports that the BCF type expressing the highest steroid concentrations has been related to an aporcine-like epithelial lining of the cyst wall and a somewhat higher risk for developing breast cancer. The results suggest that E3S in BCF may originate from E1S, but alternate mechanisms are not precluded.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases↗
PubMed1979

The use of equilibrium density-gradient ultracentrifugation in the isolation and characterisation of glycoproteins with blood group P1 activity from sheep hydatid-cyst fluid.

Equilibrium density-gradient ultracentrifugation in caesium choride and caesium sulphate has been used in the isolation and fractionation of the glycoproteins specific for blood-group P1 from hydatid cyst fluids. The fractions obtained have distinct and systematic differences specifically related to their buoyant densities, chemical compositions and specific-activities for group P1. High levels of specific-activity were maintained over a large range of chemical compositions. The peptide content varied systematically from 2.5% for the densest fraction to 37% for the least dense fraction. The amino acid composition was essentially constant over all fractions. The proportion of glucosamine decreased and the proportions of galactosamine, mannose and glucose increased with increasing peptide content of the fractions. The data presented suggest the present of oligosaccharide side-chains of various lengths and compositions and/or the presence of oligosaccharide side-chains with very different chemical compositions, of which only some are associated with the specificity for group P1. The properties of the glycoproteins from hydatid cyst fluids have been compared with those of the glycoproteins from human ovarian cysts. Although some similarities have been demonstrated there are significant differences.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1986

[Radioimmunoassay of 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol in plasma and breast cyst fluid].

A simple and reliable radioimmunoassay for the determination of 5-androstene-3 beta,17 beta-diol (5-Adiol) in peripheral plasma and in breast cyst fluid, after chromatography on Celite microcolum has been described and evaluated. The antiserum used was raised in the rabbit injected with dehydroepiandrosterone-15 alpha-carboxymethyl-bovine serum albumin. In men below 40 years of age the levels ranged from 0.85 to 2.80 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM: 1.52 +/- 0.11; n = 24) and from 0.50 to 2.20 ng/ml (mean: 0.93 +/- 0.09; n = 20) in men aged between 41 and 62 years. The mean level was significantly different (p less than 0.001) between the two groups. A significant correlation (r = -0.56 p less than 0.01) was demonstrated between age and all male levels. In women the mean plasma level was in the follicular phase: 0.81 +/- 0.07 ng/ml (range: 0.40 - 1.50; n = 17; age: 19-41 years) and in the luteal phase: 0.83 +/- 0.05 ng/ml (range: 0.40 - 1.30; n = 29; age: 18-43 years). No cyclical change and no correlation with age could be evidenced. A significant difference (p less than 0.001) was shown between females and the young male group. In breast cyst fluid the levels of unconjugated 5-Adiol ranged from 0.05 to 13.70 ng/ml (mean: 2.21 +/- 0.73; n = 23) whereas the sulfate concentrations ranged from 75 to 7,500 ng/ml (mean: 1,973 +/- 543; n = 18), thus demonstrating very wide inter-individual variations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Immunoblot findings of calcareous corpuscles binding proteins in cyst fluid of Taenia solium metacestodes.

After collecting calcareous corpuscles from plerocercoid of Spirometra mansoni (sparganum), we evaluated the antigenic values of calcareous corpuscles binding proteins obtained from the cyst fluid of Taenia solium metacestodes. Immunoblot analysis revealed that cysticercosis patient sera strongly recognized 10 and 95 kDa calcareous corpuscles binding proteins. This result demonstrated that calcareous corpuscles are bound with major secretory antigenic proteins, which is possibly involved in the secretory pathways of the 10 and 95 kDa proteins presenting in the cyst fluid of T. solium metacestodes.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Esterase activity in human breast cyst fluid: associations with steroid sulfates and cations.

Human breast cyst fluid (BCF) contains an esterase that on the basis of electrophoretic mobility and response to inhibitors differs from those found in the plasma. From a total of 384 BCF samples analyzed for esterase using p-nitrophenyl hexanoate as substrate, 149 (39%) showed significant activity. The samples had been analyzed for the concentrations of the sulfates of estrone, estriol, dehydroepiandrosterone, as well as the potassium and sodium cations (K+/Na+). The data were submitted to statistical analysis using the Spearman rank order test. The esterase-positive samples exhibited a significant positive association with each of the steroid sulfates and the K+/Na+ ratios. Except for protein concentration, there was no significant correlation between the esterase-positive and esterase-negative cysts. These observations may have physiological significance in that high K+/Na+ ratio cysts have been related to the histological status of the cyst.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2000

Radioimmunoassay for the measurement of thrombospondin in plasma and breast cyst fluid: validation and clinical application.

Thrombospondin is an adhesive protein that has been implicated in malignancy, specifically in tumour progression and angiogenesis. We developed a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of thrombospondin in plasma and breast cyst fluid. The assay exhibited high accuracy, with recoveries of 102-136% and acceptable imprecision, with an intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of <7.5% across the analytical range 30-1000 ng/mL and inter-assay CV of 4.4% and 7.7% at 152 and 224 ng/mL, respectively. Thrombospondin measured in the breast cyst fluid of patients with gross cystic disease of the breast showed that patients with type II (Na+) cysts had significantly higher concentrations than type I (K+) cysts. The plasma thrombospondin reference range was determined as 131-274 ng/mL. Patients with breast cancer had significantly higher plasma thrombospondin concentrations than normal individuals or patients with benign breast disease. Plasma thrombospondin was higher in breast cancer patients with lymph node involvement.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Prostate-specific antigen in breast cyst fluid: possible role of prostate-specific antigen in hormone-dependent breast cancer.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a 33 kDa serine protease which is produced by many different tissues in the body and has been shown to be present in low concentrations in breast milk and in about 30% of breast cancers. The presence of PSA in breast cancers is associated with the presence of steroid-hormone receptors and may be a favourable prognostic indicator. In this study, PSA immunoreactivity was measured in breast cyst fluid obtained from women with palpable breast cysts which is the most common benign breast disease. PSA was found to be present in very low concentrations in breast cyst fluid. In an attempt to understand the possible role of PSA in the breast, the effect of PSA on growth of the hormone-dependent MCF-7 and hormone-independent MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines was studied. In addition, the effect of PSA on oestrone sulphatase activity and oestrogen 17-oxidoreductase activity in these cell lines was investigated. PSA, in low concentrations, was found to inhibit MCF-7 cell growth and to stimulate the conversion of oestradiol to the less potent oestrogen oestrone in this cell line. PSA had no effect on the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Our findings suggest that PSA may act as a negative growth regulator in hormone-dependent breast cancers.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Higher levels of soluble E-cadherin in cyst fluid from malignant ovarian tumours than in benign cysts.

A major diagnostic dilemma in the clinical gynaecological oncology setting is to preoperatively determine whether a complex ovarian mass is benign or malignant. The cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin has previously been localised in biopsies from both benign and malignant epithelial ovarian tumours. In this study, soluble E-cadherin levels was measured with ELISA-technique in peripheral blood, ascites and cystic fluids from patients (n = 33) undergoing surgery for ovarian cystic masses. The levels of soluble E-cadherin were significantly higher in cystic fluid from cystadenocarcinomas (p < 0.001) and borderline tumours (p < 0.05) as compared to cystic fluid from cystadenomas. In ascites fluid and peripheral blood no significant differences were seen. However, ratios of cystic fluid/peripheral blood levels were significantly higher in cystadenocarcinoma (p < 0.001) and borderline tumours (p < 0.05) as compared to benign tumours. In conclusion, measurements of soluble E-cadherin in cystic fluid from patients presenting with complex ovarian masses may be beneficial in increasing the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2005

Cytological and biochemical studies of breast cyst fluid.

We determined the biochemical composition of fluid aspirated from 52 breast cysts and classified the cysts into types I and II on the basis of the potassium-to-sodium (K/Na) ratio in the fluid. In this study, we confirmed the presence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in some breast cyst fluids, regardless of whether cysts were type 1 or type 2, or benign or malignant. On immunohistochemical study, we found no direct correlation between the presence of PSA and progesterone receptors, which is at odds with the results of earlier reports. Current practice in cytologic study appears to favor the examination of bloody fluid. In this study, two samples found to contain malignant cells were cloudy or turbid. We therefore recommend that all cloudy or turbid cyst fluids should be subjected to cytologic examination. This study indicated that the potassium and sodium concentrations were not the same in multiple cysts in the same individuals. In addition, apocrine cells were observed in both type 1 and type 2 cysts. Therefore, breast cyst type cannot predict the natural history of cystic changes or indicate the likelihood of cancer. The finding of malignancy in two patients with type 2 cysts also supports this argument.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Latent forms of transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) in breast cyst fluid.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is secreted by cells in high molecular weight, latent forms and the in vivo mechanisms for the activation remain largely an enigma. Women who have palpable breast cyst with intracystic Na/K < 3 may have a higher risk of developing breast cancer than those with intracystic Na/K > 3. Finding of significantly higher concentrations of TGF-beta 2 in the Na/K > 3 group than Na/K < 3 group may explain the lower risk of breast cancer in the Na/K > 3 group. The aim of the present study was to characterise the latent forms of TGF-beta 2 in breast cyst fluid using HPLC, affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE and immunostaining techniques. We found that TGF-beta 2 is present in high molecular weight, latent forms in breast cyst fluid: as a complex, probably with alpha 2-macroglobulin and a 56 kD protein which is likely to be a precursor form of TGF-beta 2.

Chromatography, Affinity↗
PubMed1997

Detection of gastric mucins (M1 antigens) in cyst fluid for the diagnosis of cystic lesions of the pancreas.

Mucinous cystic tumors of the pancreas must be distinguished from other cystic lesions because of their potential malignancy. Our purpose was to assess the reliability of gastric M1 mucin analysis in the fluid of cystic lesions of the pancreas in comparison or association with carcinoembryonic antigen. M1 mucin and carcinoembryonic antigen were measured in cyst fluid obtained preoperatively by fine-needle aspiration. The lesions consisted of 12 serous cystadenomas, 9 mucinous cystadenomas, 8 cystadenocarcinomas and 6 intraductal mucinous hypersecreting neoplasms. Thirty pancreatic pseudocysts complicating well-documented chronic pancreatitis were also examined. In addition, M1 mucins were localized by immunoperoxidase staining in fetal and normal adult pancreas and in mucinous and serous tumors. Carcinoembryonic values of > 20 ng/ml and M1 mucin values of > 50 U M1/ml represented 82 and 78% sensitivity, respectively, as well as 100% specificity for distinguishing mucinous lesions from serous cystadenomas; the sensitivity for this purpose was 100% using these criteria in combination. Carcinoembryonic antigen values of > 300 ng/ml and M1 mucin values of > 1,200 U M1/ml represented 56 and 30% sensitivity, respectively, as well as 100% specificity for distinguishing mucinous lesions from pseudocysts; the sensitivity for this purpose was 60% using these criteria in combination. By immunohistology, M1 mucins were detected in the wall of mucinous lesions but not in fetal and normal adult pancreas and in serous cystadenomas. Measurement of M1 mucin antigen in cyst fluid could thus improve the diagnosis of mucinous cystic lesions of the pancreas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Isoamylases and their thermolability in serum and cyst fluid from patients with pancreatic pseudocysts.

The isoamylase pattern in serum and the amylase thermolability have been suggested as screening tests for the development of pancreatic pseudocysts. To study whether serum reflects the contents of pseudocysts, we have investigated the isoamylases and their thermolability in cyst fluid and in serum from 13 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts. No significant correlation was found between the contents in serum and cyst fluid with regard to total amylase and isoamylase P2 and P3 or with regard to the thermolability of total amylase and isoamylase P2 and P3. Thus, serum does not reflect the cyst contents of isoamylases or their thermolability. Therefore these serum amylase determinations can hardly be expected to be useful in distinguishing patients developing pseudocysts among patients with pancreatitis.

Adult↗