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PubMed2005

Reliability of self-reported contraceptive use and sexual behaviors among adolescent girls.

This study examines two issues relevant to adolescents' self-reported sexual and contraceptive use behaviors: reliability of partner-referent reports versus 3 and 6 month reports, and test-retest reliability of reports completed over a 2 week period. Data are from 196 13 to 18 year old girls recruited into this study while they south reproductive care from health clinics in a metropolitan area. All participants reported having had sexual intercourse during the past 6 months. Twice over a 2 week interval, participants completed the same paper and pencil surveys. The survey presented questions about sexual behavior and contraceptive use using 3 sequential frames of reference: within the past 6 months, within the past 3 months, and by specific sexual partners in the past 6 months. Findings demonstrate that adolescent girls can reliably report sexual behavior and contraceptive use over a 6 month interval. Study findings have implications for future research utilizing adolescents' self-reported sexual and contraceptive use behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Heterosexual experiences and partnerships of urban, low-income African-American and Hispanic youth.

We have used data from a probability sample of African-American and Hispanic youth living in low-income urban household to describe their heterosexual experiences and the influence of relationships with different kinds of sexual partners (married/lived with, well known, casual) on types of intercourse (oral, anal, vaginal), condom use, and use of other birth control methods. The Generalized Estimating Equation method for data sets with multiple observations on the same subject was used to examine whether an individual's behavior differs with different kinds of partners and how behavior with a given partner is affected by experience with other relationships. Results indicate that (a) with the exception of African-American men, sexual and contraceptive behavior varied considerably with different kinds of partners; (b) heterosexual oral and anal intercourse is more common among Hispanic than African- American youth; and (c) regardless of experience with other relationships, consistent condom use as well as use of any type of contraceptive method tend to be less likely with a casual sex partner. Data regarding percentages of consistent condom use (20%-45%) and increased involvement in risky behavior associated with multiple partners further emphasize the need for interventions that enhance condom use and discourage involvement with multiple partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Barriers to condom use among women attending planned parenthood clinics.

Assessed condom use, barriers to condom use, oral contraceptive use, partnership status and STD history in 457 15-30 year-old women attending four family planning clinics. Subjects were classified into three condom use groups: Non Users (37%); Current Users (33%); and Past Users (30%). Factor analysis revealed five barriers to condom use: Partner's Perception, Peer's Perception, Pleasure/Intimacy, Communication, and Low Perceived Need. Multivariate analyses revealed significant group differences on only two barrier factors: Pleasure/Intimacy and Low Perceived Need. Low Perceived Need accounted for 13.5% of the variance in condom use. Women with low perceived need to use condoms were more likely to use oral contraceptives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Predictors of adolescent female decision making regarding contraceptive usage.

The relationship of cognitive capacity, cognitive egocentrism, and experience factors to decision making in a contraceptive usage problem was examined. Fifty sexually active, unmarried females, ages 14-19, served as subjects. Using correlational, regression, and canonical correlational analyses, cognitive capacity and cognitive egocentrism variables, not experience with contraceptives, were found to be significantly related to, and predictive of, five of seven decision-making variables. Forty-one percent of the variance was accounted for in predicting the canonical decision-making variable. The implications of these results for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiology of contraception with steroids in Western Europe.

A study of contraceptive practice, essential knowledge and communication concerning contraception as well as the related perceptions was conducted among women aged 15-44 in Italy, France, Great Britain, Spain and the Federal Republic of Germany in the years 1984 and 1985. The pattern of contraceptive use and its differential varied strongly between countries. Knowledge, information and communications were observed to be different to a similar degree. Motives for changing contraceptive methods were largely inspired by concern for health and, to a lesser degree, reliability. Perceptions of contraceptive methods were found to be reasonably well in concurrence with reality, with the important exception of the perceptions of the health hazards of the pill which were largely overestimated, giving oral contraception and injustified bad image where effects on health are concerned.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The dynamics of contraceptive use in Peru.

In 1986, the Demographic and Health Surveys project administered the first six-year calendar history of events that included women's contraceptive use and their reasons for discontinuation in experimental surveys in Peru and the Dominican Republic. In this report the experimental survey from Peru is examined to demonstrate how the calendar data can be used to calculate multiple increment-decrement life table rates of contraceptive discontinuation--including contraceptive failure, method switching, and abandonment of use--and of resumption of method use following discontinuation. These analyses reveal that nearly half of all Peruvian women who begin to use a method will stop using it within one year; 29 percent of women discontinue method use for nonpregnancy-related reasons within one year of initiating use. Women who switch methods do so frequently, and many will return to a method used previously, or move on to a third method. Women who become pregnant after abandoning contraceptive use have similar contraceptive-use patterns to women who experience a contraceptive failure.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Factors related to self-reporting of the pre-menstrual syndrome.

Menstrual health questionnaires were completed by a self-selected sample of the readership of a woman's magazine (n = 5457). Sixty-one per cent of subjects described themselves as suffering from pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) and this was largely corroborated by ratings of symptoms pre-menstrually, menstrually and post-menstrually for the most recent cycle. Mood symptoms were more strongly implicated than physical ones. Self-report of PMS was found to be modestly associated with aspects of parity and oral contraceptive use, but strongly and positively related to the duration of 'natural' menstrual cycles (i.e. uninterrupted by pregnancy or steroidal contraception) and to psychosocial stress. There were interactions among psychosocial factors and between psychosocial load and duration of natural cycles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family communication about sex: what are parents saying and are their adolescents listening?

CONTEXT: Communication between parents and adolescents about sex, particularly in minority families, has been understudied; more information is needed both on which sex-related topics are discussed and on how their content is transmitted. METHODS: Parent-adolescent communication about 10 sex-related topics was examined in a sample of 907 Hispanic and black 14-16-year-olds. Chi-square analyses were performed to test for significant differences across the 10 topics in discussions reported by the adolescents (with either parent) and by the mothers. The openness of communication, parent-adolescent agreement about communication of topics and differences by gender and ethnicity were also examined. RESULTS: Significantly higher proportions of mothers and adolescents reported discussions of HIV or AIDS (92% by mothers and 71% by adolescents, respectively) and STDs (85% and 70%, respectively) than of issues surrounding sexual behavior, contraceptive use and physical development (27-74% for these other eight topics as reported by mothers vs. 15-66% as reported by adolescents). The gender of the adolescent and of the parent holding the discussion, but not the family's ethnicity, significantly influenced findings, with adolescents of both sexes more likely to report discussions with mothers than with fathers, and with parents more likely to discuss any of the 10 topics with an adolescent of the same gender than of the opposite gender. The likelihood of a topic being discussed and of mother-adolescent agreement that a topic was discussed both increased with an increasing degree of openness in the communication process. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with research among white samples, mothers of black and Hispanic adolescents are the primary parental communicators about sexual topics. To facilitate communication, educational programs for parents should cover not only what is discussed, but how the information is conveyed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Rheumatoid arthritis, the contraceptive pill, and androgens.

Evidence is accumulating that low androgen concentrations are a cause of rheumatoid arthritis. This would explain a number of established features of the epidemiology of the disease. These include: (a) the variation of disease activity with pregnancy; (b) the variation of age at onset by sex; (c) the variation by sex with HLA-B15; (d) the association with bone mineral density; and (e) the differing time trends in incidence rates by sex. It is argued, moreover, that if one makes a plausible assumption--namely, that women who choose oral contraceptives have high androgen concentrations at the time they first make this choice--then an explanation becomes available for the confusion about the relation between rheumatoid arthritis and oral contraception. Grounds are adduced for that assumption. If this line of reasoning is substantially correct it also has implications for the relations between rheumatoid arthritis and smoking and consumption of alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A methodological comparison of survey techniques in obtaining self-reports of condom-related behaviors.

To obtain more accurate accounts of sexual attitudes and practices, researchers must explore innovative ways to overcome the reluctance of individuals to disclose sensitive and perhaps incriminating information about themselves. The differences among selected modes of inquiry and survey techniques used to gather self-reports about sensitive contraceptive behaviors among young adults were examined in this study. Comparisons were made between the randomized response versus the direct-inquiry survey techniques and personal interview versus self-administered modes of inquiry relative to the reporting of sensitive condom-related sexual practices of 352 students at a large northeastern university. Findings indicated that the "controlled-choice" randomized-response technique was less effective in obtaining self-reports about condom-related practices than were direct-inquiry techniques. Recommendations for investigations are proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A psychosocial model of health behavior: implications for nutrition education, research and policy.

The paper presents a multidimensional psychological model of determinants of health behavior, tested empirically in three countries to ascertain its validity. The model postulates that given that ethnic, socioeconomic, and biological statuses (exogenous variables) are homogeneous, a health risk-taking behavior in a population is a function of direct, additive, and interaction effects of five categories of independent variables both internal to the persons and external in the action environment. Although the model is tested on contraceptive behavior, it is argued that the determinants and basic processes of this risk-taking behavior are similar to those involved in other health risk behaviors and that the five basic factors identified affect nutritional behaviors as well. The paper presents several broad implications on the model for nutrition education and research; but holds that specific implications could be best derived by the specialists in nutrition field.

Contraception↗