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PubMed1979

A computer program for testing average partial association in three-way contingency tables (PARCAT).

PARCAT is a computer program which implements alternative tests for average partial association in three-way contingency tables within the framework of the product multiple hypergeometric probability model. Primary attention is directed at the relationship between two of the variables, controlling for the effects of a covariable. This approach is essentially a multivariate extension of the Cochran/Mantel-Haenszel test to sets of (s x r) tables. A set of scores such as uniform, ridits, or probits can be assigned to categories which are ordinally scaled. In particular, if ridit scores with midranks assigned for ties are utilized, this procedure is equivalent to a partial Kruskal-Wallis test when one variable is ordinally scaled, and is equivalent to a partial Spearman rank correlation test when both variables are ordinally scaled.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Computer programs for the radioactive microsphere technique. Determination of regional blood flows and other haemodynamic variables in different experimental circumstances.

Computer programs in FORTRAN IV have been designed to calculate regional blood flow values from injections of gamma radiation-emitting radioactive microspheres. The first program PRSO constitutes a file containing the names of organs, organ groups and systemic haemodynamic variables and data about the isotopes in use. The second program PRSI transfers the data of the particular experiment concerning protocol, systemic haemodynamic variables, organ weights, number of vials belonging to each organ and the radioactivity from each vial into a data file that is subsequently analyzed by the third program PRSII. One of 5 data conditions which later directs calculations in PRSII is determined by PRSI. PRSII deducts background radioactivity, decomposes the spectrum from the mixture of up to 6 nuclides using the "stripping' method, and corrects for isotope decay during the counting period. Depending upon the data condition, PRSII calculates one or more of the following variables: (i) cardiac output (CO); (ii) the distribution of CO; (iii) regional blood flow values and tissue vascular resistances; (iv) the distribution of blood flow within an arterial bed; (v) arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow; (vi) some specified systemic haemodynamic variables; and (vii) blood flow ratios. The systemic and regional haemodynamic data belonging to experiments are saved for later statistical analyses (e.g., mean, standard error of the variables, changes from the base line, comparison between two groups of experiments) by other programs. PRSO, PRSI and PRSII can be operated by investigators with little or no special training in computer use.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A computer program for the deconvolution of mass spectral peak abundance data from experiments using stable isotopes.

A computer program is described for deconvoluting the overlap which is often found in mass spectral peak abundance data from stable isotope experiments. Peak intensity data from calibration standards are corrected using parameters calculated from the analysis of separate external standard solutions of analytes and internal standard. If the calibration data are satisfactory, the same parameters and the slope and intercept values from the least squares analysis of the calibration data are used to correct and quantitate the mass spectral peak intensity data from the quality assurance and experimental samples. Reports and graphs appropriate to the process are produced. Applications are given for the analysis of plasma samples from stable isotope experiments with carprofen, cifenline, and midazolam.

Carbazoles↗
PubMed1985

SEQ-ED: an interactive computer program for editing, analysis and storage of long DNA sequences.

The rapidly growing body of sequenced DNA demands efficient computer programs for its analysis and storage. The program described in this paper, SEQ-ED, has been designed to handle a large number of DNA sequences up to 200 kilobases [kb] long stored in a sequence library. In order to minimize the required storage space, the sequences are stored in a compressed format using three binary digits per base. In the development of this program, special care has been given to make it easy to use for molecular biologists without any previous computer experience.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1995

Development of a computer program for teaching periodontal diagnosis based on clinical epidemiological principles.

Multimedia teaching tools in dental education are still rare. This paper describes the development of an inexpensive yet powerful computer program for instruction in the principles of clinical epidemiology. The application was developed in the context of periodontal diagnostic methodologies at the third year D.D.S. level. Principles of probabilistic thinking are invoked as the student is guided from the application of raw research data to the derivation of likelihood ratios and how they affect clinical decision making. A questionnaire was used to evaluate student satisfaction with the program and the responses indicated good acceptance of the concepts presented in the program and an interest in further computer-aided instruction.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1979

A computer program for the analysis of dental models.

This paper presents the details and logic of a Fortran computer program which carries out routine clinical analysis of dental models resulting from impressions of the teeth and related structures, which are subsequently cast in plaster of Paris. The program is primarily intended for use by the orthodontist who is engaged in research or clinical practice, and is useful in studies related to changes in the dentition as a result of orthodontic treatment.

Computers↗
PubMed1984

A computer program for estimating thresholds by means of Wetherill's Up-Down Transformed Response Rule (UDTR).

A Fortran IV computer program is presented which allows for automatic estimation of thresholds on an S-shaped psychometric curve by means of Wetherill's Up-Down Transformed Response Rule (UDTR). The efficiency and asymptotic properties of these rules are discussed and illustrated. The main program is in the form of a keyboard portable tutorial which calls the main decision-making subroutine. The subroutine can be detached from the tutorial. Only a single call with seven parameters is required to reach the subroutine. The program is particularly useful in forced-choice procedures.

Auditory Threshold↗
PubMed1987

[Optimizing ruminant feed rations from the physiological aspect with FURAT, a personal computer program].

Health disorders caused by feeding are a common problem in cattle keeping. For this reason the personal computer program, FURAT, was developed for the calculation and optimization of ruminant feed rations with respect to physiological aspects. With this program, weighed feed rations selected from the feedstuff on the standard list or from a self-drawn up feedstuff list can be tested for their content of various nutrients and compared with the requirements of the animals to be fed. Subsequently in an optimization program using the same feedstuff rations can be worked out for various performance categories ensuring the best possible feeding from the health aspect. With a free choice within a feed range and taking into account the physiological limits of the rumen (maximum compound intake, minimum raw fiber amount in the dry matter, minimum structure in the raw fiber, maximum raw fat in the dry matter) the ration is calculated to achieve a balanced protein-energy ratio. One of the two main nutrients--protein or energy--must amount exactly to the target value in the ration, and the other has to be as close as possible to its target value. From among up to 12 different feedstuff the computer will choose the optimal ration which can be printed with a precise indication of all parameters. The rations worked out for the various performance categories are stored and, at the end of the program, are printed in short form in a letter addressed to the farmer that also lists necessary mineral supplements.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of a Bayesian regression-analysis computer program using non-steady-state phenytoin concentrations.

The predictive performance of a Bayesian regression-analysis computer program that uses non-steady-state phenytoin data was evaluated. Forty patients receiving phenytoin or phenytoin sodium who had two or more non-steady-state serum concentrations were selected for study. Additional serum concentrations and dosing data were collected as they became available, but no effort was made to control the number or timing of serum concentration determinations. Patients were categorized into four groups for evaluation of the effect of potential bioavailability problems and length of dosing history (time over which serum concentration-time data were collected) on the ability to predict subsequent phenytoin concentrations. Population parameters for phenytoin maximum rate of elimination (Vmax), apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), volume of distribution (V), and bioavailability (F) were obtained from the literature. Predictions based on serum phenytoin concentrations and dosing histories (information intervals) of 5 or 10 days were compared with predictions based on naive (population-based) estimates using prediction-error analysis. In each patient group, the use of either 5-day or 10-day information intervals resulted in a significant increase in precision and a significant reduction in bias compared with naive estimates. For the group of patients who initially had two or more serum concentrations within the first five days of monitoring, predictions showed a marked increase in bias and a decrease in precision as the time interval from the last measured concentration to the time of prediction increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed1987

[Comparison of 3 ECG computer programs with interpretation by physicians].

Three ECG computer programs-Hewlett Packard analog program (HP), Telemed analog program (T) and Marquette 12 SL digital program (MAC)-were evaluated and their accuracy of ECG reading compared with the reading of 4 experienced interpreters on 140 ECGs of patients with various clinical abnormalities. Major disagreement with effect on patient management, and minor disagreement were defined at a joint session with a senior (consensus). The computers identified all normal ECGs correctly (sensitivity 100%). The percentage of major agreements (full agreements and minor disagreements) between consensus and computer was 79% for HP, 90% for T and 93% for MAC. The number of disagreements varied widely between readers and in relation to the different computers. Major problems for the computers were the interpretation of rhythm disturbances and the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, T-wave changes and ventricular hypertrophy: major diagnoses missed by the readers were first degree AV block, QT prolongation, and myocardial infarction. Although there was a considerable difference of accuracy between the 3 computer systems, all of them are sufficiently accurate to be useful to most clinicians. However, every ECG should be over-read by a physician, particularly if a clinical decision is based on the ECG diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Characteristic features of the nucleotide sequences of yeast mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes as analyzed by computer program GeneMark.

The nucleotide sequence data for yeast mitochondrial ribosomal protein (MRP) genes were analyzed by the computer program GeneMark which predicts the presence of likely genes in sequence data by calculating statistical biases in the appearance of consecutive nucleotides. The program uses a set of standard sequence data for this calculation. We used this program for the analysis of yeast nucleotide sequence data containing MRP genes, hoping to obtain information as to whether they share features in common that are different from other yeast genes. Sequence data sets for ordinary yeast genes and for 27 known MRP genes were used. The MRP genes were nicely predicted as likely genes regardless of the data sets used, whereas other yeast genes were predicted to be likely genes only when the data set for ordinary yeast genes was used. The assembled sequence data for chromosomes II, III, VIII and XI as well as the segmented data for chromosome V were analyzed in a similar manner. In addition to the known MRP genes, eleven ORF's were predicted to be likely MRP genes. Thus, the method seems very powerful in analyzing genes of heterologous origins.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1993

A computer program to aid in calculating similarity indexes from DNA fingerprints.

DNA SIMDEX is a DOS-based computer program designed to assist in the visual scoring of DNA fingerprint assays. DNA SIMDEX uses the migration distances of the individual DNA bands to generate lists of probable matching and nonmatching bands and automatically calculates a probable similarity index between DNA fingerprints based on these initial predictions. After comparisons are edited by the user, the final similarity index, along with accompanying data, can be saved on a floppy disk or hard drive for easy storage and retrieval or can be printed directly on a laser or line printer. The program has been developed to function with or without an image-analysis system, thus making it an inexpensive alternative for small laboratories.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of computer programs in the education and self-management of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus].

A computerized program for children and adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and their parents has been developed. Our program consists of computed assisted education, of aid to routine insulin dosage self adjustment and of records of home and hospital controls. Technically it has been implemented in DBIII plus: it runs on IBM PC computers (and compatible computers) and MS DOS (version 3.0 and later). Computed assisted education consists of 80 multiples choice questions divided in 2 parts: the first concerns basic informations about diabetes while the second one behavioral attitudes of patient in particular situations. Explanations are displayed after every question, apart from correct of incorrect choice. Help for self-adjustment of routine insulin dosage is offered in the third part. Finally daily home urine and/or blood controls and results of hospital admissions are stored in a database.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

PRENRL_3D: a computer program for an automatic creation of NRL_3D, protein sequence-structure database, from the Protein Data Bank.

Recently, we have developed a sequence-structure database of protein information, NRL_3D, that is extracted from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. NRL_3D provides a vehicle for the retrieval of the three-dimensional coordinates of protein fragments as identified by sequence properties. These data are formulated to allow access by standard sequence analysis programs such as those provided by the Protein Identification Resource (PIR). Because the PDB is updated four times per year, semimanual construction of NRL_3D in coordination with these updates becomes a time-consuming and inefficient task. Hence, we have developed a computer program (PRENRL_3D) in the "C" computer language that automatically extracts NRL_3D from the PDB. Although the program was developed in a VAX/VMS environment, care was taken to ensure its portability to other computer systems. Customized versions of the NRL_3D database can be created from the PDB entry files using various options available in PRENRL_3D, such as selection of entries determined at high resolution and with low R-value. The program has been developed modularly and it contains a number of generalized procedures for manipulating various information in the PDB.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

A unified computer program for assessment of attenuation correction and data acquisition methods in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

A computer based simulation program was developed to assess the usefulness of various attenuation correction algorithms and data acquisition methods in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in a unified approach. The program analytically calculated projection ray sums from a mathematical model with various distributions of activities and either uniform or non uniform attenuation coefficients by using the line integrals including the effect of attenuation. Data acquisition starting at arbitrary angles, various acquisition angles, including a 180 degree scan and a non circular orbit of a gamma camera, including an elliptical orbit can readily be taken into consideration in our simulation program. To simulate non circular orbit data acquisition, the resolution dependence on the object distance from the collimator surface was incorporated into the simulation. This computer based simulation program allows various combinations of attenuation correction algorithms such as hybrid methods, and data acquisition methods can be evaluated under a large number of study conditions. The usefulness of this computer based simulation program is shown with several representative examples.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1976

A computer program for the generalized chi-square analysis of categorical data using weighted least squares (GENCAT).

GENCAT is a computer program which implements an extremely general methodology for the analysis of multivariate categorical data. This approach essentially involves the construction of test statistics for hypotheses involving functions of the observed proportions which are directed at the relationships under investigation and the estimation of corresponding model parameters via weighted least squares computations. Any compounded function of the observed proportions which can be formulated as a sequence of the following transformations of the data vector--linear, logarithmic, exponential, or the addition of a vector of constants--can be analyzed within this general framework. This algorithm produces minimum modified chi-square statistics which are obtained by partitioning the sums of squares as in ANOVA. The input data can be either: (a) frequencies from a multidimentional contingency table; (b) a victor of functions with its estimated covariance matrix; and (c) raw data in the form of integer-valued variables associated with each subject. The input format is completely flexible for the data as well as for the matrices.

Biometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personal computer programs to assist with self-monitoring of blood glucose and self-adjustment of insulin dosage.

We have developed computer programs in compiled BASIC for the IBM-PC and compatible microcomputers for use by physicians, paramedical personnel, and/or patients to assist with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and self-adjustment of insulin dosage. The programs can potentially assist with patient education and motivation, and provide: a customized "electronic notebook" for storage and retrieval of information on blood glucose, insulin dosage, hypoglycemic reactions, urinary ketones, diet, activity, weight, illness, apparent explanations for hypoglycemic reactions or glucose values outside target ranges, and comments; graphic displays of glucose and insulin versus date, and of a "glucose profile" versus time of day or versus day of the week; simple and detailed statistical analyses; a legible summary of data; a facility to permit the physician to prepare a "customized treatment plan" for each patient, involving a choice of six regimens, target levels for each of eight time periods, four supplement tables (when well or sick, before meals, or at bedtime), rules to reduce insulin in response to hypoglycemic reactions or documented hypoglycemia, rules to increase routine insulin doses in response to persistent unexplained hyperglycemia, and rules when the patient should call the physician; suggestions regarding compensatory supplements and adjustments of routine insulin dosage; explanations why various insulin dosages should or should not be altered, and why various glucose values should be tested; comparisons of the insulin dosage administered by the patient and the recommendations of the program, together with explanations for discrepancies offered by the patient, to help evaluate compliance. The program is "user-friendly," easy to learn, and easy to use.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Glucose↗