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PubMed2004

Color stability of resin matrix restorative materials as a function of the method of light activation.

The purpose was to investigate the influence of curing devices and curing times on the yellow value (b-value) of composites, ormocers and compomers after performing a suntest (EN ISO 7491). Eight samples of Charisma (CH), Durafill (DU), Definite (DE), and Dyract AP (DY) each were light cured with Translux Energy (tungsten halogen light) for 20, 40 or 60 s and with Apollo 95-E (plasma light) for 3, 10 or 20 s. All samples were subjected to a suntest. Before and after the suntest the yellow values (b-values) were determined and the change (Delta b) was calculated. When cured with Translux Energy for 20 and 40 s DU, CH, and DY revealed significantly negative Delta b-values. The b-value of DE remained nearly constant. When cured for 60 s, DU and DE shifted to more yellow while CH and DY still bleached a little. When cured with Apollo 95-E, a dramatic bleaching process of all materials investigated occurred after the suntest (significant negative Delta b). It may be concluded that the bleaching of composites, ormocers and compomers depends on (i) the used light curing device and (ii) the chosen curing times. The tungsten halogen light provided highly significantly superior results.

Ceramics↗
PubMed2000

Amalgam substitutes: a critical analysis.

PURPOSE: Quality standards for restorations recently have been defined in Switzerland. Amalgam substitutes must meet restoration Grade 2 requirements (i.e., pulp and dental hard substance must be preserved, and both form and function of the tooth have to be reconstituted). The pertinent operative technique has to be simple and amalgam-like. A minimum service life of 8 years is required. This in vitro study investigated the clinical potential of several amalgam substitutes, taking into account the operative requirements, the defined restorative guidelines, and the required service life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Potential amalgam substitutes evaluated in this study included compomers (Compoglass, Dyract, Dyract AP, Elan, F 2000) and resin-based composites (Alert, Ariston, Definite, Nulite, Solitaire, Surefil). The composites Adaptic and Tetric Cream, using a simplified placement technique, were tested as negative and positive controls, respectively. Marginal adaptation and wear properties were measured in vitro in mixed Class II cavities. Relative radiopacity was measured in terms of millimeters of equivalent aluminum. RESULTS: All compomers showed a radiopacity of 2.5 mm or more aluminum. Only Dyract AP and Elan were more wear resistant than amalgam. After stressing, the percentage of continuous margin was at best 31% overall and 17% in dentin only. Among resin-based composites, the minimum requirements of radiopacity were fulfilled only by Alert, Surefil, and Tetric. Only Definite, Surefil, Solitaire, and Tetric exhibited wear resistance greater than amalgam. After stressing, the best marginal qualities were 41% continuous margin overall, and 8% in dentin only.

Compomers↗
PubMed2000

Effects of fluoride varnish on color of esthetic restorative material.

PURPOSE: This study determined the color stability of a compomer, hybrid ionomer, and composite after staining with three fluoride varnishes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five disks (10 mm in diameter, 2 mm thick) of each material were prepared in a mold and incubated at 100% relative humidity at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Duraphat, Duraflor, FluorProtector, and water (control) were applied to the disks, which were subsequently brushed with a soft toothbrush and dentifrice. Color was measured at baseline, after staining, and after brushing using CIE L*a*b* (source C) against white background on a reflection spectrophotometer, and color change (delta E*) was calculated. Means (n = 5) and standard deviations were calculated and compared using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Tukey-Kramer intervals (p = .05) were calculated to compare means. RESULTS: Varnishes Duraflor and Duraphat caused perceptible color changes (delta E* > 3.3) in compomer, hybrid ionomer, and composite after application; however, FluorProtector did not affect the color of the materials. After brushing, none of the materials exhibited perceptible values of delta E*, except the composite with Duraflor (delta E* = 5.4).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

In vitro fluoride release from aesthetic restorative materials following recharging with APF gel.

In this in vitro study, the fluoride ion release from three more-viscous conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs)--ChemFlex, Fuji IX GP, Ionofil Molar--four polyacid-modified resin composites (compomers)--Dyract AP, Compoglass F, Freedom, F2000--and a hybrid resin composite--Ariston pHc--were compared. The amounts of fluoride release from 3 x 2.7 mm specimens were measured over six weeks using a fluoride ion-selective electrode. After six weeks, the specimens were recharged with 2 ml of 1.23 per cent acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel for four minutes. The recharged specimens were then assessed for the amounts of fluoride release over another six weeks. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way and repeated measures ANOVA. The GICs and Compoglass F showed significantly higher initial fluoride release rates during the first two days (p < 0.05). After the first two days, fluoride release rates from all materials dropped quickly and became essentially stabilized within three-five weeks, in an exponential mode. The recharging of the specimens with APF gel caused a brief, but significant, increase in fluoride release for all materials (p < 0.05), before decreasing to previous comparable rates. Compoglass F released relatively more fluoride, and Ariston pHc relatively less, after APF gel application than before. The lowest total amounts over the study were released by Dyract AP and Freedom. The newer compomers, as well as the newer more-viscous GICs, appear to act as fluoride reservoirs to varying extents.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed2004

Longevity of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement and a polyacid-modified resin composite restoring non-carious cervical lesions in a general dental practice.

BACKGROUND: Long-term prospective survival studies of resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs) and polyacid-modified resin composites (compomers) placed in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) are lacking from general dental practice. Short-term studies have shown an unsatisfactory clinical performance for several materials. METHODS: One practitioner placed 87 compomer (Compoglass, Vivadent-Ivoclar) and 73 encapsulated RMGIC (Fuji II LC, GC Int.) restorations in NCCLs for 61 adults. Compoglass was placed using SCA primer, and Fuji II LC using GC Dentin Conditioner. No cavity preparation was undertaken. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for estimating the cumulative survivals for those restorations that were replaced, with the probability level set at alpha = 0.05 for statistical significance. RESULTS: Restorations were judged unsatisfactory (by the practitioner and the subjects) because of surface and marginal loss of material (68.8 per cent), dislodgement (18.8 per cent) and discoloration (12.4 per cent), these modes being similar for both materials (P = 0.35). Unsatisfactory restorations were replaced in 121 (75.6 per cent) instances. After periods of up to five years, cumulative survival estimates were 14.9 (5.8 Standard Error) per cent for Compoglass and zero per cent for Fuji II LC (P = 0.74). Median survivals were 30 months for Compoglass and 42 months for Fuji II LC. CONCLUSION: Both materials had high long-term unsatisfactory performances when placed in non-prepared NCCLs in a general dental practice.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2005

The two-year clinical performance of esthetic restorative materials in noncarious cervical lesions.

BACKGROUND: Materials used in restoration of cervical lesions include resin-modified glass ionomer cements, polyacid-modified resin-based composites and resin-based composites. In this study, the authors evaluated the clinical performance of these materials over a two-year period. METHODS: Thirty patients were enrolled in this study. The authors placed in these patients 130 restorations, 24 of which were Vitremer (3M Dental Products, St. Paul, Minn.), 38 were F2000 Compomer (3M Dental Products), 46 were Dyract AP (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) and 22 were Valux Plus (3M Dental Products). Enamel margins were not beveled, and no mechanical retention was placed. Two independent, calibrated examiners evaluated the restorations baseline and at one and two years after placement using modified U.S. Public Health Service criteria. RESULTS: Retention rates at the end of two years were 100 percent for Vitremer, 67 percent for F2000 Compomer, 68 percent for Dyract AP and 70 percent for Valux Plus. The retention rate of Vitremer was significantly higher than that of the others (P < .05). In other categories, however, Valux Plus had the most favorable performance (P < .05). No secondary caries was detected around any restoration. CONCLUSION: Vitremer, with its high retention rate, seems to be the most appropriate material for restoration of noncarious cervical lesions, though it does not have the esthetic properties of resin-based composites. All materials used in this study were in need of improvements. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement, polyacid-modified resin-based composite and resin-based composite behaved differently in the restoration of noncarious cervical lesions. Therefore, clinicians should take factors such as esthetic needs and localization into account in selecting materials for such restorations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effect of prophylactic treatments on the superficial roughness of dental tissues and of two esthetic restorative materials.

Dental prophylaxis is a common way to remove dental plaque and stain, both undesirable factors in most dentistry procedures. However, besides cleaning the tooth surface, prophylactic techniques may increase the surface roughness of restorations and dental tissues, which, in turn, may result in plaque accumulation, superficial staining and superficial degradation. This study evaluated the effect of three prophylactic techniques--sodium bicarbonate jet, pumice paste and whiting paste--on the superficial roughness of two restorative materials--a composite resin and a compomer--and on the superficial roughness of two dental surfaces--enamel and cementum/dentin--through rugosimetric and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Statistical analysis of the rugosimetric data showed that the use of pumice paste on enamel produced a significantly smoother surface than the natural surface. However, comparing the effect of the three techniques, prophylaxis with the pumice paste produced a rougher surface than did the other techniques as regards enamel and cementum/dentin probably due to its abrasiveness. On composite resin, the pumice paste only produced a rougher surface than did the whiting paste. On compomer, all of the applied treatments produced similar results. Based on rugosimetric and SEM analysis, we could conclude that the prophylactic treatments employed did not improve roughness of the studied surfaces. As to the effects of the techniques, they were different depending on the surfaces on which the prophylactic treatments were applied.

Compomers↗
PubMed2006

Children's selection of posterior restorative materials.

This study evaluated children's preference for posterior restorations. After viewing photographs of amalgam, composite, colored compomer and stainless steel crowns, 100 children 5-12 years-old responded to a satisfaction survey. The influence of age, gender and ethnicity was assessed and statistically analyzed Composite resins were preferred the most and amalgam the least. Caucasians mostly selected composites while African Americans stainless steel crowns. Early interest in colored compomers was seen in young, males and Caucasians.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

In vitro inhibition of caries-like lesions with fluoride-releasing materials.

The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro caries inhibition of various resin-based materials. Class V cavities were prepared in twenty-five freshly extracted human premolar teeth which were then restored with glass-ionomer cement (Chemfill II), compomer (Compoglass F, Dyract AP) and composite resin (Tetric Ceram and Z 100). The teeth were submerged in an acid gel for 6 weeks. Each specimen was sectioned. These sections were left in water for 24 hours, and then examined using polarized light microscopy. The lesion consisted of two parts, the outer surface lesion and the cavity wall lesion. There was no significant difference in the body depth of the outer lesion and in the depth of the wall lesion among teeth restored with Compoglass F, Dyract AP and Chemfill II (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference between those restored with Z 100 and Tetric Ceram (P < 0.05). The length of the wall lesion for the teeth restored with Chemfill II was significantly smaller than that in the remaining groups (P < 0.05). The length of the wall lesion for teeth restored with Tetric Ceram and Z 100 was significantly higher than in the remaining groups (P < 0.05). These results suggest that composite materials and compomer provide less caries inhibition than glass-ionomer cements.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2006

Microleakage of restorative materials: an in vitro study.

The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and comparing the microleakage of glass ionomer, composite resin and compomers. Class V cavities were made in thirty intact caries free premolars and restored with restorative materials to be tested respectively. The teeth were thermocycled and subjected to silver nitrate dye penetration. They were subsequently sectioned buccolingually. Microleakage was evaluated under a stereomicroscope and data subjected to statistical analysis. The study concluded that microleakage was evident in all restorative materials, with glass ionomer showing maximum leakage followed by composite resin. Compomer demonstrated the best results with minimum leakage.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1998

Dentin demineralization inhibition at restoration margins of Vitremer, Dyract and Compoglass.

PURPOSE: To examine the in vitro caries inhibition of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Vitremer-3M) and two compomers (Dyract-Dentsply; Compoglass-Ivoclar). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized Class V preparations were placed in 40 molars, the gingival margin placed below the cementoenamel junction. Randomly, 10 Vitremer, 10 Dyract and 10 Compoglass restorations were placed according to manufacturer's instructions, in 30 teeth. Ten teeth received P-50 composite resin (3M) restorations and acted as the control. All teeth had an acid-resistant varnish placed to within 1 mm of restoration margins and they were then placed into artificial saliva for 4 weeks, the saliva being replenished every 48 hours. All teeth were subjected to an artificial caries challenge (pH 4.4) for 5 days. Sections of 100 microns were obtained, photographed under polarized light microscopy, and then digitized to quantitate demineralized areas adjacent to the restoration. RESULTS: The mean (+/- S.D) area (microns 2) demineralization 100 microns from the dentin/gingival margin was: Vitremer 4965 +/- 841, Compoglass 4981 +/- 2209, Dyract 5375 +/- 516, P-50 8088 +/- 2083. ANOVA and Duncan's (P < 0.05) indicated all three fluoride-releasing materials examined in this study had significantly less demineralization adjacent to restoration margins than the P-50 composite resin control. Seventy percent of glass ionomer cement restorations demonstrated adjacent dentin inhibition zones, while no dentin inhibition zones were demonstrated with the compomer restorations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Postoperative dental bleaching: effect of microleakage on Class V tooth colored restorative materials.

The effect of 3 percent, 11 percent, and 16 percent carbamide peroxide bleaching solutions and 35 percent hydrogen peroxide bleaching gel on microleakage of Class V composite resins, resin modified glass ionomer cements, and compomer restorative materials together with corresponding (if indicated) fourth/fifth generation bonding agents was evaluated using previously extracted human teeth. Five groups of Class V cavity preparations were placed in enamel of the facial surfaces of 200 teeth. Groups A through D included 40 restorations each (4 different restorative materials and their accompanying bonding agent multiplied by 10 teeth) treated with 3 percent, 11 percent, and 16 percent carbamide peroxide bleach and 35 percent hydrogen peroxide bleach. Group E included 40 restorations without treatment of bleach and stood as the control. The restorative materials included were: Fuji II LC resin modified glass ionomer cement, Helioprogress composite resin/-Heliobond adhesive system, Aelitefil composite resin/Allbond 2 adhesive and Dyract compomer material/Prime & Bond adhesive system. Bleaching agents included were Rembrandt 3 percent peroxide gel, Perfecta 16 percent carbamide peroxide gel, White & Brite 11 percent carbamide peroxide solution and Superoxyl 35 percent hydrogen peroxide gel. All teeth were thermally stressed for 100 cycles and microleakage were assessed by dye penetration. The results were tabulated using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) testing procedures. The Aelitefil composite resin material behaved the least favorably (relative to microleakage) compared to the other materials when exposed to various concentrations of dental bleaching agents.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Color of restorative materials after staining and bleaching.

This study determined the effect of a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent on the removal of stain from restorative materials. Color changes (delta E*) of three restorative materials [compomer (Dyract); composite (TPH Spectrum); hybrid ionomer (Fuji II LC)] when exposed to juice/tea, chlorhexidine (CH), and water (control) for 120 hours were studied. Stained specimens were treated for two 2-hour periods with a bleaching agent (Platinum Tooth Whitening System) with and without the active ingredient. Color was measured at baseline, after staining, and after treatment using the CIE L*a*b* color system relative to CIE standard illuminant A (incandescent light) as measured by a reflection spectrophotometer. Means and standard deviations (n = 5) were calculated and data were analyzed by four-way ANOVA. All variables and interactions were statistically significant. Color changes caused by CH and water were not perceptible (delta E* < 3.3). After two 2-hour treatments, the following occurred with specimens stained with cranberry juice/tea: paste with and without active ingredient perceptibly changed color of stained composite. The stained hybrid ionomer perceptibly changed color after treatment with paste containing active ingredient but did not change after exposure to paste without active ingredient. The stained compomer was not perceptibly different with either treatment. Platinum successfully removed stains from the composite and hybrid ionomer tested.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selected mechanical properties of fluoride-releasing restorative materials.

Mechanical properties, diametral tensile strength (DTS) and flexural strength (FS) of six fluoride releasing materials were measured and compared. The samples were prepared and tested according to ISO specifications. The materials included a glass ionomer (Fuji IX), a resin-modified glass ionomer (Photac-Fil), two compomers (F 2000; Dyract AP) and two composites (Solitaire; Tetric Ceram). The tests were performed after the materials were stored in distilled water (DTS) and phosphate buffered saline solution (FS) at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and one week. Fluoride-releasing composite resin had the highest flexural and diametral tensile strengths and were statistically stronger than compomers, followed by resin-modified glass ionomer and conventional glass ionomer. However, a notable exception to this general trend was Solitaire, a fluoride-releasing composite resin.

Buffers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inhibition of artificial secondary caries in root by fluoride-releasing restorative materials.

This investigation evaluated the fluoride-releasing properties of various fluoride-releasing restorative materials, including resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (Fuji ionomer TypeII LC, Photac-Fil Aplicap, Vitremer), compomers (Ionosit FIL, Compoglass, Dyract) and fluoride-releasing resin composites (Heliomolar radiopaque, Degufill mineral). The study also estimated the effects of those materials on the inhibition of artificial secondary caries around restorations using a bacterial caries-inducing system. The amount of fluoride released from the materials in deionized water was measured every one week for 10 weeks. Class V cavities with the gingival margin located in the root were prepared in extracted human premolars and restored with each of the materials. The restored teeth were incubated in the bacterial artificial caries chamber, and the artificial lesion created around the restoration was observed microradiographically. The resin-modified glass-ionomer cements released the largest amount of fluoride and created a thick radio-opaque zone in the artificial lesion along the restoration-dentin interface. These results indicated that the fluoride-releasing restorative materials have the potential to inhibit secondary caries formation around restorations. Resin-modified glass-ionomer cements presented a particularly strong effect, compared with compomers and fluoride-releasing resin composites.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tooth-colored filling materials for the restoration of cervical lesions: a 24-month follow-up study.

The recently developed resin-modified glass ionomer cements and the polyacid-modified composites are promising alternatives to conventional materials for restoring cervical defects. This clinical study evaluated the clinical condition of cervical fillings 24 months following placement. The study subjects were 197 cervical restorations placed on incisors, canines and premolars in 37 patients for restoration of erosion/non-carious lesions (69 cases), primary carious lesions (57 cases) and the replacement of deficient restorations (71 cases). The teeth were randomly divided into four groups for restoration with either Tetric (composite, Group A: n = 36), Dyract (compomer, Group B: n = 79), Fuji II LC (resin-modified glass ionomer cement, Group C: n = 51) or Photac-Fil (resin-modified glass ionomer cement, Group D: n = 31). The evaluation was done single-blind at baseline, 8 and 24 months after the placement of the fillings, according to a modified USPHS rating scale. The assessment criteria were color stability, anatomical form, surface texture, marginal integrity, marginal discoloration and loss of filling. Statistical analysis was completed using Pearson chi-square and Fisher's exact test at a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). After the 24-month period, the composite restorations showed superior results. The compomer fillings demonstrated conditions that were only slightly worse. A substantial number of the resin-modified glass-ionomer fillings were evaluated with bravo or even charlie scores in respect to at least one of the criteria assessed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Clinical evaluation of polyacid-modified resin composite posterior restorations: one-year results.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the clinical performance of a new compomer restorative system, Dyract AP, placed in combination with Non-Rinse Conditioner and Prime & Bond NT in permanent posterior teeth. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Fifty Class II and 41 Class I restorations were placed in 39 patients by 1 dentist. The restorations were evaluated directly, with modified US Public Health Service criteria, and indirectly, with color slides and polyvinyl siloxane impressions, at baseline and 6 months and 1 year after placement. Preoperative and 1-year postoperative bitewing radiographs were also taken. RESULTS: All 82 restorations available for 1-year evaluation were in situ. No postoperative sensitivity or pulpal problems were reported. Four Class II restorations (4.9%) failed because of partial fracture or recurrent caries. The percentages of Alfa score for each criterion were color match, 95.1%; marginal discoloration, 57.3%; marginal integrity, 35.4%; anatomic form, 98.8%; and surface texture, 91.5%. The average wear rate of Dyract AP was low (18.5 +/- 11.7 microns at 6 months and 35.7 +/- 13.6 microns at 12 months). CONCLUSION: The excellent handling characteristics, the good clinical performance, and the improved wear resistance suggest that this compomer will provide reliable direct tooth-colored restorations in stress-bearing areas.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of surface treatment on the shear bond strength of luting cement to a glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different surface treatments on the bond strength of four different luting cements--three bis-GMA-based resin cements and a compomer cement--to In-Ceram. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight In-Ceram samples were used for each experimental group. The samples were randomly assigned three treatment conditions: (1) etching for 90 seconds with 5% hydrofluoric acid gel, (2) sandblasting (110-micron Al2O3), and (3) tribochemical silica coating. All samples were silanated following the surface treatment. The luting cements were bonded to In-Ceram specimens using Teflon tubes. All samples were thermocycled for 5,000 cycles altering between 5 and 55 degrees C with 30-second dwell times. The shear bond strength values were measured in a universal testing machine with a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Analysis of variance was used to analyze data. RESULTS: The mean bond strengths varied between 1.2 and 24.7 MPa. CONCLUSION: Shear bond strength of compomer cement following tribochemical silica coating was significantly lower in comparison to resin cements. Luting of In-Ceram with various resins provided varying degrees of bond strengths that were significantly increased by the tribochemical silica-coating system.

Aluminum Oxide↗