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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Clinical skill development for community pharmacists.

The importance of establishing clinical pharmacy services in the community cannot be understated in light of current challenges to the traditional dispensing role as the primary service of the community pharmacist. Advancements in automated dispensing technology and declining prescription fee reimbursement are rapidly forcing pharmacists to seek alternative sources of revenue. Providing pharmaceutical care is a viable option to increase customer loyalty job satisfaction, and reimbursement. To support the development of clinical services, academic institutions are forming partnerships with individual community practitioners to overcome perceived educational and training barriers. The authors describe the design and development of two unique clinical skill development programs at the University of Illinois at Chicago. This paper also outlines the patient focused services that the participants have established upon completing the training. These programs successfully enhanced participants' therapeutic knowledge base and facilitated development of the clinical skills necessary for direct patient care.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1983

Perspectives on acute gastroenteritis in black South African infants.

In developing countries, gastroenteritis is the major cause of infant mortality; however, owing to inadequate laboratory facilities and personnel, little is known about the status of enteropathogenic agents, especially rotavirus. Disease patterns differ between developed and developing communities, and rotavirus plays a markedly lesser role in the overall etiology of the disease in developing than in developed countries--where it is one of the major etiological agents. This may be due to extensive exposure to rotavirus in developing communities during and soon after the neonatal period, causing inapparent or mild clinical infection that could result in immunity during the significant target age of 6 to 24 months. This immunity may have important implications for immunization. However, immunoprophylaxis should be secondary to an improvement in socioeconomic conditions. The dramatic reduction in incidence and mortality of gastroenteritis seen in the Black urban populations of Johannesburg and Cape Town was a direct result of improvements in nutrition, housing, sanitation, etc.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2000

The influence of elevated carbon dioxide and water availability on herbaceous weed development and growth of transplanted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda).

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were grown in competition with native weeds using soil and seed bank collected from recently chopped and burned areas near Appomattox, Virginia. One-year-old seedlings were planted and weeds allowed to germinate from the native seed bank while being exposed to CO(2) (ambient and elevated - approximately 700 ppm) and water (water stressed and well watered) treatments for approximately one growing season in a greenhouse. Elevated CO(2) did not influence total weed biomass; however, C(3) weed community development was favored over C(4) weed community development in elevated CO(2) regardless of water availability. This suggests that weed community composition may shift toward C(3) plants in a future elevated CO(2) atmosphere. Pine growth was significantly greater in the well watered and elevated CO(2) treatments compared to the water stressed and ambient treatments, respectively, even though they were competing with native herbaceous weeds for resources. There was a significant water and CO(2) interaction for pine root:shoot ratio. Under elevated CO(2), root:shoot ratio was significantly greater in the water stressed treatment than the well watered treatment. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the root:shoot ratio under the ambient CO(2) treatment for either water treatment. These results suggest that loblolly pine seedlings will respond favorably in an elevated CO(2) atmosphere, even under dry conditions and competing with herbaceous weeds.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Assessment of the health impact of occupational risk in Africa: current situation and methodological issues.

This paper presents information from the current monitoring systems in Africa, mainly Southern Africa, for occupational illness and injury and discusses the quality of the reported data in estimating the health impact of occupational risk. The paper presents and discusses the current profile of reported injury and fatalities for those countries for which data are available, in particular for the countries of the Southern African Development Community. These data indicate that the reported annual injury rates for wage workers in the Southern African Development Community region range widely from 0.35 to 49.42 injuries per 1,000 workers, and reported occupational fatality in the region ranges from 0.85 to 21.6 fatalities per 100,000 workers. Despite wide variability in reported rates (probably caused by variability in coverage and accuracy of reporting systems), transport, agriculture, mining and, to a lesser extent, construction consistently make up about three-quarters of all fatalities, with vehicle- or transport-related causes accounting for high proportions of fatal accidents. The paper identifies and discusses major sources and direction of bias and error in the reported data and suggests approaches for a better assessment of the health impact of occupational illness, injury, and mortality in African countries.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1998

Curriculum development in community health: drift or shift?

The curriculum in community health is best described as eclectic and dynamic. Its relevance is maintained by its response to the macro-environment; this response, whether innovative or otherwise, may be incremental on the one hand or feature wholesale change consequent on radical rethinking on the other. This paper reviews the content of the emerging curriculum in community health at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica, and attempts to discern the process of change and the factors which have informed these developments.

Clinical Clerkship↗
PubMed1998

[A prerequisite to the development of community health: the mobilization of professionals and residents in Saint-Herblain].

In 1990-1991, the city of Saint-Herblain (Loire-Atlantique) has been involved in a method of a social development of the area. As part of it, an health project has been made in order to associate the residents. Through a question: "what is health as for you?", residents and professionals have expressed themselves about the neighbourhood sources before identifying the problems and difficulties. This "positive" method has let a dynamics to be carried out and professionals and inhabitants go on participating in it.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1994

Women's impetus in community and health development.

Women in Indonesia are playing an increasingly large part in economic activity and community development. Moreover, they are making a significant beneficial impact on the nation's health, most notably, perhaps, by helping to secure financial resources. The present article describes some of the ways in which women are working to improve the well-being of the Indonesian people.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1983

A training pack. Field programme management: food and nutrition.

One of the main barriers to development is the lack of adequately trained field staff. It is now widely recognized that the field worker plays a crucial role in implementing community development programmes. National development plans may look promising on paper but without the staff in the field, capable of managing the programmes, there is little chance for substantial gain from development efforts. To help address the problem of training for field workers, the Food Policy and Nutrition Division has produced the Training Pack. Its aim is to help field workers develop simple management skills which can be used in their daily work. The material in the Pack stresses those management techniques required by all field workers, whether their primary responsibility is agriculture, health, nutrition or community development. The Pack uses aspects of food and nutrition to illustrate the basic management skills, without attempting to turn the field workers into nutritionists. The emphasis of the Course is on the planning, implementation and evaluation of community activities. The practical approach advocated by these training materials is described in detail here.

Community Health Workers↗
PubMed1992

Development of community practice teaching in Swindon.

Jenny Jardine and Janet Asherson describe how they introduced group work into their community practice teaching. They found the advantages of this approach, for both students and teachers, far outweighed any disadvantages.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A simplified guide to practising community-based/community development initiatives.

The Simplified Guide to Practising Community-Based/Community Development Initiatives is tool for professionals who are beginning to embrace the principles of community development and empowerment into their philosophy of practice. The tool can be used to prepare for the initiative, to assist with the process, or afterwards to evaluate and formulate recommendations. The role of the professional is highlighted. One retrospective descriptive case analysis is presented to demonstrate the tool as an evaluation technique and to demonstrate the role of the practitioner in community development.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1996

Looking out for family caregivers.

Nurses are regularly advised to become involved in community development initiatives, but what exactly does this entail and what are the precautions that should be considered? A 10-week, government sponsored, community-development program for family caregivers allowed nurses to offer education and support to six under-serviced areas of B.C. They offer a critique of the program and recommendations for the future.

Caregivers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health educaton in developing countries.

Health education is of great relevance in developing communities as it is a means of improving the health level which is an integral part of the overall socioeconomic development. It must be undertaken in conjunction with health services which should involve consumer participation at an early stage. Its focus is on changing behavior in respect to healthful living both at the individual and community levels. Health education subjects in developing communities include maternal and child health (MCH), nutrition, family planning and infectious diseases. Every member in the health team must be a health educator. Personal methods, especially when used by indigenous community health workers, are best suited to induce health behavior change in developing communities. Mass media as a rule is less suited for this, although radio can inform large segments of the population.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Potential development of community oriented HIV outreach among drug injectors in the UK.

Given the current epidemiological and behavioural risk profile of HIV infection among injecting drug users in the UK, the main strategic task continues to be to develop interventions to prevent the spread of HIV infection. Outreach to drug injectors is an important part of the wider UK HIV prevention strategy. This paper reviews critically and reassesses practically the role of outreach interventions among drug injectors in the UK. It is argued that despite the development of innovative outreach activity, the full potential of outreach has not been realized due to its theoretical orientation and in-built structural limitations. Outreach has predominantly operated with an 'individual' orientation, aiming to work with individual clients to help them to change their behaviour, gain access to services, or to become better users of services. The main thesis of this paper is that current outreach provision needs to be complemented by 'community change' models which seek to engender changes in the social etiquette of drug use within communities of drug injectors. The paper argues that the social networks through which HIV may be transmitted are the same social networks that may be coopted for HIV prevention. Future outreach services must turn to these networks as a way of targeting and encouraging changes among broad populations of drug injectors. Such models might use indigenous advocates, working within social networks, supported by community outreach facilitators.

Community Health Services↗