Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Civilization”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Amendment of the Ordinance on Civil Status, 28 November 1988.

This Amendment inserts into the Swiss Ordinance on Civil Status of 1 June 1953 provisions relating to the electronic management of data. It provides that the authorization of such systems of management is left to cantonal authorities and that the cantonal authorities are to furnish information about such systems to the Federal Office of Civil Status. It also provides rules on limited access to data, reports based on data, and forms, among other things. In addition, the Amendment makes a number of small changes in the Ordinance relating to names, security of data, publication, foreign domicile, and the application of national law, among other things.

Communication↗
PubMed1988

Civil Code (Amendment) Act, 1988 (No. 4 of 1988), 21 May 1988.

This Act amends the Civil Code of Saint Lucia to do the following, among other things: 1) allow marriage to be celebrated by giving notice; 2) legalize divorce; 3) allow all children to be legitimated by the subsequent marriage of their parents; 4) remove differences in the treatment of children born within marriage and those born outside of marriage; 5) lower to 18 the age of majority and the age under which consent must be obtained in order to marry. A number of these changes are consolidations of earlier amendments made to the Civil Code.

Americas↗
PubMed1994

Massachusetts high court supports use of civil rights law to bar blockades.

In a 4-3 opinion issued on April 11, the Supreme Judicial Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts affirmed a lower court order preventing anti-choice activists from blocking access to a facility providing abortion counseling or services. Granted under the Massachusetts Civil Rights Act, the injunction also prohibits using force against anyone entering, leaving, or working at such a location (see RFN II/22). Several health care providers and pro-choice organizations obtained a preliminary injunction in 1989 against trespassing or blockading at specific clinics. The following year, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts intervened in the case and was granted a similar statewide order by Superior Court Judge Peter Lauriat. Upholding application of the civil rights statute in this context, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court found that the trial court "properly concluded that the defendants' conduct constituted threats, intimidation, and coercion" of women seeking to exercise their constitutional right to choose abortion. Moreover, the state High Court held that the trial court "did not abuse its discretion in denying disclosure of the identities of the women affected by the defendants' conduct." Anti-choice activists had claimed they needed to question patients to show that blockades--not threats, intimidation, or coercion--caused them to delay their abortion procedures. Congratulations to John Henn of Foley, Hoag and Eliot of Boston, who represented plaintiffs in Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts v. Blake. CRLP's Janet Benshoof, Catherine Albisa, and Priscilla Smith filed an amicus brief in the case (see RFN II/22).

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2003

Characteristics and toxicological processing of postmortem pilot specimens* from fatal civil aviation accidents.

INTRODUCTION: Autopsied biosamples from civil aviation accident pilot fatalities are submitted to the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) for toxicological evaluation. However, such evaluation is dependent on types and amounts of submitted samples, and obtaining suitable samples is governed by the nature of the accident. Characteristics of those samples and associated toxicological processing have not been well documented in the literature. METHOD: Therefore, the CAMI Toxicology Database was searched for these aspects. RESULTS: CAMI received samples from the pilot fatalities (CAMI cases) of approximately 80% of the 1990-2000 aviation accidents reported by the National Transportation Safety Board. Accidents and cases during June-September were higher than the other months, and more than half of the received cases had multiple samples in sufficient amounts. For example, out of 1891 cases processed for the 1996-2000 accidents, 1211 had at least adequate amounts of blood, urine, and/or vitreous humor; 324 had inadequate amounts of blood and urine; and 356 had no blood or urine. Muscle, liver, lung, and/or kidney samples were submitted in 90% of the cases, while cerebrospinal fluids were submitted in only 8% of the cases. The toxicologically preferred samples, blood and urine, were available in 78% and 56% of the 1891 cases, respectively. Out of 51 cases containing only one sample type, 46 had muscle and the remaining 5 had other sample types. Samples were primarily analyzed for combustion gases, alcohol/volatiles, and drugs. Generally, the presence of analytes is demonstrated in at least two different sample types by using two different analytical techniques for reporting a particular case as "positive." An effective quality-assurance/quality-control is maintained throughout the process. CONCLUSION: In the majority of the aviation accidents, sufficient amounts and types of biological samples were submitted for toxicological evaluation.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed2003

Civil money penalties: procedures for investigations, imposition of penalties, and hearings. Interim final rule; request for comments.

This interim final rule establishes rules of procedure for the imposition, by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, of civil money penalties on entities that violate standards adopted by the Secretary under the Administrative Simplification provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA"). We intend that this be the first installment of a rule that we term the "Enforcement Rule." The Enforcement Rule, when issued in complete form, will set forth procedural and substantive requirements for imposition of civil money penalties. In the interim, we are issuing these rules of procedure to inform regulated entities of our approach to enforcement and to advise regulated entities of certain procedures that will be followed as we enforce the Administrative Simplification provisions of HIPAA.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Ac↗
PubMed1992

The medical challenge of military operations in the Mississippi Valley during the American Civil War.

The prevention and treatment of disease was as important as combat operations in the campaigns along the Mississippi River during the American Civil War. Throughout the Vicksburg campaign, many more soldiers were disabled by sickness than by combat injury. While this held true for both sides, a greater proportion of the Union army was healthy than of the opposing Confederate force. In the last 2 years of the war, the North tried to occupy the Confederate states in the Mississippi Valley. The failure to accomplish this goal was partly due to the deteriorating health of the Union army. Medical knowledge and action taken to prevent disease were of major importance in the success and the failure of military campaigns in the Mississippi Valley during the American Civil War.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2003

The usefulness of CBF brain SPECT in forensic medicine: the civil law code cases. A description of four cases.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this report was to assess the usefulness of cerebral blood flow (CBF) scanning utilising the SPECT technique in forensic medicine cases in the area of civil law cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CBF SPECT scanning was performed in four patients utilising (99m)Tc-ECD and a triple-head gammacamera. In the analysis both the asymmetry index and cerebellar normalisation were applied. Reference values were obtained by studying 30 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: In those cases CBF SPECT scanning played an important role in forensic argument. It influenced the sentence and the amount of financial compensation. CONCLUSIONS: CBF SPECT scanning may provide valuable information in forensic medicine argument in civil law cases, but only when taken together with psychometric tests and other neuroimaging methods (CT, MRI). The value of CBF SPECT scanning alone may be limited in judicial proceedings.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

[Differentiation of students's knowledge of civilization-related diseases].

The goal of the study was to check and compare the current condition of students' knowledge on civilization-related diseases in relation to their future career as doctors, dentists, health care managers. The questionnaire consisted of 15 closed questions concerning civilization-related diseases. As opposed to majority of studies referring to this problem uniform method of assessment in accordance with the principles of didactic measurement was applied. The following test components were measured: Range, Mode, Median, Arithmetic Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, Task Simplicity, Task Complexity, Reliability. Calculations were carried out using our own updated Excel programme. Study group consisted of 104 III year students of Division of Dentistry, 116 students of IV year Division of Dentistry, 31 students of Licentiate Faculty of Emergency Medicine in Zabrze, 18 students of Postgraduate Course in Management and Administration in Health Care Medical Faculty in Zabrze and Technical University in Gliwice, 151 IV year students of Medical Faculty in Zabrze and 121 VI year students of Medical Faculty in Zabrze. Significant differences between individual groups (surprisingly low level among future managers of health care) as well as different degree of difficulty of questions depending on the faculty and the year of study.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

'Coalition-In-Iraq' countries 'internal' civil violent deaths compared to the USA 'external' violence of September 11th 2001.

BACKGROUND: The atrocity of 9/11 exemplified 'external' caused civil violent deaths, which have major policy implications for the countries contributing armed forces to the 'Coalition-In-Iraq' [C.I.I]. C.I.I Government's resources for perennial 'internal' violent deaths (suicide, homicide and road), are likely to be threatened by alternative priorities. C.I.I 'internal' deaths are compared with those of 9/11 to provide information to determine relative risks. MATERIAL/METHODS: To uniformly compare mortality between countries we utilise the most recent WHO mortality data, taking the latest three years 1997-1999 and calculating an average annual number and rate of 'internal' deaths in each country, these are compared with the 9/11 fatalities, calculating a proportional ratio, as an indicator of differential damage to families and society. RESULTS: USA 'external' deaths were 3,074 people and annual average suicides were 30,966. Total 'internal' deaths exceeded 'external' more than 30 times. Every fortnight there are more USA 'internal' violent deaths than on 9/11. Except Australia and Bulgaria, every country had more suicides than died on 9/11. Apart from Bulgaria, total 'internal' deaths exceeded the 'external' toll in all other CAI countries- by 14 times in Japan; 6 in Republic of Korea, 4 in Italy, 3 in Spain and the UK, twice in Canada and 1.5 times in Australia. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of 'internal' civil violent deaths, such as suicide, highlight the perennial pressures upon psychiatric services and the need to defend resources at a time of competing priorities.

Cause of Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Risk management in health care systems: the new legislative orientations in medical civil responsibility].

The recent radical change in the relationships between physicians and patients has increased the frequency of malpractice. Consequently, on one hand, many physicians got used to avoiding any possible risk of denunciation by applying the so called "defensive medicine", while on the other hand, the insurance companies raised the prices of their premiums for policies concerning civil responsibility of health operators. In order to avoid this "vicious circle", some health structures created Units for the Risk Management related to malpractice, while others took advantage of the collaboration of Associations for Patients' Rights to create database about the most frequent medical mistakes. The need for a legislative change has been accepted by the Parliament which expects with the proposal n.108 (approved in spring 2002 by the Commission for Hygiene and Health of the Senate) to attribute the civil responsibility of the physicians to the hospitals (both private and public) for which they work, to constitute a Register of experts and to accelerate the legal disputes. The problem is complex and still to be solved, but it seems that time for a strong intervention in order to improve the situation has to come.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

[Expertise test in the new Civil Prosecution Law (Law 1/2000)].

Expertise test was the object of many controversies in the previous Civil Prosecution Law (CPL) from the way of naming the experts to the difficulties in the receiving payment. The new CPL uses the social process as model and provides civil justice with an agile and guaranteeing procedure. The CPL provides the expert test with a greater amplitude and new range, and should be used at the time of the lawsuit and openly seen. The experts should assume the defense of their arguments and be subjected to the objections of the contrary party. The expert's test becomes a mixed documental and personal test. It also modifies the way of naming the experts and the acceptance that may condition the allocation of funds in the amount considered necessary. The objection is limited to the experts named judicially, it being possible to eliminate them, however, the reason for it should be justified.

Criminal Law↗
PubMed1992

[Psychiatric evaluation in civil law].

Aspects of civil law of importance for the psychiatrist as expert witness are those dealing with disability pensions accident insurance, compensation in civil law and rights of the seriously disabled. The legal basis of each is briefly outlined, and some guidelines given for psychiatric court reports. Some outstanding theoretical and practical problems are mentioned.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed2002

Clinical guidelines and their civil law effects.

The number of clinical guidelines or protocols for medical treatment is growing. Considered as an important instrument for increasing the quality of medicine, these originally intended technical guidelines turn out to influence doctor's civil liability. Ignoring those guidelines in itself may cause a breach of a doctor's duty of care according to civil law and he may be charged to produce evidence that his medical treatment was correct. This development is taking place in several countries as France, Germany, United Kingdom and the Netherlands.

Europe↗
PubMed1992

Assessing civil competence in the elderly.

This study was designed to establish reliability of the Community Competence Scale-Revised (CCS-R) and provide evidence for its validity in making discriminations relevant to civil competence in the elderly. The CCS-R is an individually administered structured interview of 17 subscales. Criterion groups were formed by drawing a sample of research participants from a retirement complex with various levels of care and with nurses having extensive knowledge of the residents' level of functioning. The study demonstrated high reliability and found converging evidence for the effectiveness of the CCS-R in making discrimination about competence in the elderly. The study had added to the growing evidence that it is possible to standardize the assessment of civil competence, thereby making the adjudication process a more accurate one.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Intimate partner abuse: wife beating among civil servants in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Wife beating is one of the most common forms of violence against women by husbands or other intimate male partners. Although violence against women is pervasive, there are only few studies documenting the magnitude of the problem especially among the working class. The civil service comprises of persons from all socio-economic levels and different backgrounds. They act in advisory capacity and assist those responsible for making state policy Thus, 431 civil servants of the Oyo State government service were interviewed using a 44-item self-administered questionnaire. Results revealed that prevalence of wife beating was 31.3%. Ninety one (42.5%) men had been perpetrators, while 44 (23.5%) women had been victims. Consuming alcohol and growing up in an environment where parents fight publicly were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with men beating their wives; while being young, unmarried and a parental background of fighting was significantly associated with women being beaten (p < 0.05). Female respondents justified reasons for various types of domestic violence, including beating, more than the males (p < 0.05). Younger respondents had significantly worse attitudes (p < 0.05), while married and educated respondents had better attitude (p < 0.05). "Not wanting the children to suffer" (60.7%) and "hoping that partner will change" (28.8%) were reasons given for remaining in abusive relationships. There is an urgent need for education of the women on their rights, sensitisation of the men on gender-based violence and punishment for perpetrators. Supportive care and counselling services should also be provided for victims of violence.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Midair collisions in U.S. civil aviation 2000-2004: the roles of radio communications and altitude.

BACKGROUND: Midair collisions are destructive to aircraft and often fatal to occupants, with the additional possibility of death and destruction on the ground. We sought to determine the characteristics of civil aviation mid-air collisions in U.S. airspace with focus on the altitudes at which the collisions took place and radio communications prior to the collisions. METHODS: Accident reports published by the National Transportation and Safety Board for the period 2000-2004 were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Additional information was extracted from the narrative report of each accident. RESULTS: During the 5-yr period, 48 collisions in U.S. civil aviation occurred with 78 fatalities and 7 persons severely injured. There were 46 aircraft destroyed and 37 substantially damaged. In 14 cases no radio communication was reported. In 19 cases there appeared regular radio communication with a tower or other aircraft. CONCLUSIONS: Midair collisions resulted in fewer severe injuries at lower altitudes. Visibility and weather were not contributing factors. Radio communication is recommended to assist aircraft where practical, but pilots need to be made aware of the limitations of radio communication for the avoidance of midair collisions.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed2006

Civil commitment is disappearing in Oregon.

Over the past 20 years, in Oregon, the number of individuals entered into the civil commitment process has risen, but the number of those actually committed has gone down dramatically. This commentary compares commitment data during a time when the state's population has increased substantially, while commitment rates have dropped by 50 percent. There are many possible factors that have contributed to this decline in commitment rates, including a stricter functional definition of "danger to self or others," but perhaps the most significant reason is the shortage of the acute psychiatric beds that are essential in the commitment process. It is hard not to conclude that civil commitment in this state is headed toward functional extinction.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Court based civil commitment of alcoholics and substance abusers.

UNLABELLED: Problem. To study court ordered substance abuse commitment (SAC) in one jurisdiction. We investigated who was evaluated, by whom, and with what outcome. Is SAC primarily a purely civil procedure as originally intended? Are men and women being treated equally? METHOD: Questionnaire survey of court clinicians to determine demographic and clinical status of persons evaluated, the process of evaluation, and the disposition. RESULTS: SAC is common and more frequent in criminal cases than in purely civil ones. SAC of women is clearly influenced by the restricted choices for disposition: either state prison or an unlocked facility. CONCLUSIONS: SAC is an important public health procedure, which courts are using in highly variable and at times unintended ways. SAC has emerged as an alternative to other dispositions in criminal cases involving substance-abusing defendants.

Adult↗