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PubMedDate not supplied

Twinning in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella): rate, survivorship, and weight gain.

We calculated the rate of twinning across four captive collections of tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) to be 2.4%. This rate contrast with previous reports that twinning in tufted capuchins is rare. Additionally, we present data on the survival and weight gain of twins in this species as compared to singletons. Twins face their greatest risk of mortality on or before the first day of life, when 45% will die compared to 16% of singletons. After the first day of life, twins and singletons demonstrate comparable survival rates. This, in conjunction with the finding that at no time during the first year of life do twins and singletons differ significantly in their weights, suggests that twinning is a viable reproductive form for these animals, especially in the captive setting where nutritional demands are met.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Spontaneous tool use by wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) in the Cerrado.

Among primates, only chimpanzees and orang-utans are credited with customary tool use in nature. Among monkeys, capuchins stand out with respect to the number of accounts of tool use. However, the majority of capuchin tool use observations reported in nature is anecdotal or idiosyncratic. In this report, we documented the stone pounding of dry fruits (Hymenea courbaril and Acrocomia aculeata) in two wild free-ranging groups of Cebus libidinosus in the Brasilia National Park, a preserved area representative of the Cerradobiome of Central Brazil. In 2004, we noted 2 episodes at which 4 monkeys used stones to crack open nuts. In 2005, we recorded 5 pounding episodes involving 2 different monkeys. Observations of tool use over the course of 2 consecutive years by some individuals, as well as other indirect evidence, indicate that this behaviour could be habitual in the studied groups. We propose that the probability of the emergence of the use of pounding stones as tools may be dependent on the ecological variables that influence the degree of terrestriality and extractive foraging and the complex interaction of these factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Comparative gene mapping of man and Cebus capucinus: a study of 23 enzymatic markers.

A total 23 enzymatic markers were analyzed in cell hybrids obtained between Cebus capucinus (CCA) fibroblasts and a Chinese hamster cell line. The following markers, or syntenic groups, could be localized in CCA chromosomes homologous to human chromosomes or chromosome segments: PGD-ENO1-PGM1, MDH1, IDH1, PGM2, PGM3-ME1, AK3, TPI-LDHB-PEPB, GPI, and SOD1. The following syntenic groups were observed but could not be localized: GUK1-FH and MPI-PKM2. The following loci could not be localized with full confidence: LDHA, NP, PEPD, ITP, and PGK.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Gene mapping of Microcebus murinus (Lemuridae): a comparison with man and Cebus capucinus (Cebidae).

The karyotype of microcebus murinus (MIM) (lemuridae) is considered by Dutrillaux (1979) as the closest to the karyotype ancestral to all primates. A large number of homoeologies exists between the banding patterns of MIM chromosomes and those of man (HSA). We report a comparison of the gene maps of these two species which confirms most of these homoeologies. Fifteen cell hybrids were obtained by fusing MIM fibroblasts and an HPRT- Chinese hamster cell line. Twenty-seven enzyme markers were investigated. The following assignments were demonstrated: NP to chromosome MIM 2, homoeologous to HSA 14; the syntenic group PGD-ENO1-PGM1 to MIM 3, homoeologous to HSA 1p; LDHA to MIM 5, homoeologous to HSA 11; Me1 to MIM 6, homoeologous to HSA 6; the syntenic group LDHB-CS-PEPB-ENO2-TPI to MIM 7, homoeologous to HSA 12; the syntenic group AK1-AK3 to MIM 10, which we considered to be homoeologous to HSA 9 (we do not consider MIM 9 to be homoeologous to HSA 9, as does Dutrillaux, 1979); GOT1 to MIM 15, homoeologous to HSA 10; the syntenic group HPRT-G6PD-PGK-GLA to MIM X. Synteny dissociation in three hybrids suggests closer linkage between G6PD and HPRT than between PGK-GLA and HPRT. Three syntenic groups, known in man, were confirmed in MIM but could not be assigned with full confidence: ACP1-MDH1, MP1-PKM2, and PEPD-GPI. GUK1 and PEPC, known to be syntenic in man, were found to be asyntenic in MIM and could not be assigned. PGM2 and SOD1 could not be assigned. A comparison of these gene assignments with those known in Cebus capucinus showed a remarkable homoeology for six chromosomes of the two species.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The meiotic chromosomes of Cebus apella (Cebidae, Platyrrhini).

An analysis of the meiotic chromosomes of Cebus apella (Cebidae, Platyrrhini) has allowed for the visualization of constitutive heterochromatic regions throughout the meiotic cycle and has permitted the identification of four chromosomes in the first and the second divisions. In pachytene nuclei, and in pachytene spreads where synaptonemal complexes were visible, one heterochromatic region was frequently unpaired. No chiasmata were found in heterochromatic regions, and there was no evidence of chiasma terminalization. The role of heterochromatin in homologous pairing and its relationship to chiasma position and number in meiotic configurations were discussed. A comparison was made between bivalent 9 in C. apella and bivalent 21 in man, based on the interspecific homologies between these chromosomes. A similar comparison was made between the Algerian and Asian hedgehogs, where marked differences in the content of constitutive heterochromatin occur in two chromosome pairs.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Development and eruption of the mandibular cheek teeth in Cebus albifrons.

The development and eruption of the mandibular cheek teeth of Cebus albifrons is described from a longitudinal series of whole body radiographs. Males are generally ahead of females in both development and eruption times. The dental development and eruption in C. albifrons is intermediate between the smaller New World primates and the larger catarrhines.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Variability and adaptability in the genus Cebus.

Capuchins (Cebus) present an array of similarities to humans and apes in morphology, behavior and life history which raise a host of questions about the relations of these features to each other and about their evolutionary origins. As a genus and as individuals, capuchins possess marked adaptability and great variability in behavior. These two characteristics contribute directly to the biological success of capuchins. Variability and adaptability are also hallmarks of human behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Early behavioral development in capuchins (Cebus).

Capuchin infants (genus Cebus) are born in a behaviorally more altricial state than is known for infants of other primate taxa except apes. Development in the first 2 months after birth is characterized by the major reorganization of sleeping and waking, assumption of postural control and the appearance of prehension. Capuchins develop postural control, prehension and locomotion later than do squirrel monkeys, baboons or macaques, presenting a pattern of motor development intermediate between these relatively more precocial genera and apes. Capuchins provide a useful model primate system in which to study development and its links with behavioral variability and life history.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Use of objects as hammers to open nuts by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).

The use of stones as hammers to break open nuts was studied in a captive group of 7 Cebus apella. Only the single adult female and an infant showed no tool use. Tool use significantly reduced the time required to break open the nuts and obtain the kernel and led to fewer nuts being abandoned. Individual differences and social processes surrounding tool use are described. The development of tool use in a juvenile female is documented, along with the same female's novel use of a previously neglected object as a tool and the subsequent use of this object by the other members of the group.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Tool use in Cebus.

This paper summarizes early anecdotal information and systematic studies of tool use in capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.). Tool use in capuchins is neither context specific nor stereotyped. The success of capuchins in using tools and in exploiting a variety of food resources in the wild derives from several factors: their manipulative abilities, interest in external objects and a tendency to explore the environment. In using tools, capuchins are similar to apes and more proficient than other monkey species. A cognitive approach indicates, however, that (in contrast with chimpanzees) they never develop an understanding of the requirements of the tool tasks presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Significance of kin relations and individual preferences in the social behaviour of Cebus apella.

Captive tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) formed a group characterized by greater affiliative behaviour within matrilines. Affiliation within the matriline is dependent upon social intimacy during infancy with matriline members. Courtship and mating are not identically distributed: subordinate and subadult males participate in a larger proportion of matings than of courtships. In all these aspects of social behaviour, variability across individuals contributes to the complex dynamics of the social group.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Infanticide in wedge-capped capuchin monkeys, Cebus olivaceus.

Three cases of infanticide are reported from a well-studied population of wedge-capped capuchin monkeys, Cebus olivaceus, located in the Venezuelan llanos. For each case, we examined the social context and the consequences to the reproductive success of the infanticidal male. In 1 case, the male probably killed his own son. In 2 cases, the male killed an unrelated animal. In all 3 cases, the female conceived in the following breeding season, but in only 1 case did the infanticidal male possibly enhance his own reproductive success. These data are interpreted in the light of current hypotheses for infanticide.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Dietary differences between neighboring Cebus capucinus groups: local traditions, food availability or responses to food profitability?

The feeding patterns of three neighboring groups of Cebus capucinus were documented over a 3-year period in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. We describe the diets of the three groups and examine whether dietary differences between groups could be attributed to environmental differences in food abundances, to differences in the profitability of what was available or to learned local traditions. Diets were variable among groups; group A primarily ate fruit (81.2% of feeding time) and spent little time eating insects (16.9%), while group C was more heavily reliant on insects (44.3%) and ate less fruit (53.0%). Group B had a diet that was somewhat intermediate (69.8% fruit, 29.0% insects). By measuring the densities of all major plant foods, we were able to determine that many of the dietary differences between groups could not be attributed to simple measures of food abundance, but we could not distinguish between the food profitability hypothesis and local tradition hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cytogenetic variability within and across populations of Cebus apella in Argentina.

Two geographically separated populations of Cebus apella are found in Argentina. We have found important differences in the phenotypic characteristics of these populations, despite marked karyotypic similarity. Two well-distinguished phenotypes were established. Individuals from the northwest of Argentina are phenotypically similar to the Paraguayan populations and are recognized as C. apella paraguayanus. This subspecies is also found in the northeast of Argentina. Other specimens from the northeast are more similar phenotypically to the Brazilian subspecies C. apella nigritus and C. apella libidinosus and are designated as C. apella vellerosus. The two subspecies C. apella paraguayanus and C. apella vellerosus share the same diploid number of chromosomes (2n = 54). Cytogenetic comparisons using G-, Q- and R-banding techniques and C-banding methods with the chromosomes carrying large heterochromatic blocks (No. 3, 5, 11, 12, 13, 19) showed differences between the subspecies. The presence of different polymorphisms and even of heteromorphisms in the same chromosomic pair across geographically isolated populations of the same subspecies is illustrated with Argentinian and Paraguayan specimens.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Experimental field study of spatial memory and learning in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus).

Despite a large body of data on diet and ranging patterns in prosimians, monkeys and apes, little is known regarding the types of information that non-human primates use when making foraging decisions. In a series of controlled field experiments, we tested the ability of wild capuchins (Cebus capucinus) at La Suerte Biological Research Station in north-eastern Costa Rica to remember the spatial positions of 13 feeding platforms and use olfactory and visual cues to identify baited (real bananas) versus sham (plastic bananas) feeding sites. The results indicate that when 'place' was predictable, the capuchins learned the spatial locations of food and non-food sites rapidly (one-trial learning). In a second experiment, the positions of baited feeding sites were random. In the absence of other information, the capuchins used the presence of a local landmark cue (yellow block) placed at reward platforms to select feeding sites. In a final experiment, there was evidence that expectations regarding the amount of food available at a platform (2 bananas vs. 1/2 banana) had a significant influence on capuchin foraging decisions. Although the capuchins were sensitive to changes in experimental conditions, when they were given conflicting cues, spatial information was predominant over other information in selecting feeding sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Normal and pathological electrocardiographic patterns in the Cebus monkey.

The normal electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern was determined for Cebus monkeys and compared with those obtained in animals subjected to experimental heart damage. ECG patterns were related to the anatomopathological findings in both normal and treated animals. The anatomic study revealed a vertical heart in which both ventricles constituted the frontal aspect. The experimental heart injury either through the inoculation of Trypanosoma cruzi or after the treatment with isoproterenol induced ECG changes which were correlated with specific anatomopathological lesions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of corn and coconut oil-containing diets with and without cholesterol on high density lipoprotein apoprotein A-I metabolism and hepatic apoprotein A-I mRNA levels in cebus monkeys.

The mechanism(s) by which diets containing corn or coconut oil (31% of energy as fat) totally free of cholesterol or with 0.1% added cholesterol by weight (0.3 mg/kcal) affect plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apoprotein (apo) A-I levels, apo A-I kinetics, and hepatic apo A-I mRNA concentrations were investigated in 26 cebus monkeys. Coconut oil-fed monkeys had elevated levels of plasma total cholesterol (217%), very low density lipoprotein plus low density lipoprotein cholesterol (331%), HDL-C (159%), and apo A-I (117%) compared with corn oil-fed animals. Although the addition of cholesterol to the corn oil diet significantly increased these parameters, no such effects were seen when cholesterol was added to the coconut-oil diet. Both the type of fat and cholesterol in the diet significantly affected HDL apo A-I metabolism by decreasing apo A-I fractional catabolic rate and increasing apo A-I production rate in the coconut oil-fed groups. The decrease in apo A-I fractional catabolic rate in the coconut oil-fed animals was also associated with an increase in the HDL core lipid to surface ratio. Liver apo A-I mRNA abundance was elevated in the coconut oil-fed groups; however, dietary cholesterol had no affect on these levels. The lack of parallel effects of dietary fat and cholesterol on apo A-I production rate and liver apo A-I mRNA levels suggests that the increase in the apo A-I production rate observed in the coconut oil-fed groups resulted from the fat-induced rise in liver apo A-I mRNA abundance, whereas the cholesterol-induced rise in the apo A-I production rate resulted from a mechanism other than changes in liver apo A-I mRNA levels.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of dietary fat saturation and cholesterol on low density lipoprotein degradation by mononuclear cells of Cebus monkeys.

The mechanism by which dietary unsaturated fatty acids lower low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is unknown. Unsaturated fatty acids incorporated into the cell membrane can increase membrane fluidity and, as a result, dramatically alter membrane-dependent cell functions. Therefore, we examined the effect of long-term dietary consumption of corn oil and coconut oil with and without cholesterol in amounts equivalent to those of a typical Western diet on the degradation of human LDL by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Cebus albifrons monkeys. Cellular LDL degradation was dramatically enhanced in the mononuclear cells isolated from animals fed corn oil in comparison with those from animals fed coconut oil. The addition of cholesterol to the diets resulted in a slight attenuation of LDL degradation in the corn oil group while no effect was noted in the coconut oil group. Crossover LDL binding and degradation experiments with LDL isolated from animals fed corn oil diets and coconut oil diets demonstrated increased binding and degradation of LDL in mononuclear cells from animals fed corn oil diets. Enhanced mononuclear cell LDL degradation was accompanied by increased cellular cis-unsaturated fatty acyl content, increased membrane fluidity, and decreased plasma cholesterol. Increased cellular cis-unsaturated fatty acyl content with its concomitant increase in membrane fluidity mirrored the dietary lipid profile of the host animal. A linear relationship was observed between cellular LDL degradation and both cellular cis-unsaturated fatty acyl content and membrane fluidity. These observations parallel results noted in whole-animal LDL catabolic studies with these same animals described elsewhere. These data suggest a novel mechanism by which dietary unsaturated fatty acids exert their LDL-lowering effect.

Animals↗