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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Point processes for unsupervised line network extraction in remote sensing.

This paper addresses the problem of unsupervised extraction of line networks (for example, road or hydrographic networks) from remotely sensed images. We model the target line network by an object process, where the objects correspond to interacting line segments. The prior model, called "Quality Candy," is designed to exploit as fully as possible the topological properties of the network under consideration, while the radiometric properties of the network are modeled using a data term based on statistical tests. Two techniques are used to compute this term: one is more accurate, the other more efficient. A calibration technique is used to choose the model parameters. Optimization is done via simulated annealing using a Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) algorithm. We accelerate convergence of the algorithm by using appropriate proposal kernels. The results obtained on satellite and aerial images are quantitatively evaluated with respect to manual extractions. A comparison with the results obtained using a previous model, called the "Candy" model, shows the interest of adding quality coefficients with respect to interactions in the prior density. The relevance of using an offline computation of the data potential is shown, in particular, when a proposal kernel based on this computation is added in the RJMCMC algorithm.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Cigarette advertising and promotional strategies in retail outlets: results of a statewide survey in California.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent and types of cigarette advertising materials in stores and to assess tobacco company compliance with the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA). DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of a random sample of 586 stores that sold cigarettes. SETTING: US state of California. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Trained data collectors classified cigarette advertising materials by type (signs, displays, functional items), location (interior or exterior), and placement (below 3 feet (1 m) or near candy). RESULTS: California retail outlets featured 17.2 (SD 16.1) tobacco advertising materials on average, and 94% of stores featured at least some advertising. About 85% of these were within 4 feet (1.3 m) of the counter. About 50% of the stores had ads at or below 3 feet, and 23% had cigarette product displays next to candy. In violation of the MSA, 3% of stores featured signs with cartoons and 11% had large exterior signs. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco companies are aggressively using stores to market cigarettes. Moreover, the spirit of the MSA-to protect children from cigarette advertising-has not been realised. Future studies should monitor industry use of this venue and assess the impact of exposure to cigarette advertising materials in stores on adult smokers and youth.

Advertising↗
PubMed1979

Iron poisoning: assessment of radiography in diagnosis and management.

Severe acute iron poisoning developed in a 1 1/2-year-old child who had eaten an iron preparation that resembles a popular chocolate candy. Tablets containing iron, with and without vitamins, and the sugar-coated candy of similar appearance, were radiographed with human gastric juice in vitro. Times of dissolution of the radiopaque tablets were noted, to assess the value of abdominal radiographs in the diagnosis and management of acute iron poisoning.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of acidogenicity of commercial isomaltooligosaccharides mixture and its hydrogenated derivative by measurement of pH response under human dental plaque.

The acidogenicity of commercially available isomaltooligosaccharides mixture (IMO) and its hydrogenated derivative (IMO-H) were evaluated by the in vivo pH response under dental plaque of six subjects (aged 25-28) using intraoral apparatus. The apparatus, an indwelling pH sensor of a hydrogen ion-sensitive field effect transducer (ISFET), was placed on the buccal site of the mandibular first molar, and the plaque was accumulated for four days. The test sugars were applied with three methods-dropping the solution directly on the plaque, rinsing the oral cavity with the solution, and sucking a candy made of the test sugar (weight 3-4 g). IMO could not be evaluated as a type of sugar with low acidogenicity, especially by the candy method, but IMO-H could be evaluated as a type of sugar with very low acidogenicity in a similar manner as maltitol or sorbitol in all type of applications. The acidogenic response of dental plaque should be assumed to be closely related to salivary parameters such as the secretion rate or to mutans streptococci level of subjects and types of application.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Crystallization inhibition of an amorphous sucrose system using raffinose.

The shelf life of pure amorphous sucrose systems, such as cotton candy, can be very short. Previous studies have shown that amorphous sucrose systems held above the glass transition temperature will collapse and crystallize. One study, however, showed that adding a small percent of another type of sugar, such as trehalose, to sucrose can extend the shelf life of the amorphous system by slowing crystallization. This study explores the hypothesis that raffinose increases the stability of an amorphous sucrose system. Cotton candy at 5 wt% raffinose and 95 wt% sucrose was made and stored at room temperature and three different relative humidities (%RH) 11%RH, 33%RH, and 43%RH. XRD patterns, and glass transition temperatures were obtained to determine the stability as a function of %RH. The data collected showed that raffinose slows sucrose crystallization in a low moisture amorphous state above the glass transition temperature and therefore improves the stability of amorphous sucrose systems.

Chemistry↗
PubMed1970

Modification of preschool isolate behavior: a case study.

A 5-yr-old preschool boy with a low rate of interaction with his nursery school classmates was induced to pass out candy as a tactic to increase his rate of interaction with them. Interaction with classmates increased markedly during the periods he passed out choices of candy. These changes may have been due to increases in both his rate of initiating activities with his classmates and to increases in his classmates' rate of initiating activities with him. A total time of less than 1 hr was required of the teacher during the experiment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

The effects of primary reward on the I.Q. performance of grade-school children as a function of initial I.Q. level.

The effect of candy reward on I.Q. scores was investigated in 72 first- and second-grade children. All subjects were administered Form A of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and, based upon these scores, were divided into three blocks: low, middle, and high. From each block, subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (contingent reward, noncontingent reward, or no reward) that were in effect during administration of Form B. Results showed that candy given contingent upon each correct response increased I.Q. scores for the initially low scoring subjects, but had no influence on the scores of middle and high scoring subjects.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The five per cent fallacy.

Using the Kastenbaum and Candy study of locations where persons aged sixty-five plus died over the period of one year in a large metropolitan city as a model, this study examined the place of death for persons aged sixty-five plus in a middle-size city. In both studies particular attention was paid to nursing homes and extended care facilities to determine whether or not the commonly accepted figure of 5 per cent accurately reflects the number or persons actually living in such facilities. The premise was that if persons died in such a facility, then they had in fact lived there. This study demonstrates, as had the Kastenbaum and Candy study, that the actual percentage of persons dying in these institutions far exceeds the commonly held 5 per cent.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Endogenous reinfection as a cause of recurrent genital candidiasis on women].

The cause of primary, recurrent genital candidosis (RGC), that 5% of the female population was afflicted with, is still unknown. It is not clear whether RGC is a result of reinfection or infection recidive caused by Candida sp. The goal of the study is to examine Candida presence in women's genital and intestinal tract; by resistotypization of the same isolated species of Candida fungi to prove their identity as well as the validity of the stated thesis that endogenous reinfection may be one of the possible causes of RGC. The study included 70 women (T-group) afflicted with primary RGC who, at the moment of the examination, were in the phase of manifest infection. In the control group there were 70 women (C-group) not afflicted with RGC. The microbiological test consisted of the microscopic and culture examination of women's genital and intestinal material. The Candida species were differentiated according to the gemination test and the biochemical activity measured by commercial Candi-Fast-test (Mycoplasma International, France) and Vitec-AMS-system (bioMerieux, France). Candi-Fast test examined the sensitivity of Candida species to antimicotics and determined the resistotypes of isolated species. The study did not show statistically significant difference between examined groups in terms of the Candida presence in intestinal tract. The Candida colonization of intestinal mucosa was proved in 24 women (34.28%) with RGC. Eighteen women (25.71%) of the control group, had Candida sp. in intestinal tract. The most frequent RGC agent, as well as most frequent coloniser of intestinal mucosa is Candida albicans (C. albicans--RGC--84.28%; T-group--intestinal tract--C. albicans--87.50%; C-group--intestinal tract--C. albicans--94.44%). In 20 women with RGC there was a presence of identical resistotypes of isolated Candida sp. Identical resistotypes of C. albicans was found in 19 women of the test group, in their genital and intestinal tract. Only in one patient it was recorded the same resistance types of C. trapicalis. In four patients Candida species isolated from genital and intestinal material were not identical. In two women with RGC C. albicans on vaginal mucosa was accompanied by C. glabrata in intestinal tract, while in two more women the presence of various resistotypes C. albicans was identified in genital and intestinal tract.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Classical conditioning of proboscis extension in harnessed Africanized honey bee queens (Apis mellifera L.).

Experiments are reported on learning in virgin Africanized honey bee queens (Apis mellifera L.). Queens restrained in a "Pavlovian harness" received a pairing of hexanal odor with a 1.8-M feeding of sucrose solution. Compared to explicitly unpaired controls, acquisition was rapid in reaching about 90%. Acquisition was also rapid in queens receiving an unconditioned stimulus of "bee candy" or an unconditioned stimulus administered by worker bees. During extinction the conditioned response declines. The steepest decline was observed in queens receiving an unconditioned stimulus of bee candy. These findings extend previous work on learning of Afrianized honey bee workers to a population of queen bees.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Licorice consumption causing severe hypokalemic paralysis.

Hypokalemic paralysis due to licorice consumption is extremely rare, with only 40 cases in the English literature describing paralysis secondary to exposure to licorice in candies, medications, chewing tobacco, and herbal preparations. We describe a patient who suffered life-threatening hypokalemic paralysis caused by consumption of licorice in the form of a tea sweetener superimposed on long-term consumption of licorice candy. Aggressive fluid and potassium replenishment produced complete and lasting recovery. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hypokalemic paralysis due to exposure to licorice as a tea sweetener, a common custom among the Arab population. The case emphasizes the importance of considering patients' cultural backgrounds and local customs, which often may lead the treating physician to the correct clinical diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oral health of young Alaska Native children and their caregivers in Southwestern Alaska.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the prevalence of caries and associated risk factors in young Native children and their caregivers in two communities in rural Alaska. METHODS: A random sample of Alaska Native children between 12-36 months and a subset of their caregivers from two Southwestern Alaska communities were examined for dental decay. Caregivers completed a 43-item questionnaire about oral hygiene, dietary and other practices. RESULTS: Of the 65 children examined, 59% had evidence of decay. Among the 41 primary caregivers examined, 98% had experienced dental decay with an average of 11.4 decayed, missing, and filled teeth. On linear regression analyses, factors significantly associated with more decay in the children included a child taking a juice-containing bottle to bed, eating candy 1 or more times per day, and higher caregiver oral S. mutans counts. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that preventive efforts for children at high risk for dental decay should begin early in life, should emphasize decreasing candy and bedtime juice bottle use, and should consider the caregivers' oral health status in addition to the child's.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Analysis and discrimination of Collocalia esculenta L. via FTIR spectroscopy].

Collocalia esculenta L. is called Yanwo in China. Thirty kinds of dry yanwo were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) . The results indicated that there were some obvious differences in FTIR between the dry yanwo and the natural yanwo, mainly represented in some absorption peaks of protein, amino acid (1 634, 1 535 cm(-1)) and amylase (1 034 cm9-1)). Meanwhile, the shape, position and intensity of the peaks from methylene (2 935 cm(-1)), protein and amino acid (1 647, 1 533, 1 447 cm(-1)) in dry yanwo were similar to those of the glutin. Therefore, different amounts of glutin were added in dry yanwo samples. The content of candy in some dry candy yanwo products was as high as 99%, but the content of yanwo was only 1%. The characteristic peaks of yanwo in these products even could not be found. So the quality of yanwo in the market could not be guaranteed from these results. FTIR is fast and direct to analyse and evaluate the quality of yanwo product.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Food habits of rural school children from Chile's metropolitan area. A comparative study. 1989].

The objective of this study was to investigate the food habits of a representative sample of 651 rural school-age children from Chile's Metropolitan Region and to carry out a comparative study between 1986-1987 and 1989. Food habits were defined as the frequency of consumption of foods expressed as days per week and were determined through a questionnaire administered to school-age children by the investigators and were compared with Model Allowance, established by Chile's Ministry of Health. Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured through Graffar's modified method. Statistical procedures included analysis of variance and student "t" test for comparison of the means. The frequency of consumption of most food decreased in 1989 compared with 1986-1987. Most consumed foods (above 90%) were bread and potatoes and between 70-75% of the school-age children consumed milk, meat, yoghurt, poultry, eggs, beans, onions, cabbage, squash, lettuce, bananas, oranges, apples, grapes, biscuits, spaghetti, rice, oil, butter, carbonated beverages and juices, candies, sugar and chocolate. Foods most disliked were fresh cheese (69.3%), radish (62.2%), shellfish (59.4%) and chickpeas (48.8%). Males presented a frequency of consumption of beans, chickpeas (p < 0.05), lentil and chard swiss (p < 0.01) significantly higher than females, but these last ones registered a frequency of consumption of apples, cookies, oil (p < 0.05), onions and candies (p < 0.01) significantly higher than males. The frequency of consumption of most foods, especially milk, fish and bread (p < 0.01) decreased with age. SES had no effect on food habits of the school-age children. These results could be useful in the School Feeding Program (PAE) and in nutrition education related to school population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of high-calorie, low-nutrient-dense food consumption among obese and non-obese adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether obese adolescents eat more high-calorie low-nutrient-dense foods than non-obese adolescents. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Using a cross-sectional design, 22 non-obese and 21 obese adolescents kept 14-day food records. Records provided estimates of total daily energy intake and caloric intake from five categories of high-calorie, low-nutrient-dense (HC) foods: candy, chips, soda, baked goods, and ice cream. Body composition was determined by 18O dilution and daily energy expenditure by doubly labeled water. Percentage of energy intake reported (%report) was calculated as the ratio of reported energy intake to measured energy expenditure (x 100%). RESULTS: Both groups underreported energy intake, but the percentage reported was significantly greater in the non-obese group (78.2+/-20.5% non-obese vs. 55.5+/-21.8% obese, p<0.001). Consumption of calories from chips and soda was similar among non-obese and obese adolescents. However, total energy intake from all HC foods was higher in the non-obese group than among the obese (617+/-356 kcal/day vs. 362+/-223 kcal/day; p<0.01) and represented 27.2+/-10.5% and 19.9+/-9.6% of reported energy intake in the non-obese and obese groups, respectively. After adjustment for under-reporting, the percentage of calories provided by each of the HC foods was similar in the obese and non-obese groups except for ice cream, which remained significantly greater in the non-obese group (p<0.05). DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that both non-obese and obese adolescents consume a substantial portion of reported calories from HC foods and that obese adolescents do not consume more calories from these foods than non-obese adolescents. These data offer no evidence to support the widespread notion that obese adolescents eat more "junk food" than non-obese adolescents. Health professionals who treat obese adolescents must be aware that the excess calories in their diets may come from a variety of food sources and not solely from high-calorie snack foods.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Direct simultaneous determination of eight sweeteners in foods by capillary isotachophoresis.

A method for isotachophoretic determination of sweeteners of different character in candies and chewing gums was developed. A capillary of 0.8 mm ID and 90 mm effective length made of fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer is filled with an electrolyte system consisting of 10 mM HCl + 14 mM Tris, pH 7.7 (leading electrolyte) and 5 mM L-histidine + 5 mM Tris, pH 8.3 (terminating electrolyte). The analysis is performed at a driving current of 200 microA and for detection current is decreased to 100 microA. Boric acid is added to the aqueous sample solution to form borate complexes with substances of polyhydroxyl nature and make them migrate isotachophoretically. Using conductivity detection, the calibration curves in the tested concentration range up to 2.5 mM were linear for all components of interest: acesulfame K, saccharine, aspartame, cyclamate, sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, and xylitol. The concentration detection limits ranged between 0.024 and 0.081 mM. Good precision of the ITP method is evidenced by favorable RSD values ranging from 0.8 to 2.8% obtained at the analyte concentration of 1.0 mM (n = 6). The analysis time was about 20 min. Simplicity, accuracy, and low cost of analyses make ITP an alternative procedure to methods used so far for the determination of ionizable sweeteners.

Calibration↗
PubMed2005

Experimental design-based development and single laboratory validation of a capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of the artificial sweetener sucralose in food matrices.

A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method, optimised chemometrically, underwent a complete in-house validation protocol for the qualification and quantification of sucralose in various foodstuffs. Separation from matrix components was obtained in a dinitrobenzoic acid (3 mM)/sodium hydroxide (20 mM) background electrolyte with a pH of 12.1, a potential of 0.11 kV cm(-1) and a temperature of 22 degrees C. Detection was achieved at 238 nm by indirect UV. Screening, optimisation and robustness testing were all carried out with the aid of experimental design. Using standard addition calibration, the CZE method has been applied to still, carbonated and alcoholic beverages, yoghurts and hard-boiled candy. The method allows the detection of sucralose at >30 mg kg(-1), with a linearity range of 50-500 mg kg(-1), making it suitable for implementation of the recently amended "Sweeteners for use in foodstuffs" Directive (European Parliament and Council (2003) Off J L237:3-12), which set maximum usable doses of sucralose for many foodstuffs, most ranging from 200 mg kg(-1) to 450 mg kg(-1).

Beverages↗
PubMed2005

Maternal diet during pregnancy and its association with medulloblastoma in children: a children's oncology group study (United States).

Fruit, vegetables, vitamin C, and folate during pregnancy have been suggested as protective factors for medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), a common brain tumor in children. The authors sought to replicate these findings and investigate other aspects of diet. Mothers of 315 cases under age six at diagnosis and 315 controls were interviewed about their pregnancy diet. The authors observed modest, inverse associations for fruits/juices (odds ratio (OR) for highest compared to lowest category = 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3, 1.1) and vitamin C (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4, 1.1). In contrast to the previous study, folate and vegetables showed no association. As hypothesized, cured meats were not associated with medulloblastoma/PNET, in contrast to other childhood brain tumors. An inverse association with non-fresh peaches and similar fruits (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.8) and a positive association with non-chocolate candy (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.0) replicated previous findings. French fries (OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.2, 4.9) and chili peppers (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.0) were associated with medulloblastoma/PNET. The results suggest that some aspects of diet are worthy of further research.

Adult↗