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PubMed2006

Reduction in dentin permeability using a slurry containing dicalcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide.

Treatments that obdurate dentin tubules have been used for reducing dentin hypersensitivity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a treatment with a slurry of micron sized calcium phosphate on the hydraulic conductance (L(p)) of etched dentin discs in vitro. The treatment slurry was prepared by mixing a powder mixture of dicalcium phosphate anhydrous and calcium hydroxide with a solution that contained sodium fluoride and carboxymethyl cellulose. The mean baseline L(p) (in mL cm(-2) s(-1) H(2)O cm(-1)) was 2.07 +/- 1.45 (mean +/- SD; n = 13)). After one treatment and 2, 4, and 7 days of incubation in a protein-free saliva-like solution (SLS), the mean relative L(p), presented as % of baseline, were 65 +/- 16, 42 +/- 27, 36 +/- 26, and 33 +/- 27 (n = 13), respectively. The L(p) values of the baseline and treatment after incubation in the SLS were significantly (p < 0.05) different. Scanning electron microscopic examination showed partial obturation of dentin tubules in the treated dentin. X-ray diffraction and chemical analyses indicated the major product formed from the slurry was a fluoride-containing hydroxyapatite. Treatment appeared effective in further reducing L(p) of dentin discs after incubation in the SLS.

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMed1998

Influence of different vehicles on the antibacterial effects of calcium hydroxide.

This study evaluated the influence of three different vehicles on the antibacterial activity of calcium hydroxide against four bacterial species commonly found in endodontic infections. For this purpose, a broth dilution test using 24-well cell culture plates was performed. Results showed that all pastes were effective in killing the bacteria tested, but at different times. The calcium hydroxide/camphorated paramonochlorophenol/glycerin paste was the most effective against the four bacterial strains tested.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1989

Effects of combining Ledermix and calcium hydroxide pastes on the diffusion of corticosteroid and tetracycline through human tooth roots in vitro.

A 50:50 mixture of a corticosteroid/antibiotic paste and calcium hydroxide has been used clinically as a root canal dressing agent. This study investigated the effect on the release and diffusion of the corticosteroid and antibiotic components of Ledermix paste when it was mixed with a calcium hydroxide-methyl cellulose paste. The release rates of the trace molecules were lower when the mixture was used compared with release from Ledermix alone. The results indicated that this combination of materials, when used a long-term intracanal dressing, was likely to be more effective than Ledermix alone.

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of two calcium hydroxide pastes used for endodontic treatment of non-vital immature incisor teeth.

A proprietary calcium hydroxide paste, Reogan Rapid, that previously has been demonstrated to induce apical closure in non-vital immature incisor teeth, was becoming unavailable. A prospective clinical trial was conducted to compare Reogan Rapid with another proprietary paste, Hypo-cal. For teeth treated with Reogan Rapid apical closure was obtained in an average of 6.8 months involving 3.1 visits and the respective figures for teeth treated with Hypo-cal were 5.1 months and 2.4 visits. These results demonstrated that Hypo-cal was as effective as Reogan Rapid when used in a standardised technique for inducing apical closure.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed1989

Experimental bacterial anachoresis in dog dental pulps capped with calcium hydroxide.

The pulps of 36 permanent dog teeth were mechanically exposed and capped with Dycal, calcium hydroxide powder mixed with saline, or Teflon. At 2, 14, and 28 days postoperatively, nine teeth treated with the materials were extracted (treated control teeth): A suspension of streptococci was then injected intravenously. Twenty-four h later the dogs were killed and both the 27 treated teeth (experimental group) and 6 unoperated control teeth were removed in tissue blocks. Tissue sections were examined for the presence of bacteria, hard tissue formation, inflammatory cell response and necrosis. Bacteria were not observed in the unoperated and treated control teeth or in three of four teeth capped with Teflon for 29 days. In all the remaining specimens colonies of gram-positive cocci were found.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Human pulp response after partial pulpotomy with two calcium hydroxide products.

Twenty human permanent teeth were used to study the pulpal response of two calcium hydroxide products, Dycal and Pulpdent Multi-Cal, after partial pulpotomy. Teeth were extracted at 4 months, fixed, and prepared for histologic examination. All 10 teeth treated with Dycal showed complete soft tissue healing and bridge formation. No stained bacteria were seen throughout the serial sections. One tooth treated with Dycal showed acceptable histologic results, dentin deposition in the root canal. Six cases dressed with Pulpdent Multi-Cal showed acceptable histologic results, whereas four teeth showed severe inflammation or necrosis associated with bacterial penetration into the pulp tissue. Clinically, one tooth treated with Pulpdent Multi-Cal showed pulpal pain and was extracted at 90 days. Our data support the thesis that human permanent pulps will promote tissue healing and dentin bridge formation as long as bacterial microleakage is excluded.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2005

Dentinal tubule disinfection using three calcium hydroxide formulations.

The objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial efficacy of three calcium hydroxide (CH) formulations using an in vitro model of Enterococcus faecalis dentinal tubule infection. CH mixed with water (CH), CH mixed with iodine-potassium iodide (CH+IKI), and CH mixed with iodoform and silicone oil (Metapex) were tested. Human cylindrical dentin specimens infected with E. faecalis were filled with disinfectants and incubated for 1 week. Dentin powder samples collected with ISO 018 burs showed a statistically significant reduction in E. faecalis for all three experimental groups in comparison with untreated control specimens. Statistically significant differences were also found between the three experimental groups. Metapex was the most effective dentinal tubule disinfectant, followed by CH+IKI and then CH. Similar results were observed at greater dentin tubule depths (ISO 021 burs) with the exception that intracanal treatment with CH resulted in significantly higher numbers of E. faecalis in comparison with untreated control specimens.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1997

In vitro release of hydroxyl ions from six types of calcium hydroxide nonsetting pastes.

The role of intracanal medication in root canal treatment is very important. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is considered to fulfill many of the properties of an ideal root canal dressing mainly due to its alkalizing pH. It is bacteriocidal and neutralizing to the remaining tissue debris in the root canal(s) and through the continuous release of OH- ions it promotes an alkalizing osteogenic environment for the surrounding tissues. The purpose of this study was to examine the pH values of various Ca(OH)2 based on compounds used as intracanal medicaments over a period of 5 days. The following materials were tested: Calasept, Calcicur, Calxyl blue, Calxyl red, Reogan rapid, and Tempcanal. After a fast OH- release period (2 h) each compound reached an asymptotic pH state. The results showed that all materials exhibited alkalizing pH with Reogan rapid, Calxyl Red, and Calcicur being the most potent (p = 0.05). The final pH of each compound correlated positively with the Ca(OH)2 mass fraction contained in it.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative evaluation of endodontic management of teeth with unformed apices with mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) for their efficacies and time taken for formation of apical biological calcific barriers and resolution of periapical radiolucencies, if present at baseline, in teeth with unformed apices. METHODS: Twenty nonvital permanent maxillary incisors with unformed apices, stratified according to the size of periapical radiolucencies and stage of root development, were equally allocated to MTA and Ca(OH)2 groups. In group 1 (MTA group), after 7 days of disinfection with Ca(OH)2, MTA was packed into the apical one third of the root canals and obturation with gutta percha (GP) was performed in 90% (9/10) of cases within 15 to 30 days. In group 2 (Ca(OH)2 group), obturation was performed following clinical and radiographic depiction of the apical stop. RESULTS: The mean time taken for apical biological barrier formation was 3 +/- 2.9 months for group 1 and 7 +/- 2.5 months for group 2 (P=.008). The periapical radiolucencies were resolved in 4.6 +/- 1.5 months for group 1 and 4.4 +/- 1.3 months for group 2 (P=.83). The total treatment was completed in 0.75 +/- 0.4859 months and 7 +/- 2.5 months for groups 1 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSION: The 2 materials were found to be equally efficacious in the management of nonvital teeth with unformed apices. Time taken to complete the treatment and the biological barrier formation in group 1 was significantly less than that for group 2. The healing time for periapical radiolucencies was almost identical.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Additive antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine on common endodontic bacterial pathogens.

It is an established procedure to use calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] as a therapeutic component to achieve sterilization of infected root canals. Unfortunately, some bacterial species are relatively resistant to Ca(OH)2 and are therefore associated with treatment failures. The objective of this study was to identify combinations of substances that improve antimicrobial activity. Ca(OH)2 was used as a suspension or as a component of gutta-percha points. Efficacy of killing was compared for (a) Ca(OH)2 suspension alone; (b) zinc oxide (ZnO) points alone; (c) Ca(OH)2 suspension combined with ZnO points; (d) Ca(OH)2 suspension combined with ZnO/chlorhexidine points; and (e) Ca(OH)2 points combined with ZnO/chlorhexidine points. Common endodontopathogenic bacterial species (Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus micros, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus intermedius) in pure cultures served as target organisms. In the in vitro assay, the antibacterial substances and approximately 10(7) colony forming units of test bacteria were co-incubated in diluted human serum under growth conditions appropriate for the single bacterial species. Samples were taken on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 of incubation and viable counts determined. Gram-negative bacteria were sufficiently killed by Ca(OH)2 alone. Combinations with other agents did not improve the killing kinetics. For the inactivation of the Gram-positive bacteria P. micros and S. intermedius, a combination of Ca(OH)2 and ZnO/chlorhexidine, killed the bacteria faster than Ca(OH)2 alone. For E. faecalis, combining Ca(OH)2 suspension with ZnO/chlorhexidine points lead to a faster decrease in the overall number of viable bacteria, but no test conditions lead to the complete loss of culture viability. The results of this study support the use of a combination of Ca(OH)2 and chlorhexidine for faster eradication of P. micros and S. intermedius from infected root canals.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗