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Results for “COMMUNISM”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Conflicts of interest in science in Armenia.

The author describes problems facing Armenia in reorganization of the structure of science in the post-socialist era with the aim of utilizing limited state resources more efficiently by reducing the number of separate scientific institutes, concentrating on essential core subjects required by the nation and encouraging all other projects to compete in the international arena for grant sponsorship.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

Health and society in China: public health education for the community, 1912--1937.

The paper studies the public health education activities of the American medical missionaries, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Nationalist government, and the Mass Education Movement in China during 1912--1937. It argues that the mission-oriented policies of the medical missionaries as well as the 'technique' approaches of the Rockefeller Foundation which were adopted by the majority of the health officials of the Nationalist government were inappropriate in an agrarian country like China. The Mass Education Movement, by combining health education with the improvement of the living conditions of the people as a whole, proved to be quite successful although it too failed to utilize the traditional medical system in public health activities.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1984

Trends in adolescent development in the People's Republic of China.

Interest in adolescence and adolescent medicine has dramatically increased among medical professionals in the past few years in the People's Republic of China. This article will focus on changing medical practices towards adolescents in the People's Republic since 1949. It is not at all meant to be exhaustive, but rather to indicate the range of medical work extent on adolescent medicine. The 'tasks' of adolescence, as presently understood in the West, such as individuation, separation from family, and sexual identity will be examined in a Chinese context. Changing patterns in birth control, vocational choice, and youth group organizations will then be covered. Finally, attention will be drawn to recent Chinese research on adolescence which has appeared in English language journals. Research for this article comes from a lecture and research period spent in the People's Republic from January to March 1981. Follow-up correspondence and research exchange has continued to this writing. Approximately 25 cities were visited with lectures and professional exchange occurring in six: Beijing, Shanghai, Kaifent, Chengdu, Wuhan and Changsha. Though the cultural context is different, it became clear that there are many similarities between the adolescent process in the United States and the People's Republic of China.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Toward a political-economy of alcoholism: the missing link in the anthropology of drinking.

This paper addresses a shortcoming in the existing anthropological and related social science literature on alcohol use and abuse, namely the general inattention to global political-economic forces that have in the past and continue to reshape social relations and drinking practices cross-culturally. Following a critical review of the dominant approaches adopted in the varying explanations of heavy drinking and alcoholism, several alternative concepts are presented and developed in order to lay the ground for the emergence of a political-economy of alcoholism. The paper urges transcendence of the existing narrow boundaries of inquiry and perspective characteristic of most anthropological study of drinking and drinking problems.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1987

Sports medicine in the Soviet Union and German Democratic Republic.

This paper is concerned with definitions, the contribution of sports medicine to success in sport, especially at the Olympics, the structure and history of sports medicine in two societies. The author maintains that sports medicine is an integral part of communist sports success; the nations of Eastern Europe have found it easier to employ sports medicine in this way owing to the centrally-controlled nature of their sports systems and the clear-cut targets the authorities have set sport.

Communism↗
PubMed1990

Non-market economies in health. Introduction.

This paper introduces analyses of the state of health and of the health-care system in four Eastern European countries. The analyses focus on the issue of inequality in countries which share many characteristics including non-market economies, rapid urbanization and industrialization, and health systems which formally aim to provide equal access and treatment to all citizens. The measurement of social inequality in a non-market economy dominated by the state economy cannot be based on traditional class divisions; nor is income a good indicator of class position, salaries for professional and non-manual workers being lower than the average. Major relevant variables for which data are available are occupation, educational level and area of residence. Despite many system similarities the countries differ sharply in the level of resources devoted to health care and in health status based on mortality rates.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Petit bourgeois health care? The big small-business of private complementary medical practice.

Although small business private complementary medicine (CAM) has grown to be a significant provider of health care in many Western societies, there has been relatively little research on the sector in business terms and on its wider socio-economic position and role. Using a combined questionnaire and interview survey, and the concept of small business petit bourgeoisie as a framework, this paper considers the character of therapists and their businesses in England and Wales. The findings suggest that typical of the core characteristics of both the petit bourgeoisie and therapists are the selling of goods with a considerable market viability, at the same time financial insecurity; the modest size of businesses; small amounts of direct employment generation and business owners undertaking everyday 'hands-on' work themselves. Certain of the therapists' and business characteristics depart from the stereotypical image of a small businesses class, such as the high incidence of part-time self-employment and incomes being supplemented often by unrelated waged employment. However, given the acknowledged diversity of the petit bourgeoisie between societies and over time, the framework is arguably appropriate in this context, and private CAM a latest guise. Indeed, just as the petit bourgeoisie have traditionally found market niches either neglected or rejected by bigger business, small business CAM has provided the forms of health care neglected and sometimes rejected by orthodox medicine.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Seasonal anthropometric cycles in a command economy: the case of Czechoslovakia, 1946-1966.

Anthropometric evidence is used to shed light on the living standards in early communist Czechoslovakia (1946-1966). Height and weight variation of adolescent boys exhibit a pattern that is inconsistent with that for a normal healthy population. The hypothesis is proposed that this pattern arose from periodic food supply shortages, most marked in the spring of each year. The boys in the sample display a remarkably slow growth during the spring but catch up over the summer.

Adolescent↗