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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Exposure assessment to synthetic food colours of a selected population in Hyderabad, India.

An exposure assessment of synthetic food colours was carried out among 1-5- and 6-18-year-old individuals by the food frequency method. Children had an intake of solid food consumption in the range 2-465 g day(-1) and liquid food consumption in the range 25-840 ml day(-1) with added colours. Among the eight permitted colours in India, six were consumed by the subjects of the study. The intakes of some subjects exceeded the acceptable daily intake for colours such as tartrazine, sunset yellow and erythrosine, which is 7.5, 2.5 and 0.1 mg kg(-1) body weight, respectively. Therefore, a uniform permissible limit of 100 mg kg(-1) prescribed under the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act in India for all foods is not justified. The limits need to be revised according to the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which permits different maximum levels of additives to various food categories based on both the extent of consumption and the technological justification for its use.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Insecticide residues in commercially-grown quick-maturing carrots.

Commercially-grown quick-maturing carrots which had been treated with insecticides to protect them from damage by carrot fly were analysed for residues of carbofuran (4 samples), disulfoton (17 samples) or phorate (20 samples). Intervals between treatment and harvest ranged from 10 to 35 wk. None of the carbofuran-treated carrots, and only two of the phorate-treated crops, contained greater than 0.1 mg/kg-1. Eleven of those treated with disulfoton contained greater than 0.1 mg/kg-1 but only one exceeded the Codex maximum residue limit of 0.5 mg/kg-1.

Carbofuran↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of official methods for 'readily oxidizable substances' in propionic acid as a food additive.

The official methods for 'readily oxidizable substances (ROS)' in propionic acid as a food additive were compared. The methods examined were those adopted in the Compendium of Food Additive Specifications (CFAS) by the Joint FAO-WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, FAO, The Japanese Standards for Food Additives (JSFA) by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan, and the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC) by the National Research Council, USA. The methods given in CFAS and JSFA are the same (potassium permanganate consumption). However, by this method, manganese (VII) in potassium permanganate was readily reduced to colourless manganese(II) with some substances contained in the propionic acid before reacting with aldehydes, which are generally considered as 'readily oxidizable substances', to form brown manganese (IV) oxide. The FCC method (bromine consumption) for 'ROS' could be recommended because it was able to obtain quantitative results of 'ROS', including aldehydes.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1996

Assessment of the contamination of surface water and fish from Côte d'Ivoire.

Water and fish samples were collected from selected rivers and lagoons from Côte d'Ivoire. Water samples were analyzed for their chemical characteristics and for the levels of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides. Fish samples were analyzed for the presence of organochlorine pesticides. The values for pH and total hardness found indicate that these waters are suitable for drinking. The COD is higher in the south and urban areas indicating an enrichment in organic matter due to agricultural and industrial activities. Only two metals, zinc and copper were detected at very low levels (ranges of values). The levels of organochlorine pesticides detected in water and fish samples were below the extraneous residue limits (ERL) and the acceptable daily intake (ADI) set by the FAO/WHO codex alimentarius commission. The levels found are higher in the south and around urban areas. These findings [correction of finding] indicate that agriculture and industrial activities are the most important source of surface water contamination by xenobiotics.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Pesticide residues in table-ready foods in Tanzania.

This study investigated the presence of pesticide residues in table-ready foods in Tanzania. One-hundred-and-eighty nine samples of 11 widely used foods at table ready stage were analysed using US FDA multi-residue methods. Pesticide residues were detected in 29% of all samples analysed. The spread of contamination in individual foods was: spinach 72.7%, rice 50%, beef meat 42.1%, stiff porridge 8.6%, and beans 6.7%. After allocating Non-detects levels a half value of Method Detection Limit i.e., (MDL)/2, the mean concentrations of the pesticide residues in the foods were; In spinach: g-HCH 0.08 microg/kg; DDT 2.89 microg/kg; Chlorpyrifos 0.02 microg/kg. In rice: g-HCH 0.08 microg/kg; DDT 1.70 microg/kg; and Chlorpyrifos 0.02 microg/kg. In beef meat: g-HCH 0.14 microg/kg; DDT 0.76 microg/kg. In stiff porridge: g-HCH 0.06 microg/kg; and DDT 0.30 microg/kg. In beans: g-HCH 0.04 microg/kg; and DDT 0.13 microg/kg. In fish variety: g-HCH 0.05 microg/kg. Converted into consumer Average Daily Doses, these concentrations were within ADI/ PTDI levels set by CODEX and, therefore, posed no significant health risk. However, the presence of pp-DDT in many samples indicates a possible recent contamination of food raw materials with DDT. A more effective pesticides control system should be put in place before lifting the ban on DDT for restricted uses in vector control programs in Tanzania.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2006

Heavy metals content and microbiological quality of carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.) muscle from two Southwestern Slovak fish farms.

The purpose of this study was to assess concentration and correlation of selected heavy metals and level of some microbiological indicators (total bacteria count-TBC, mesophilic anaerobic sporulating bacteria-MASB) in the muscle of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish were collected by seine net within the frame of pondfishing, in October (pond Horné Obdokovce--pond A) and December (pond Budmerice--pond B) 2003. Concentrations of selected metals were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer Pye Unicam SP9. The concentrations of metals (mg/kg wet weight basis) ranged as follows: Fe 3.47-15.15; Mn 0.14-0.42; Zn 3.47-9.52; Cu 0.24-1.32; Co 0.05-0.17; Ni 0.07-0.42; Cr 0.08-0.19; Pb 0.11-0.30; and Cd 0.01-0.05. The count of MASB and TCB (in CFU/g) varied as follow: 1.12-7.76 x 10(3) and 0.03-7.59 x 10(6), respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.05) for Cu, Ni, and Cr bioaccumulation, as well as for count of MASB between ponds were recorded. An opposite trend of bioaccumulation was found in only 12 of 36 cases. Positive correlations between counts of MASB and accumulated heavy metals, except Ni and negative correlations between TBC and accumulated heavy metals, except Cr, were recorded, (P < 0.05) for TBC-Mn and TBC-Cd relationship. Lead concentrations exceeded the maximum values allowed concentration in Slovakia by Codex Alimentarius (0.2 mg/kg) by 60% for pond-A and 40% for pond-B. The level of MASB count exceeded the maximum allowed concentration in 100% by both ponds. On average, the order of metal concentrations in the fish muscle was: (Pond-A) Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cr > Ni > Co > Cd; (Pond-B) Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Ni > Cr > Co > Cd.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Accumulation of some metals in muscles of five fish species from lower Nitra river.

This paper reports the results of accumulated selected metals concentrations (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg and meHg) in the muscle of five common Slovak fish species (Chub-Leuciscus cephalus, Common carp-Cyprinus carpio, Prussian carp-Carassius gibelio, Roach-Rutilus rutilus, and Wels catfish-Silurus glanis). Furthermore, correlations among the selected metals and order of metal accumulation in the fish muscle were determined. The concentrations of metals (mg/kg wet weight basis) ranged as follows: Fe 3.70-21.10; Mn 0.27-1.50; Zn 3.72-42.82; Cu 0.26-1.82; Ni 0.02-0.29; Co 0.06-0.28; Cr 0.09-0.28; Pb 0.08-34.59; Cd 0.06-2.76, Hg 0.34-3.64 and meHg 0.08-1.20. The level of lead and mercury exceeded the maximum allowed concentration in Slovakia by the Codex Alimentarius for safe human consumption (0.2 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively) in the majority of samples (94.6 and 82.1%, respectively). Content of Cd (0.88 +/- 0.76 mg/kg wet weight) in the fish muscle exceeded maximum allowed levels (0.05 mg/kg) in all samples. An average, the order of metal concentrations in the fish muscle was: Fe > Zn > Pb > Cd > Hg > Cu > Mn > meHg > Ni > Cr > Co.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Issues in the substantiation process of health claims.

Attempts are being made at the international level within the framework of the Codex Alimentarius to establish guidelines for health claims. An important issue that has to be addressed is the process of substantiating any health claim. Previous papers have addressed aspects relating to the development and regulatory control of functional foods and certain issues relating to claims. This paper addresses several issues concerning the substantiation of health claims through the examination of the regulations and guidelines in several countries. They include (1) importance of human- and product-based studies; (2) concept of scientific consensus; (3) authorization of claim wording; (4) availability of scientific evidence to public (confidentiality). The paper finally proposes a system based on generic and innovative health claims.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Concentration of selected metals in muscle of various fish species.

The purpose of this study was to assess concentration of selected metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Hg) in the muscle of four common Slovak fish species (chub--Leuciscus cephalus, barbel--Barbus barbus, roach--Rutilus rutilus, and perch--Perca fluviatilis). Furthermore, correlations among the selected metals and order of metal accumulation in the fish muscle were determined. An electrofishing technique was used for collecting the fish from the Nitra River (Slovakia) in September 2003. Concentrations of selected metals were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer Pye Unicam SP9. The concentrations of metals (mg/kg wet weight basis) ranged as follows: Fe 3.41-15.14; Mn 0.20-0.81; Zn 3.51-15.64; Cu 0.25-0.78; Ni 0.07-0.25; Co 0.05-0.19; Cr 0.11-0.42; Pb 0.20-5.81; Cd 0.06-0.56, and Hg 1.35-6.52. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) between Fe-Cu, Fe-Ni, Fe-Cr, Mn-Ni, Mn-Cr, Mn-Cr, Cu-Ni, and Ni-Cr were observed. The level of lead exceeded the maximum allowable concentration in Slovakia by Codex Alimentarius for safe human consumption (0.2 mg/kg) in the majority of samples (97.2%). Content of Cd (0.23 +/- 0.13 mg/kg wet weight) and Hg (2.85 +/- 1.22 mg/kg wet weight) in the fish muscle exceeded maximum allowed levels in all samples. On average, the order of metal concentrations in the fish muscle was: Fe > Zn > Hg > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cd > Cr > Ni > Co.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

ARCADIA reveals spatially dependent transcriptional programs through integration of scRNA-seq and spatial proteomics.

MOTIVATION: Cellular states are strongly influenced by spatial context, but single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) loses information about local tissue organization, while spatial proteomic assays capture limited marker panels that constrain transcriptomic inference. Integrating these modalities can elucidate how spatial niches shape transcriptional programs, yet existing approaches depend on either feature-level correspondence such as gene-protein linkage or cell-level barcode pairing, which is often unavailable. RESULTS: We present ARCADIA (ARchetype-based Clustering and Alignment with Dual Integrative Autoencoders), a generative framework for cross-modal integration that operates without cell barcode pairing and does not assume direct feature-to-feature correspondence. ARCADIA identifies modality-specific archetypes, that is, convex combinations of cells representing extreme phenotypic states, and aligns these anchors across modalities by minimizing the discrepancy between their cell-type composition profiles. The aligned archetypes define a shared coordinate system that anchors dual variational autoencoders (VAEs) trained with cross-modal geometric regularization, preserving archetype structure and spatial neighborhood information while enabling bidirectional translation between modalities. On semi-synthetic CITE-seq data, ARCADIA outperforms existing weak-linkage methods. Applied to independent human tonsil scRNA-seq and CODEX data, ARCADIA reconstructs known tissue architecture and reveals spatially dependent transcriptional programs linking B-cell maturation and T-cell activation or exhaustion to microenvironmental niches. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Source code is accessible at https://github.com/azizilab/ARCADIA_public. Reproducibility scripts and data are available at https://github.com/azizilab/arcadia_reproducibility.

Proteomics↗
PubMed2006

AllerTool: a web server for predicting allergenicity and allergic cross-reactivity in proteins.

UNLABELLED: Assessment of potential allergenicity and patterns of cross-reactivity is necessary whenever novel proteins are introduced into human food chain. Current bioinformatic methods in allergology focus mainly on the prediction of allergenic proteins, with no information on cross-reactivity patterns among known allergens. In this study, we present AllerTool, a web server with essential tools for the assessment of predicted as well as published cross-reactivity patterns of allergens. The analysis tools include graphical representation of allergen cross-reactivity information; a local sequence comparison tool that displays information of known cross-reactive allergens; a sequence similarity search tool for assessment of cross-reactivity in accordance to FAO/WHO Codex alimentarius guidelines; and a method based on support vector machine (SVM). A 10-fold cross-validation results showed that the area under the receiver operating curve (A(ROC)) of SVM models is 0.90 with 86.00% sensitivity (SE) at specificity (SP) of 86.00%. AVAILABILITY: AllerTool is freely available at http://research.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/AllerTool/.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

The first descriptions of therapeutic arthrocentesis: a historical note.

The existence of synovial fluid has been known since Hippocratic times. The abnormal accumulation of liquid inside the joints has been recognized as the proximal cause of rheumatic diseases since humoral theory was the dominant paradigm in Occidental medical culture. Although evacuating the excess of the abnormal humour was the target of all therapeutic measures taken during this era, no mention of arthrocentesis is found in Occidental medical texts until 1652. We present two earlier indications of arthrocentesis to treat abnormal accumulation of liquid inside the joints. One in the Codex Badianus, an Aztec manuscript written in the 16th century, and the other in the Tractado breve de medicina, published in Mexico in 1592.

History, 15th Century↗
PubMed1993

Monitoring 90Sr contamination in terms of 131I contamination in imported food.

This paper describes a method for monitoring 90Sr contamination in terms of 131I contamination in food imported from a country with a recent nuclear power plant accident. For imported food, the guideline levels set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission will be applied, which requires that the contamination in food by beta emitters (typically strontium) be monitored. However, the measurement of strontium contamination cannot be made within a reasonably short time as it requires rather time-consuming chemical extraction and sample preparation procedures in advance. We propose here to use the contamination level of 131I in these foodstuffs as indicators of 90Sr contamination levels. Possible accident scenarios are employed to estimate the abundance ratio of 131I and 90Sr deposited on soil and intercepted by plants. Using a dynamic food chain model, we can calculate their relative activities in the food products which, when combined with the 131I levels present, give the theoretical 90Sr levels present.

Accidents↗
PubMed2004

Thirty years of the ESPGAN/ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition.

The creation of the Committee on Nutrition of ESPGAN (later ESPGHAN) in 1974 was stimulated by the need to define generally acceptable standards for infant feeding and for dietetic products for infants. Since the late 1970s the Committee has published a series of widely respected authoritative comments that have provided guidance for pediatricians, regulatory bodies and manufacturers of food products in Europe and other parts of the world. The Committee and its members have also contributed to the development of standards by the Codex Alimentarius Committee of the World Health Organization and of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and of standards in the European Union. Among the further aims of the Committee aims is the stimulation and support of young researchers entering the field of nutrition and metabolism, as well as the lobbying for public and private funding that supports pediatric nutrition research. The strong tradition of 30 successful years with the achievements made, and the appreciation of the vision and determination of the pioneers who had built the Committee, provide a major stimulus to strive for continued excellence in achieving the Committee's mission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Development of a general procedure for complete extraction of gliadins for heat processed and unheated foods.

OBJECTIVES: In the past, one of the major problems in gluten analysis has been the unavailability of an efficient, universal, extraction procedure of gliadins - the alcohol-soluble proteins of gluten - from both heat processed and unprocessed products. This study was designed to develop a universal, extraction procedure capable of extracting the totality of gliadins from both unprocessed and heat processed foods for coeliac patients. METHODS: A simple quantitative extraction solution containing 250 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 2 M guanidine hydrochloride ('cocktail'), was developed to extract gliadins from heated foods. RESULTS: The diluted reducing and disaggregating agents reaching the micro plate at low concentration do not affect the ELISA system based on the R5 monoclonal antibody. The recovery of gliadins extracted by the cocktail from spiked samples was nearly complete, with an average mean value of 95.5%, which is clearly superior to 44.4% obtained with conventional 60% aqueous ethanol. The cocktail always yielded either slightly similar or higher values than 60% aqueous ethanol depending on the type of foods: 1.1-fold in unheated foods, 1.4-fold in wheat starches and 3.0-fold in heated foods. False positives or negatives were never observed using the cocktail solution. CONCLUSION: We present a general complete gliadin extraction procedure based on reducing and disaggregating agents for both heated and unheated foods as a crucial tool for gliadin analysis. The new extraction solution is used for corresponding proteins from rye (secalins) and barley (hordeins). The cocktail was employed as the extraction method in the international ring trial evaluation of sandwich R5-ELISA as proposed by the Codex Alimentarius and organized by the Working Group on Prolamin Analysis and Toxicity.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed2003

How gluten-free is gluten-free, and what does this mean to coeliac patients?

A gluten-free diet is the cornerstone treatment of coeliac disease. Until now, it is not known conclusively whether trace amounts of gluten might be allowed in the diet, as suggested by Codex Alimentarius. Gluten-free foods intended for dietary use can now be analysed reliably for residual gluten by the new R5 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. Some major problems of gluten analysis (sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility) can be solved by the new method. Therefore, the information given by the new test system is relevant and superior to earlier methods. Further clinical studies using small dose challenges and dietary records including gluten analysis are necessary until a more meaningful discussion on standards for gluten-free foods can be started.

Celiac Disease↗
PubMed2000

Schwinger-Keldysh semionic approach for quantum spin systems.

We derive a path-integral Schwinger-Keldysh approach for quantum spin systems. This is achieved by means of a semionic representation of spins as fermions with imaginary chemical potential. The major simplifying feature in comparison with other representations (Holstein-Primakoff, Dyson-Maleev, slave bosons/fermions, etc.) is that the local constraint is taken into account exactly. As a result, the standard diagram technique with the usual Feynman codex is constructed. We illustrate the application of this technique for the Néel and spin-liquid states of the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Modeling microbial growth within food safety risk assessments.

Risk estimates for food-borne infection will usually depend heavily on numbers of microorganisms present on the food at the time of consumption. As these data are seldom available directly, attention has turned to predictive microbiology as a means of inferring exposure at consumption. Codex guidelines recommend that microbiological risk assessment should explicitly consider the dynamics of microbiological growth, survival, and death in foods. This article describes predictive models and resources for modeling microbial growth in foods, and their utility and limitations in food safety risk assessment. We also aim to identify tools, data, and knowledge sources, and to provide an understanding of the microbial ecology of foods so that users can recognize model limits, avoid modeling unrealistic scenarios, and thus be able to appreciate the levels of confidence they can have in the outputs of predictive microbiology models. The microbial ecology of foods is complex. Developing reliable risk assessments involving microbial growth in foods will require the skills of both microbial ecologists and mathematical modelers. Simplifying assumptions will need to be made, but because of the potential for apparently small errors in growth rate to translate into very large errors in the estimate of risk, the validity of those assumptions should be carefully assessed. Quantitative estimates of absolute microbial risk within narrow confidence intervals do not yet appear to be possible. Nevertheless, the expression of microbial ecology knowledge in "predictive microbiology" models does allow decision support using the tools of risk assessment.

Bacteria↗