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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Female circumcision.

The letter on unsafe male circumcision by Dr. H. Gretahun (Africa Health, March 1997) brings into very clear focus the whole issue of genital mutilation. Circumcision, whether male or female, does not per se amount to genital mutilation unless performed unsafely. Female circumcision involves only reducing the rudimentary penis, the clitoris, in order to tuck it neatly and beautifully under the labia majora. When the operation involves slicing off the labia, it ceases to be circumcision. Any scar tissue formed, both in size and location, is never enough to interfere with childbirth, otherwise the Black race would have been extinct millennia ago. Orgasm is not impeded in any way or else the female population of the planet would have been 80% frigid. If an uncircumcised female exhibits greater excitability, it is to be expected; even the constant friction between the clitoris and the underpart sets off some amount of auto-arousal. African female anti-circumcision activists should stop to consider the real issues and recognize the ulterior motives of the Western world, where even males are not circumcised. They should worry more about AIDS, which the West created as a weapon against its Communist opponents using Africans as laboratory animals. Africans should be demanding compensation and free distribution of all available drugs and not condoms.

Africa↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of female genital mutilation among African women resident in the Swedish county of Ostergötland.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM) among African women resident in the Swedish County of Ostergötland and assess the types of FGM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three hundred and four African women aged > or = 18 years were domiciled in Ostergötland by the end of 1998. The women were invited by letter. A socio-cultural questionnaire designed to give an overall picture of FGM within a socio-economic context, and also to invite the women to an interview and examination, was sent to all African women in the county of Ostergötland. Women who gave their consent (n = 63) underwent a gynecologic examination. RESULTS: The response rate was 84%. According to the questionnaire, 68% of all the African women were genitally mutilated. The clinical examination revealed that 39 women (62%) were mutilated, 17 of them (44%) had undergone removal of part or all external genitalia and stitching ('infibulation'), 26% had undergone removal of the prepuce of the clitoris ('prepucectomy'), 23% had undergone various cultural practices on the external genitalia, and 7.7% excision of the clitoris with partial or total removal of labia minora ('clitoridectomy'). CONCLUSION: The influx of immigrants to Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries from cultures where FGM is practiced, requires that physicians and other health professionals familiarize themselves with the practice and the cultural beliefs underlying it. Sensitivity to the needs of these women as well as attention to the potential physical hazards posed by the practice are important factors in care.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of Tantra on ayurveda and Kamasutra.

A close study of ancient works of ayurveda and Kamasutra shows that the knowledge of anatomy and physiology of different parts of reproductive organs particularly of female genitals is lacking. Hymen, defloration and clitoris do not find any mention in earlier works. Works of medieval and late medieval period mention the different parts and their utility and function especially in the sexual enjoyment. Worship of vagina or Yonipuja was a common practice in some sects of Tantrists like Kaulas, Kapalikas and others. This practice resulted in the close observation of different parts and thereby knowing their importance and role in the sexual enjoyment, which was also a part of the practices of Tantrism. This knowledge appears to have been incorporated in works like Bhavaprakasa of ayurveda and Paururavamanasijasutra and others of Kamasutra. They describe three Nadis in the female genitalia and clitoris others.

Coitus↗
PubMed1977

[Virilizing tumours of the adrenal cortex with unimpaired menstruation (author's transl)].

Virilizing adenomas of the adrenal cortex entail, typically, hirsutism, amenorrhea and hypertrophy of the clitoris. We report two cases of adrenal adenoma, both revealed by hirsutism and significant biological features, but both without any alteration of the menstrual cycle. One of our 2 patients showed moderate hypertrophy of the clitoris. In the first patient, the tumour has been located thanks to dexamethasone--modifiying adrenal secretion, and in the second patient, thanks to angiography. These two cases reported are a warning never to neglect more hirsutism, even, when unobstrusive, and always to undertake minimal hormonal investigations.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of maternal dexamethasone treatment after the 12th week of pregnancy on fetal genital development in adrenogenital syndrome with 21-hydroxylase deficiency].

Prenatal treatment with dexamethasone starting with gestation week 5 has been proposed to prevent virilization of female fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. We report dexamethasone treatment in a mother during her third pregnancy; this treatment could not be started before the 12th week of gestation. The second child (index case) had a simple virilizing 21-hydroxylase deficiency CAH and Prader IV genitalia. Because after amniocentesis a normal female karyotype and HLA identity with the index case were found, the dexamethasone treatment (3 x 0.5 mg/die) was continued until delivery.-In contrast to patients with salt-wasting CAH, the 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone level in the amniotic fluid was within the normal range. Decreased maternal plasma and urine estriol concentrations, as well as the plasma cortisol values, demonstrated adequate suppression of the fetal and maternal adrenal gland. No side effects were found in the mother as a result of the dexamethasone treatment. The newborn had virilization of the external genitalia according to Prader III but without hypertrophy of the clitoris. The degree of rugated scrotum was less marked in relation to the index case and the sinus urogenitalis was more distally shifted. Thus, surgery on the clitoris could be avoided. The conditions for further surgery (vaginoplasty) could probably be improved. Therefore, dexamethasone treatment of a mother with a female CAH fetus due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency seems to be justified starting at the 12th week of gestation. However, the optimal beginning of therapy is in early pregnancy.

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital↗
PubMed1984

Operative correction of intersexual genitals in children.

In intersex the external genitalia should be corrected operatively before the 2nd year of life. In patients with the adrenogenital syndrome with a low opening of the vagina into the urogenital sinus, a plastic operation on the vagina and displacement of the clitoris can be carried out in one operation. The operative technique is described. In cases where the vagina opens high in the urogenital sinus, the operative technique of Hendren and Crawford (1969), with transplantation of the vaginal introitus into the perineum in combination with displacement of the clitoris, is advised. In 7 patients, partial vaginal aplasia was observed. The abdominoperineal operative technique for the correction of this malformation is described. In intersex patients where male external genitalia are desired, the phallus is straightened at the first operation and a hypospadias operation using the technique described by Denis Browne is performed at a second sitting. More than 130 patients with intersex have been operatively corrected.

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital↗
PubMed1976

Parental mislabeling of female genitals as a determinant of penis envy and learning inhibitions in women.

A survey of sex education literature confirms parents' self-reports regarding sex information imparted to their children. With relatively few exceptions, young children (and even teenagers) are taught that "boys have a penis and girls have a vagina," without further linguistic distinctions made regarding the sensitive external genitals of the female child. It is suggested that this incomplete, undifferentiated, and often inaccurate picture of female genitals prevents the growing girl from achieving pride in femininity, and may lead to anxiety and confusion regarding her sexuality. A case is presented in which the failure to label the girl's external genitals was a contributing factor to penis envy, as well as to conflicts about "looking" which led to symptomatic learning inhibitions. It is suggested that the ubiquity of the female "castration complex" may not stem primarily from the fact that the clitoris is a smaller (and thus inferior) organ compared to the penis. Rather, the girl's feeling of being "cheated" may reflect parental failure to explicitly acknowledge that the vulva (especially the clitoris) is an important aspect of "what girls have." Because visible and sensitive aspects of the girl's genitals are not labeled for her, the girl may feel that she does not have "permission" to develop into a sexually responsive and complete woman. As in the case presented, penis envy may be a symptom expressing the wish to have one's female sexuality "validated," but which also serves to block this forbidden wish by inhibiting sexual responsiveness and pride in femininity.

Achievement↗
PubMed1997

[Effectiveness of radical therapy in vulvar carcinoma. An analysis of 148 cases].

148 patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva were treated by surgery at the N. N. Petrov-Cancer Research Institute St. Petersburg. There were 73 unilateral lesions confined to the labium majus or labium minus, 17 to labium majus and minus, 41 to the clitoris and 17 lesions to other structures. 28 patients had FIGO I lesion, 58 a FIGO II, and 62 patients had a FIGO III tumor. In 41 cases the depth of infiltration was 1-5 mm, in 83 cases 6-10 mm, and in 24 cases the depth of infiltration was greater than 11 mm. Radical vulvectomy with inguinal lymphadenectomy was performed in 115 cases, a simple vulvectomy in 33 cases (Nx). In 53 patients lymph nodes were positive and in 62 negative. The patients were followed for at least 60 month and none have been lost to follow-up. The stage dependent 5-year-survival rate was 96.4% (FIGO I), 87.7% (FIGO II), 62% (FIGO III), and 79.2% (overall). The 5-year-survival rate of lesions of the labium minus was 94.6%, of the labium majus was 83.1%, of the clitoris--82.2%. A poor prognosis was found in the cases of a tumor involvement in labium majus and minus and/or other vulvar structures (60% and 59.9%). Increasing depth of invasion was associated with decreasing 5-year-survival rate: 97.5% ($ 5 mm), 72.4% (6-10 mm) and 65.4% (> 11 mm). In patients with lymph node involvement the prognosis was significantly better than in those with negative lymph nodes (61.6% vs. 86%). On the other hand, the prognosis of patients with a solitary lymph node metastasis was significantly better than in patients with two or more lymph node metastasis (79.6% vs. 51.6%). Tumor localization, tumor size, lymph node status and especially the depth of invasion are the important prognostic factors in vulvar cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Pudendal evoked responses.

The dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris, a branch of the pudendal nerve, was stimulated while averaged evoked responses over the spinal cord, sensory cortex, and bulbocavernosus muscle were recorded in a series of normal subjects. The morphologic features, peak latencies, and peripheral and central conduction times were compared with spinal and cortical evoked responses from the posterior tibial nerve. These tests are of potential clinical importance in the evaluation of sacral nerve root or plexus injuries and bowel, bladder, or sexual dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Neurotropic melanoma of the vulva.

A spindle cell melanoma of the clitoris was associated with a large area of lentiginous melanocytic dysplasia in the vulva of a 51-year-old woman. There was extensive neoplastic of the dermis, a desmoplastic reaction, and replacement of perineurial and Schwann cells by tumor cells (neurotropism). The superficial dysplastic components were pigmented, but melanosomes were not identified in a lymph node metastasis. Here the internuclear areas strongly resembled neuropil. Vulvar melanoma is rate, and this is the first report of neurotropic melanoma in this site.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1995

Clitoromegaly in neurofibromatosis.

Genitourinary neurofibromas are rare and clitoral involvement in neurofibromatosis (NF) has been reported infrequently. However, when it occurs, clitoromegaly is often the presenting sign. In many cases, it is congenital. In 236 families with type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF-1) evaluated through the USF Regional Genetics Program between January 1982 and September 1993, four patients had clitoral involvement. In three, involvement was limited to the clitoris. Biopsy/surgical excision in two of them showed a neurofibroma in one and non-specific hamartomatous soft tissue overgrowth in the other. In the fourth patient, the involvement was asymmetric and extended to the labia majora and mons pubis. Endocrine studies and chromosomes in all patients were normal; there was no exposure to androgens, progestins, or coumadin. There was no gestational history of maternal luteomas. Review of the literature documented 26 patients with NF and clitoral involvement. Clitoral involvement in NF-1 appears to be more common than previously reported and the differential diagnosis of ambiguous genitalia should include clitoromegaly due to NF. Pathogenesis of clitoral lesions appears similar to other lesions of NF. Biopsy of such lesions appears to be justified only when malignancy is suspected.

Child↗
PubMed1992

The external genitalia of female gibbons, Hylobates (H.) lar.

The external genitalia of one perimenarcheal and five adult female white handed-gibbons (Hylobates (H.) lar) were examined to clarify their gross anatomy. It was found that the vulval structures were complex and exhibited inter-individual variation in arrangement. This complexity appears to result from an ontogenetic process by which the tissues of the vaginal rim (the labia minora) bud-off and extrude extensions toward the vagina immediately prior and subsequent to menarche. Two of these lobular structures surround the urethral meatus and constitute a urethral eminence. The tissues of the vulva, excluding the clitoris with associated prepuce and frenulum and vestigial labia majora, undergo cycles of tumescence and detumescence during intermenstrual intervals. The complex form of the external genitalia and the presence of a swelling cycle are unusual for a monogamous species, are contrary to current applications of sexual selection theory, and raise questions about the significance of mate choice in hominoid evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The significance of histology and morphometry in predicting lymph node metastases in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva.

The material consists of a series of 73 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. The site and the size of the primary tumor and the histological status of the lymph nodes of the groin were known. Two pathologists evaluated nuclear hyperchromatism, nuclear polymorphism, histological differentiation, number of mitoses, inflammatory response, and vascular invasion and graded these parameters from one to three. The reliability of the histopathological grades evaluated by the kappa coefficient showed considerable interobserver variation. Despite this a model which included the subjective parameter nuclear hyperchromatism could predict patients without lymph node metastases. The model consisted of patients with tumors which were not situated on the clitoris, were less than 40 mm in diameter, and exhibited only slight hyperchromatism. The model fitted 19 (26%) and 14 (19%) of the patients with two different pathologists evaluating the nuclear hyperchromatism and none of these patients had lymph node metastases. The quantitative parameter--mean nuclear volume--determined by morphometry was of no diagnostic value for the prediction of patients without groin node metastases at the time of operation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A case of clitoral metastasis without skin involvement from rectal cancer.

An 84-year-old woman visited a private dermatologist and gynecologist due to pain in the external genitals. However, no abnormality was found. She was referred to a surgeon in our hospital to clarify the etiology of the pain. Rectal cancer and liver metastatic tumor were detected, and the rectal cancer was resected. However, the pain increased after the operation and she was referred to our department. No macroscopic abnormalities of the external genitals were found. However, a vaginal examination could not be performed due to severe pain. By local examination under anesthesia, enlargement of the clitoris was detected. A simple clitoridectomy was performed. Histological examination revealed that the clitoral tumor was metastatic cancer originating from rectal cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

In utero and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces genital dysmorphogenesis in the female rat.

Recently, Gray and Ostby (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 133, 285-294, 1995) reported that in utero and lactational TCDD exposure causes striking abnormalities in the rat female reproductive system, including reduced fecundity and vaginal threads. The mechanism by which TCDD induces such abnormalities is unknown. Thus, we sought to determine: (1) whether TCDD reduced fecundity by destroying ovarian follicles and (2) whether the vaginal threads resulted from a TCDD-induced developmental defect during embryogenesis or abnormal vaginal opening at puberty. Pregnant Holtzman rats were treated with 1.0 microgram TCDD/kg or vehicle by a single oral dose on gestation day (GD) 11, 15, or 18. Female offspring were monitored for vaginal opening and terminated on postnatal days 2, 21, and 42. The reproductive tract was removed and evaluated for structural abnormalities. The number of primordial follicles also was determined for each ovary. TCDD exposure on GD 11, 15, or 18 did not change the day of vaginal opening, affect ovarian morphology, or reduce the number of primordial follicles. However, this exposure induced the cleft clitoris and vaginal thread originally described by Gray and Ostby (1995) in approximately 55-96% and 36-44% of the litters in our study, respectively. Histologically the thread presented as a thick cord of mesenchyme surrounded by epithelial cells. This defect was clearly visible in histological sections at birth and was noted in the closed vaginas of prepubertal animals. These data suggest that in utero and lactational exposure to TCDD does not reduce the size of the primordial follicle pool; however, it induces developmental abnormalities in the vaginal canal.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Dicentric Y-chromosome mosaicism in a girl with clitoral hypertrophy.

A 12-year-old girl with small stature and a hypertrophic clitoris was found to be mosaic for 45,X/46,X.dic(Y)(qtertop11:p11toqter)/46,XX/47,XX,dic(Y)(qtertop11:p11toqter). The dicentric chromosome was identified using Q-banding. These findings indicate mitotic instability of the dicentric Y, as well as the presence of an X chromosome in this patient.

Body Height↗
PubMed1976

[Gonadal function of rats following pre- or postnatal administration of some hormones (author's transl)].

Some steroid hormones as well as clomiphene have been administered to new-born rats (postnatally) or to pregnant rats (prenatally) in order to study the effect on the future gonadal function of the animals born before or after the injection. A single postnatal androgen injection in oily solution influences only the female function; estrogen or the combination of androgen and estrogen are effective in both sexes preventing the ovulation or damaging the testicles. If the hormone is administered in water instead of oil, several injections are necessary in order to obtain an effect. Only the aqueous solution of clomiphene produces a positive effect even given in a single injection. When a single postnatal injection is effective the same result can be obtained after prenatal administration but only following intraamniotic injection. Clomiphene is an exception to this rule; intraamniotic injection has no effect. These observations permit the following conclusions: 1. It is possible to influence the hypothalamus-hypophysis function not only in the first days of life but already in the prenatal period. 2. As androgen damages only the ovary, estrogen however the gonads of both sexes, the mechanisme of action can not be the same. Androgen alters the function of the sexual centres in the brain only in the female rat, estrogen paralyses this function in both sexes. 3. Prenatal injection of hormone is only effective if administered intraamniotically (eliminating in this way the action of the placenta). This proves the important role of the placenta in the metabolisme of the hormones. 4. Other possible consequences of postnatal androgen administration as permanent obstruction of the vagina or hypertrophy of the clitoris can be obtained equally by prenatal intraamniotic injection. These phenomena can also occur independent of the avarian processes, being due to direct hormonal action. 5. Tubo-ovarian inflammation and abscesses are observed with relative frequency especially following estrogen or clomiphene-administration. The cause is unknown but we can assume that circulatory disorders in the genital area, produced by the hormone, are responsible for the frequency of these phenomena.

Androgens↗
PubMed1989

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in monozygotic twins with variable clinical manifestations.

The first cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia III with variable clinical manifestations in female monozygotic twins are presented. Twin "A" revealed severe hypertrophy of the clitoris, labial fusion and a visible introitus. However, twin "B" manifested moderate clitoral hypertrophy, a visible introitus and no labial fusion. Neither infant had palpable gonads.

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital↗