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PubMed2001

Distributions by age and sex of the dimensions of temperament and character inventory in a cross-cultural perspective among Sweden, Germany, and the USA.

Distribution by age and sex of the dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory were assessed cross-culturally for samples in Sweden, Germany, and the USA. The Temperament and Character Inventory is a 240-item (Sweden, 238-item), self-administered, true-false format, paper-and-pencil test developed by Cloninger and his coworkers based on his unified biosocial theory of personality. The inventory measures the Temperament dimensions Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence as well as the Character dimensions, Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence. The samples consisted of 300 German subjects, 300 Swedish subjects, and 300 U.S. subjects matched by age cohort and sex. Stability of the personality dimensions was evaluated across samples as were their age and sex distributions. We found significant effects of age, sex, and culture in univariate and multivariate comparisons on the personality dimensions. However, several significant differences in the personality dimensions for both European samples appear to be similar compared with those of the U.S. sample. We have to conclude that sex- and age-specific norms for the dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory are necessary given the established significant differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Examination of relations between the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised and the Temperament and Character Inventory.

The present investigation examined the relation of the Five Factor Model of personality as measured by the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised to the seven-factor model of temperament and character as tapped by the Temperament and Character Inventory by testing a sample of 344 undergraduate students. Correlations and regression analyses suggest there is substantial overlap between the NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised domains and Temperament and Character Inventory dimensions as reflected in multiple correlations ranging from .54 to .80 for the latter when used as predictors of NEO Personality Inventory-Revised domains and .46 to .78 for the former domains when used as predictors of Temperament and Character Inventory dimension scores. Information for constructing the regression equations to allow for the prediction of personality constructs for one model from scores obtained on the other are provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Patterns of temperament and character in subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the temperament and character patterns of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients and to investigate the relationship between patterns of temperament and character and the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. METHOD: The subjects were 40 patients who met DSM-IV criteria for OCD and 40 age-, sex-, and IQ-matched healthy controls. All subjects completed Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory. Other instruments included the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS: OCD patients showed significantly higher scores of harm avoidance and lower scores of novelty seeking and self-directedness compared with healthy comparison subjects. In addition, the high harm avoidance and low self-directedness scores are correlated with a greater severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in OCD subjects (multiple regression analysis, beta = 0.39, t = 2.54, df = 34, p = .016; beta = -0.41, t = 2.46, df = 34, p = .019, respectively). CONCLUSION: OCD patients had distinct patterns of temperament and character compared with healthy comparison subjects. In addition, these patterns are specifically related to the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Studies on individual characters of juvenile delinquents in Fujian province].

Ashenk's Character Questionnaire was adopted to study the relationship between juvenile delinquency and individual characters. 621 delinquents at the age of 13-19 and 1371 school students (as control group) were questioned, and results were statistically analyzed. For male delinquents of 16-19, scores of extroversion, psychosomatic and nervosity were significantly higher than for control group (P < 0.01). For male delinquents of 13-15, scores of psychosomatic and nervosity were significantly higher than for control group (P < 0.01). For female delinquents of 16-19, score of nervosity was lower than for control group (P < 0.05). Different types of delinquency had no statistical relations with characters. The study reveals that characters of psychosomatic and nervosity might be related with male delinquent crimes, and that stabilization with female delinquent crimes.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Temperament and character profile of persons with suicide attempt].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to establish the association between temperament and character personality traits with attempted suicide patients. METHOD: Consecutive male and female adults subjects, between 18-65 years old, presenting a suicide attempt and hospitalized in the Psychiatric Service of Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Jalisco (Mexico), were evaluated based on Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and compared with the Mexican normative data. RESULTS: A total 63 subjects, with a mean age of 28.25 +/- 9.28 years old, 54 % of whom were women, were enrolled. Personality traits associated with suicide attempt in comparison with general population included: temperament: elevation in "novelty seeking" (22.9 +/- 6.0 vs 20.2 +/- 5.1; t = 3.30, df = 83, p = 0.01), "harm avoidance" (19.0 +/- 4.8 vs 12.6 +/- 7.1; t = 8.54, df = 132, p < 0.001), and "self-transcendence" (19.1 +/- 5.6 vs 16.4 +/- 6.2; t = 3.41, df = 100, p = 0.0009); and character: decrease in "self-directedness" (26.8 +/- 6.2 vs 29.9 +/- 10.8; t = -3.02, df = 161, p = 0.002), and "cooperativeness" (26.0 +/- 4.5 vs 28.2 +/- 9.9; t = -2.59, df = 214, p = 0.01). Finally, males with suicide attempt showed higher "harm avoidance" than females (20.37 +/- 5.3 vs 17.82 +/- 4.1; t = -2.14, df = 61, p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Temperament traits associated with suicide attempt in the present study are related with serotoninergic and noradrenergic deregulation previously involved in the phenomena, and the sum of the character personality dimensions explains the complex relationship between biological and learned factors of suicide behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Vicissitudes of identification as observed in character pathology.

This paper deals with identification and its vicissitudes as observed in character pathology. A clinical case of character neurosis is presented to demonstrate that it is possible, through transference analysis and especially through countertransference, to observe in character traits the vicissitudes of identification with an object. In this context it was possible to observe how painful affects, pathological narcissism, excessive use of defence mechanisms such as splitting, denial, repression, projective identification, all activated by primitive object relations determine specific unconscious fantasies. They also distort and cause difficulties in identification. It is also pointed out that failures in the external object strengthen the defensive processes which determines the formation of the character trait enclosing the history of primitive object relations.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The psychotic character.

A warp in the childhood emotional pattern may involve the ego and superego enough to cause psychotic elements or coloring, which may evolve into the psychotic character or into the potential for it or for psychosis. A brief review of relevant literature and a series of clinical vignettes are presented from the perspective of Alexander's model of the neurotic character. The psychotic is seen as showing: the dynamics of the neuroses acted out as in the neurotic character; narcissistic egocentricity and a failure of emphathetic, sympathetic identification and loving object relations; id impulses rationalized by a distortion of reality (manifested not in specific delusions, but rather, more diffusely throughout the ego); minimal or no insight into illness, as in criminality; and a failure of defenses against id impulse although the ego organization is intact. The clinical material reveals that these elements are encountered in all combinations and gradations; several types of psychotic character are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Alienation: character neuroses and narcissistic disorders.

Various defensive adaptations are described that patients with structural defects involving the self-representation (character neurotics) use to adapt to the external world, often achieving an organization sufficiently stable to lead to considerable success. Externalization rather than projection is used. The differences between these two psychic processes are important for our understanding of character neurotics. Projection signifies placing impulses or parts of the self into external objects whereas externalization involves creating or finding a reality to support the defences, including projecting. The patient externalizes his infantile traumatic environment to construct a current world after his early environment which he finds both threatening and familar. Clinical material illustrates how the process of externalization operating within the transference context may lead to special technical problems. One type of character neurotic demonstrates a special type of externalization which supports overcompensatory feelings of self-aggrandizement, which are in effect, narcissistic defenses. To varying degrees, all character neurotics have some narcissistic defenses. Countertransference problems are also discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

G. Stanley Hall and the institutional character of psychology at Clark 1889-1920.

This paper identifies the institutional character of pre-1920 psychology at Clark University with founding President G. Stanley Hall's active "patronage" of "outsiders," argues that the origins of this institutional character can be found in Hall's own personal character and temperament, and traces the influence of this institutional character through much of the psychology done at Clark before 1920.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interactive processing of phonological information in reading Japanese Kanji character words and their phonemic radicals.

Kanji are categorized into four types based on the combinations of "subword validity" (when the right phonemic radical represents the same On-reading as the whole Kanji character) and "radical-neighbor consistency" (when the whole Kanji character represents the same On-reading as all of its neighbor characters). The study demonstrated that both subword validity and radical-neighbor consistency affect naming latencies and error rates regardless of character frequency. The study also demonstrated that the subword validity affects ease of extraction of a subword's phonology. These results suggest that the phonology of the whole Kanji competes with the subword's phonology. Moreover, the competition is stronger when the radical-neighbors aid in extracting the phonology of the whole Kanji.

Cognition↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of number of kanji radical companions in character activation with a multi-radical-display task.

The majority of Japanese complex kanji consist of two subword units (radicals), and each radical is differentiated according to its combinability. Radical-type frequency is defined as the number of radical companions (NC) functioning as the number of characters containing that radical. The current study is intended to address the question of whether the NC plays a role in kanji character activation under a multi-radical-display (MRD) instead of a tachistoscopic display. An MRD task was used in which the NC was manipulated and the frequency of use of the whole characters was matched on average across the experimental conditions. Participants were divided into two groups (good knowledge vs poor knowledge) according to the score of a kanji completion task. The participants' task was to select an appropriate combination of radicals to compose a legitimate character under the MRD condition. The poor-knowledge group yielded relatively more errors than did the good-knowledge group in the low-NC condition, whereas the good-knowledge group yielded more errors in the high-NC condition than in the low-NC condition. These results demonstrate the different influences of NC as metaknowledge (tacit knowledge of radical productivity) in both good and poor readers.

Cognition↗
PubMed2002

Emotion and cognition: feeling and character identification in dreaming.

This study investigated the relationship between dream emotion and dream character identification. Thirty-five subjects provided 320 dream reports and answers to questions on characters that appeared in their dreams. We found that emotions are almost always evoked by our dream characters and that they are often used as a basis for identifying them. We found that affection and joy were commonly associated with known characters and were used to identify them even when these emotional attributes were inconsistent with those of the waking state. These findings are consistent with the finding that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, associated with short-term memory, is less active in the dreaming compared to the wake brain, while the paleocortical and subcortical limbic areas are more active. The findings are also consistent with the suggestion that these limbic areas have minimal input from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the dreaming brain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

A method for the calculation of odor character from molecular structure.

The relationship between molecular structure and odor character is one of the most complex structure-activity problems in biology. Despite over a century of effort, it remains unsolved, and synthesis of new odorants still proceeds largely by trial and error. In previous work, I have argued that the reason for this failure lies in a mistaken assumption, namely that molecular shape determines odor character. Instead, I have taken up and extended an old idea (Dyson, 1938) according to which vertebrate olfactory receptors detect odorants by their molecular vibrations. I propose that the detection mechanism is inelastic electron tunnelling. If this is correct, there should be a correlation between the tunnelling vibrational spectra of odorants and their odor character. Here, using semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods and a simple calculation method for tunnelling mode intensities, I calculate the spectra of structurally diverse odorants belonging to various odor categories. With few exceptions, the calculated spectra of bitter almonds, musks, ambers, woods, sandalwoods and violets strongly correlate with odor character.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Immune response to parasitic attack: evolution of a pulsed character.

Pulsed characters are temporary biochemical, cellular, or structural changes produced in response to environmental or biotic challenge. For example, response to parasitic attack develops as a pulse of defensive chemicals or cells that typically decay after the parasite has been controlled. Almost all theories for the genetic variability of characters assume measurements on static characters. This paper presents theoretical tools to examine optimal control variables for pulsed characters and the expected level of genetic variability in those control variables. The example of host immune response to parasitic attack is used to develop the theory.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1998

Critical reexamination of palynological characters used to delimit Asclepiadaceae in comparison to the molecular phylogeny obtained from plastid matK sequences.

The family Asclepiadaceae (Dicotyledones) was created by Brown in 1810 by splitting in two the family Apocynaceae of Jussieu established in 1789. The morphological characters used to make this distinction were mainly palynological, such as presence of tetrads or pollinia and number and orientation of pollinia. Those characters, still used in higher taxonomic delimitation (families, subfamilies, and tribes), are here critically reexamined and compared to a molecular phylogeny obtained with one of the more variable plastid genes (matK) of 46 species in the order Gentianales. In this molecular phylogeny, Asclepiadaceae form a monophyletic group derived from within Apocynaceae. Each of the subfamilies of Asclepiadaceae is monophyletic and based on reliable palynological characters, but palynological characters are not useful to delimit tribes of the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. Based on the molecular data, these tribes have undergone parallelisms in several reproductive traits.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Assessing the relative contribution of molecular and morphological characters in simultaneous analysis trees.

We examined the contribution of morphological and molecular character information for 15 systematics studies in which these two kinds of data were used in combined or simultaneous analyses. Assessment of the disagreement between these data sources, as measured by the incongruence length difference, reveals substantial conflict for the studies surveyed. In addition, the partitioned Bremer support was used to measure the degree of support provided by each data partition when analyzed together. Despite the significant incongruence found for nearly half the studies, the PBS indices suggest both types of data contribute positively to the combined analyses and that, when standardized by the number of phylogenetically informative characters, morphology data generally provide equal or greater support than do the molecular data. This result, combined with the fact that morphological characters generally exhibit higher consistency, indicates that this source of character information continues to be useful in systematics studies despite the increasing volume of available molecular data.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A DNA fingerprinting method for individual characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains: combination with isoenzymatic characters for determination of linkage groups.

The genetic polymorphism of Toxoplasma gondii was evaluated for 14 strains by isoenzyme and DNA analysis. The 14 strains belonged to 5 different zymodemes defined by the variable patterns of 6 enzyme systems. A restriction-fragment-length polymorphism analysis was carried out with two endonucleases (Sal I and Pst I) and two repetitive probes (TGR1E and TGR6). This kind of repetitive probe allowed an individual identification of strain, with 13 schizodemes being observed among 14 strains. Only two strains were found to be totally identical when DNA and isoenzyme characters were considered. The numerical taxonomy methods applied to the results obtained for both types of characters allowed determination of linkage groups. Strain clustering obtained by numerical analysis of DNA characters alone is similar to the clustering obtained by analysis of isoenzyme and DNA characters together. A relationship was observed between the defined groups and virulence in Swiss mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Character of the invasive margin in colorectal cancer: does it improve prognostic information of Dukes staging?

PURPOSE: The clinical significance and prognostic value of the histopathologic parameters used in both the Dukes and Jass classifications were evaluated to select those with an independent effect on survival after radical surgery for colorectal cancer. METHODS: The depth of local spread (limited to the bowel wall or extended beyond it), the number of metastatic lymph nodes (none, 1-4, more than 4), the character of the invasive margin (pushing or infiltrating), and the presence or absence of conspicuous peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration were assessed in 235 patients who had undergone radical resection for colorectal cancer. The influence of these variables on survival was studied by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: No significant difference in survival was found between patients with conspicuous peritumoral infiltrate and those without it; moreover, multivariate analysis failed to show any independent prognostic value for either lymphocytic infiltration or depth of local invasion. However, the character of the invasive margin and the number of metastatic lymph nodes were identified as the only variables with any independent importance on survival. Based on these data, a new prognostic model may be proposed; it uses the character of the infiltrative margin as a discriminating factor among patients within the lymph node-negative (Dukes A and B stages) and lymph node-positive (Dukes C1 and C2 subsets) groups. A good prognosis for Dukes A, B, and C1 patients was associated with pushing tumors; C1 and C2 patients with infiltrating tumors had a poor prognosis. On the whole, the new prognostic model has allowed for the placement of 59.6 percent of our patients into groups that provide a confident prognosis. The clinical outcome of Dukes A and B patients with infiltrating tumors is still uncertain. CONCLUSIONS: The character of the invasive margin is an important prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. The association of this parameter with the traditional Dukes classification may provide additional useful prognostic information and aid in the selection of those patients who could most benefit from adjuvant therapy.

Adenocarcinoma↗