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PubMed1981

Weather and infectious disease in cattle.

The incidence and severity of many diseases of cattle, particularly the endemic enteric and respiratory diseases, appear from clinical impression or epidemiological survey to be associated with particular types of weather. Infectious diseases of cattle (excluding parasitic ones) for which there appears to be a real association between climate, weather and disease are reviewed. Effects of weather on survival and spread of microorganisms, local resistance to infection and systemic resistance to disease are discussed. Factors such as cold, heat, relative humidity and air pollution are considered with particular reference to the aetiology of respiratory diseases.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1992

Evidence for a viral aetiology of Jembrana disease in Bali cattle.

Jembrana disease is an acute infectious disease of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) in Indonesia. High titres of the infectious agent are present in plasma during the febrile phase of the disease. The size of the agent determined by membrane filtration was between 50 and 100 nm, indicating it is a virus and not a rickettsia as previously proposed. Spherical virus-like particles of 75 to 130 nm diameter with a smooth membrane and frequently with an eccentric nucleoid were detected by electron microscopy in plasma from infected animals. The virus replicated in mononuclear cell cultures of peripheral blood origin but not in other cell cultures. The virus and the associated disease have characteristics consistent with viruses in the family Retroviridae.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Experimental production of fatal mucosal disease in cattle.

Three outbreaks of mucosal disease were investigated. Careful examination of 47 cattle that were persistently viraemic with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) revealed no clinical disease, no or low levels of BVDV antibody and only non-cytopathic virus in their blood. The four animals with mucosal disease all showed clinical disease and both cytopathic and non-cytopathic virus in their blood. Following post mortem examination, there were particularly high levels of cytopathic virus in gut tissue. A hypothesis for the induction of mucosal disease is suggested. It states that animals become persistently infected with non-cytopathic virus following in utero infection and when, in post natal life, they become superinfected with a cytopathic virus, then mucosal disease ensues. The experimental reproduction of mucosal disease in support of this hypothesis is described.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Natural bone marrow transplantation in cattle with Pompe's disease.

Adding acid alpha-glucosidase to cultures of Pompe's disease muscle has resulted in enzyme uptake and reduction in concentration of glycogen. However, bone marrow transplantation has been unsuccessful as a treatment. Immune rejection may have contributed to this failure. Twin calves share a placenta and carry lymphoreticular cells of each other's type, they become lymphoreticular chimeras in utero and immune rejection does not occur. One natural and three sets of twins produced by embryo transfer were studied in Pompe's disease cattle. Chimerism persisted throughout life and the situation was analogous to a transplant of histocompatible bone marrow stem cells. The activity of acid alpha-glucosidase in leucocytes and in biopsies of the semitendinosus muscle and the mean activity in diaphragm, spleen and lymph node obtained after death from affected twins were significantly higher than in single affected calves. Glycogen concentration was lowered in liver, spleen and lymph node but not in muscles. The affected twins showed clinical signs and changes in muscle similar to those seen in affected single calves. It is concluded that bone marrow transplantation is unlikely to be a successful treatment for Pompe's disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A family of closely related bovine viral diarrhea virus recombinants identified in an animal suffering from mucosal disease: new insights into the development of a lethal disease in cattle.

Induction of lethal mucosal disease (MD) in cattle is linked to the generation of cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in animals persistently infected with a noncytopathogenic BVDV. In most cases the cp variants are generated by recombination with cellular or viral sequences. BVDV was obtained from the serum of an MD animal and propagated in tissue culture without plaque purification. Analysis of cDNA clones established from RNA of these cells showed that apparently a variety of different viral RNAs were present. Seven of the cDNA clones contained a cellular sequence coding for light chain 3 (LC3) of microtubule-associated proteins 1A and 1B. This insertion had already been found in the cp virus JaCP obtained from the same animal and isolated by plaque purification. Analysis of further plaque-purified cp viruses showed that the diseased animal contained a family of closely related cp BVDV recombinants. A set of viruses with different duplications of viral sequences in their genomes and a variety of defective viral RNAs with deletions were found that all contained the LC3* insertion. For all the recombinants the 3' recombination sites and, in all but one case, also the 5' recombination sites between cellular and viral sequence were identical. Variation between the individual deduced genome structures resulted from different duplications or deletions of viral sequences located upstream of the cellular insertion. These results suggest that within the animal a primary recombinant with a genome containing the LC3* insertion was generated. In a trimming process a set of secondary virus recombinants was generated from this hypothetical primary recombined RNA. These secondary recombinants display genome structures that represent variations of the basic scheme already present in the primary recombinant. Apparently this trimming process that finally led to an outbreak of MD lasted a long time since recombined RNA with the basic genome structure of the cp viruses could be demonstrated in samples already taken a long time before outbreak of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tick-borne parasitic diseases in cattle: current knowledge and prospective risk analysis related to the ongoing evolution in French cattle farming systems.

Parasitic diseases, like babesiosis and theileriosis are transmitted by ticks: their occurrence is therefore linked to the size of the tick stock and the seasonality of the vectors. Babesia divergens bovine babesiosis transmitted by Ixodes ricinus is widespread and often reported in France. Serological prevalence is high, ranging from 20 to 80% according to the farms. Clinical incidence is low: around 0.4% for the whole cattle population. The endemic situation is unstable and clinical cases occur more frequently with farming system modifications. L. ricinus is a tick essentially found in woodlands and so, for the most part, is found in closed rural areas. The situation of the other bovine babesiosis (Babesia major) and theileriosis (Theileria orientalis) is not well documented in France. However, the epidemiology of parasitic diseases is changing, especially because of changes in the environmental characteristics, i.e. both farm and herd management conditions and also climatic conditions. These modifications can provoke an increase in the tick stocks, an increase in the contact rate between cattle and ticks, and an increase in the contact rate between cattle and the wild fauna, especially deer. This results in likely modifications of the endemic situation, with a higher risk of clinical babesiosis in the medium term.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

Participatory diagnosis of a chronic wasting disease in cattle in southern Sudan.

In southern Sudan, livestock keepers identified a chronic wasting disease in adult cattle as one of their most-serious animal-health problems. Participatory-appraisal (PA) methods and conventional veterinary-investigation methods were used to characterise the chronic wasting disease and identify linkages between indigenous knowledge and modern veterinary knowledge. The local characterisation of chronic wasting encompassed trypanosomosis, fasciolosis, parasitic gastroenteritis and schistosomosis (as both single and mixed infections).A standardised PA method called matrix scoring had good reproducibility when investigating local perceptions of disease-signs and disease causes. Comparison of matrix-scoring results showed much overlap with modern veterinary descriptions of cattle diseases and the results of conventional veterinary investigation. Applications of PA methods in remote areas with very limited veterinary infrastructure are discussed. The validation of data derived from PA is discussed by reference to the low sensitivity of 'field-friendly' diagnostic tests for important cattle diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of the interferon gamma assay with the absorbed ELISA for the diagnosis of Johne's disease in cattle.

Two interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) assays, the IFN-gamma enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and the IFN-gamma bioassay and an absorbed ELISA were used to screen 6 cattle herds for Johne's disease. Each herd had a history of Johne's disease but the majority of infected animals did not show clinical signs. The disease status of the cattle, which were removed from the herds, was confirmed by bacteriological culture of faeces or histopathological examination and culture of tissues collected at necropsy. The sensitivities of the IFN-gamma assays and the absorbed ELISA were determined using test results from infected animals. The sensitivity of the IFN-gamma EIA in detecting subclinical (71.8 to 93.3%) and clinical animals (100%) was not significantly different. However, the IFN-gamma bioassay and the absorbed ELISA were more sensitive in detecting cattle with advanced infections (80%) than those that were subclinically affected (16.7 to 33.3%).

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Bovine adenovirus type 10 identified in fatal cases of adenovirus-associated enteric disease in cattle by in situ hybridization.

A severe, naturally occurring enteric disease of cattle in which adenovirus inclusions are present in the intestinal vascular endothelium has been recognized in several countries; three different adenovirus serotypes have been isolated from affected animals. An in situ hybridization technique for the detection of bovine adenoviral DNA was developed and applied to tissue from 13 cattle in Northern Ireland diagnosed to have the disease. Bovine adenovirus serotype 10 (BAV-10) was identified in the vascular inclusions of all cattle, providing strong evidence that adenoviral enteric vascular disease in cattle is associated with this serotype. The existence of BAV-10 has only recently been recognized. The first molecular biology-based technique for the diagnosis of BAV-10 infection is described. The animals in the present study are the first in which BAV-10 has had a confirmed role in a pathologic process.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1999

[Exensivity of invasion Fasciola hepatica L. in cattle in the period 1957-1998 and valuation of losses caused by staggers disease among cattle in Poland, 1995-1997].

On the background of informations about frequency of appearance Fasciola hepatica L. among cattle in Poland in the time from 1995-1997, as well es in the former period, there is presented in the article an estimative apperiation of economical losses caused by staggers disease among cattle. The highest extensiveness of invasion of F. hepatica L. among cattle was noticed in the fifties and sixties manty in the north-eastern Poland. Losses caused by confiscation of a liver to amounted to 1 197 031 zł in 1995, 1 277 154 zł in 1996 and 1 312 078 zł in 1997.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Induction of mucosal disease in cattle persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus by superinfection with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus.

Three head of cattle persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus (ncBVD-MDV) were superinfected naturally or experimentally with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus (cBVD-MDV). In the naturally superinfected case, one animal manifested pyrexia and severe diarrhea, and died without developing antibodies to cBVD-MDV. However, another animal survived with only continual slight anorexia and pyrexia, and developed strong resistance to the superinfected strain. In the experimental cases, induction of MD was unsuccessful in two persistently infected cattle when superinfected with cBVD-MDV antigenically heterologous for persistently infected ncBVD-MDV. They also developed antibodies to the cBVD-MDV strain with which they had been infected. After 6 months, these cattle were infected again with a cBVD-MDV strain different from that used in the previous experiment. One animal infected with this strain, which was antigenically homologous to the persistently infected strain, died after developing MD symptoms without developing antibodies to the infecting strain. It is suggested that the antigenic relationship between the persistent ncBVD-MDV and the superinfected cBVD-MDV was an important factor in developing MD.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Frequency of neurologic diseases in cattle].

The cases of neurological diseases at the Institute of Animal Neurology, University of Berne, from 1985-1994 were assessed. During this period 532 cattle with neurological symptoms were examined. After 1980 differential diagnostic investigation of rabies negative brains were not pursued anymore and the number of examined cattle brains had declined to 25-30 per year. With the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in 1990 in Switzerland the number of cattle brains examined has increased to 75-80 yearly. The most frequently diagnosed neurological diseases found are BSE, followed by listeriosis and viral encephalitides.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The "hyena disease" of cattle in Finland].

The first occurrence of "Hyena disease" in cattle in Finland is described. The affected beef bulls consumed very high doses of vitamins A, D and E. Some of them developed to "Hyena" bulls and some to "Hyena/dwarf"-bulls. The radiological signs in the skeleton were similar to those which can occur in connection with vitamin A and D overdoses.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Pulmonary diseases of cattle in the Kimberley District of Western Australia.

A survey of pulmonary disease in cattle slaughtered in the Kimberley district of Western Australia, incidental to the monitoring of lungs for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), was initiated in 1969. The results of the first 3 years are reported and indicate the complete absence of CBPP, the occurrence of actinobacillosis as the most common pulmonary lesion, the existence of phycomycosis in a few lungs each year, the frequent presence of subacute and chronic bronchopneumonias and interstitial pneumonias possibly as sequelae of actinobacillosis, tuberculosis and the pneumomycoses, and the relatively low incidence of fibrinous and necrotic pneumonias of other bacterial origin.

Actinobacillosis↗
PubMed2005

Engineering disease resistant cattle.

Mastitis is a disease of the mammary gland caused by pathogens that find their way into the lumen of the gland through the teat canal. Mammary gland infections cost the US dairy industry approximately $2 billion dollars annually and have a similar impact in Europe. In the absence of effective treatments or breeding strategies to enhance mastitis resistance, we have created transgenic dairy cows that express lysostaphin in their mammary epithelium and secrete the antimicrobial peptide into milk. Staphylococcus aureus, a major mastitis pathogen, is exquisitely sensitive to lysostaphin. The transgenic cattle resist S. aureus mammary gland challenges, and their milk kills the bacteria, in a dose dependent manner. This first step in protecting cattle against mastitis will be followed by introduction of other genes to deal with potential resistance issues and other mastitis causing organisms. Care will be taken to avoid altering milk's nutritional and manufacturing properties. Multi-cistronic constructs may be required to achieve our goals as will other strategies possibly involving RNAi and gene targeting technology. This work demonstrates the possibility of using transgenic technology to address disease problems in agriculturally important species.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Epizootiology and prevention of helminthiasis of game animals in Czechoslovakia and its relationship to the parasitic diseases of cattle].

Decades of surveying helminthic diseases in domestic and free-living ruminants in the CSR evidenced extensive infestation by lungworms, gastrointestinal nematodes, and liver flukes. In some years, parasitic invasion caused up to 50% of total losses of roe deer. Programmes to control systematically dictyocaulosis and fascioliasis were carried out with cattle and sheep in 1970-1980, with deer in 1981-1985. In the eighties, the incidence of F. hepatica in cattle and sheep dropped to less than 1%, of D. viviparus in cattle to 0.2%; no D. filaria is to be encountered in sheep presently. The share of parasitic diseases in total losses of roe deer decreased to 19% in 1983-1985.

Animals↗