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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Does caffeine consumption during pregnancy increase the risk of fetal mortality? A literature review.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the available epidemiological evidence of the effect of caffeine consumption during pregnancy on fetal mortality. A systematic qualitative review of observational studies that referred to any source of exposure to caffeine from food in pregnancy and to fetal mortality as the outcome was conducted in the databases MEDLINE and LILACS. Studies published between January 1966 and September 2004 were searched. The following descriptors were used: "caffeine", "coffee", "tea", "cola", and "cacao" to define the exposure and "fetal death", "stillbirth", "fetal demise", and "fetal loss" to define the outcome. The search strategy retrieved 32 publications, but only six met the inclusion criteria and three were included. One more article was found using "see related articles" feature in PubMed. A total of four publications were included in the review. The small number of publications addressing this subject, methodological limitations, inaccurate exposure assessment in all the studies, overall risks only marginally significant in most cases, and the possibility of publication bias preclude stating with certainty that caffeine consumption is actually associated with fetal death.

Beverages↗
PubMed2004

Quantification of sources of variation and accuracy of sequence discrimination in a replicated microarray experiment.

cDNA microarray spot variability arises from many sources, and different systems have varying requirements for achieving the desired level of precision. We determined relative contributions to variance and investigated sequence discrimination using a multiple-array experimental design, with arrays subdivided to determine position and pin effect. Related fragments of 67 resistance gene homologs (RGHs) isolated from Theobroma cacao L. and grouped by sequence similarity were spotted onto arrays, using two of the same RGHs in the fluorescent dye channels (Cy3, Cy5) of the hybridization solution in a "dye-flip" design. A comprehensive statistical model accounted for variability well, giving a coefficient of variation (CV) based on experimental error of 2.12%. Although we were able to separate 85% of RGH group means clearly, some groups more similar to the target were indistinguishable due to nonspecific hybridization. Genetic factors together contributed 72.2% of the total variation, while position and pin effects and their interactions contributed 9.8%. Replication effect was statistically significant. Otherwise, no tests for position effects were significant. The results of the analysis indicate that our Genetic Microsystems 417 arrayer and Affymetrix 428 scanner are performing with sufficient precision, and we produced useful information for planning efficient future experiments.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro adsorption of tilidine HCl by activated charcoal.

In vitro studies were carried out in order to determine the adsorption of tilidine HCl, a narcotic analgesic, by activated charcoal (max. adsorption capacity 185.5 mg/g of charcoal). The path of the adsorption isotherms at pH 1.2 and 7.5 suggests that the in vivo adsorption of tilidine HCl may be increased when the drug passes from the stomach to the intestine, unless the intestinal content exerts a displacing effect. Nevertheless, the adsorption was dependent on the quantity of activated charcoal used, becoming more complete when the quantity of activated charcoal was increased. The effects of additives on the adsorption capacity of activated charcoal were also investigated in vitro. Ethanol, sorbitol and sucrose significantly reduced drug adsorption, while cacao powder, milk and starch had no effect on tilidine adsorption. At an acid pH, Federa Activated Charcoal significantly adsorbed more drug than either Norit A or Activated Charcoal Merck.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1999

[Consequences of the discovery of America on nutrition. The introduction of new foods in Europe].

Although there is an increasing number of historical studies on the effects of the discovery of America on Europe, there are still several gaps, specially on the benefits that Europe obtained from indigenous American cultures. This work enlightens the adoption by European cultures, of some foods stuffs commonly used by the inhabitants of the New World, that had great importance for European nutrition. Among these, corn, cacao, potatoes, tomatoes and pepper stand out. Some tropical fruits such as pineapples, eggfruits, cherimoyas, papaya and avocados are important. Spices such as cinnamon and vanilla must also be mentioned.

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Buccoadhesive tablets for insulin delivery: in-vitro and in-vivo studies.

In the present work, insulin (6 U/kg) was formulated into bioadhesive buccal tablets using Carbopol 934, Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) or Hydroxypopylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and different absorption promoters. The effect of different ratios of HPC or HPMC to Carbopol on the rate of water uptake was studied. The axial and radial detachment force as well as the duration of adhesion of tablets to a porcine buccal tissues were also investigated. Furthermore the hypoglycemic effect of some formulations containing HPMC and Carbopol in different ratios with different additives and enhancers was studied using diabetic male beagle dogs. The rate of water uptake of tablets prepared with 3:1, 1:1 or 1:3 of HPC or HPMC: Carbopol was directly proportion to the Carbopol content of the tablet. The incorporation of enhancers (10%) to tablets prepared with HPMC: Carbopol of 1:1 ratio did not affect to a great extent the rate of tablets hydration. On the other hand, coating one side of the tablet with 50 mg of the impermeable cutina led to a significant reduction in the rate of tablets' water uptake reaching 50% to 75% in comparison with the uncoated tablets. Carbopol had the most influential effect on both mucoadhesion force and duration followed by HPMC. Tablets prepared with 100% HPC completely eroded within 6 hours during the measurement of the duration of adhesion. The incorporation of Carbopol with this polymer significantly improved its mucoadhesion duration reaching more than 24 hours with the 1:3 HPC: Carbopol. Ten percent of either sodium salicylate (NaSal) or sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) did not affect the duration of mucoadhesion of tablets prepared with 1:1 HPMC: Carbopol while 10% of Witepsol or Cacao butter and 1% of polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (POELE) significantly reduced it. Tablets made using a polymer mixture of HPMC: Carbopol 934, 1:3 resulted in improved pharmacodynamic parameters producing a relative hypoglycemia (RH) of 6.72%. Furthermore, tablets made using polymer mixture of HPMC: Carbopol 934 in a ratio of 1:1 and containing 1% POELE resulted in 26% reduction in plasma glucose levels and producing 9.42% RH. Inclusion of other promoters such as 10% sodium deoxycholate or 10% sodium salicylate gave rise to RH values of 7.93 and 8.65% respectively.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1975

Analgesic activity of dimeric proanthocyanidins--Preliminary experiments.

Pharmacological experiments with cacao and avocado proanthocyanidins were performed. Analgesic action was measured by the heated plate method: mice receiving 80mg/kg of the drugs showed a behaviour similar to those receiving morphine. Potentiation of "sleeping time" suggests a possible depressive action on the central nervous system.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2006

Rapid and efficient protocol for DNA extraction and molecular identification of the basidiomycete Crinipellis perniciosa.

DNA isolation from some fungal organisms is difficult because they have cell walls or capsules that are relatively unsusceptible to lysis. Beginning with a yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic DNA isolation method, we developed a 30-min DNA isolation protocol for filamentous fungi by combining cell wall digestion with cell disruption by glass beads. High-quality DNA was isolated with good yield from the hyphae of Crinipellis perniciosa, which causes witches' broom disease in cacao, from three other filamentous fungi, Lentinus edodes, Agaricus blazei, Trichoderma stromaticum, and from the yeast S. cerevisiae. Genomic DNA was suitable for PCR of specific actin primers of C. perniciosa, allowing it to be differentiated from fungal contaminants, including its natural competitor, T. stromaticum.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1989

[Plasma cholecystokinin level in chronic pancreatitis].

Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is inhibited in rats by the presence of intraduodenal proteases via inhibition of CCK release. The existence of a similar feedback mechanism in man is discussed controversially. Thus, in chronic pancreatitis (cP), which leads to a decrease of digestive enzyme secretion, increases in plasma CCK may be postulated. However, food induced CCK release may be impaired in cP due to maldigestion. We studied, therefore, the influence of food with or without addition of pancreatic extracts on plasma CCK in 16 male patients with longstanding cP. Plasma CCK was measured by bioassay using pancreatic rat acini prepared by collagenase digestion. Plasma samples were processed through SEP-PAK cartridges and assayed for CCK-like activity by comparing the bioactivity of samples with those of standard curves of CCK8. Plasma CCK was measured in 20 healthy controls and in cP prior and 7.5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after the application of a test meal made out of milk, cream, eggs, and cacao. In addition CCK was measured in 10 of the same patients with cP on a separate day but with the addition of pancreatic extracts to the test meal. Basal plasma CCK levels were similar in both groups (control: 1.3 +/- 0.2 vs. cP: 1.5 +/- 0.3 pMol/l). Both groups showed a similar steep increase of postprandial CCK with maximal values seen between 7.5 and 30 min (control: 4.6 +/- 0.6 vs cP: 4.8 +/- 1.3 pMol/l). The addition of pancreatic extracts to the liquid meal in cP caused a statistically significant slight increase in plasma CCK.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical parameters of chlorphenamine maleate suppositories and its release as a function of particle size, concentration and nature of the base.

Suppositories of chlorphenamine maleate were formulated. The influence of particle size and percentage concentration of chlorphenamine maleate on the physical standards of its suppositories as well as the release of the drug from oily base (cacao butter), water-soluble base (carbowax) and emulsifying base (Witepsol) has been investigated.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1984

[High prevalence of antiHTLV-1 antibodies in the Boni, an ethnic group of African origin isolated in French Guiana since the 18th century].

Antibodies to HTLV-1 (ELISA test using disrupted virus) were studied in different ethnic groups in French Guiana, including 135 blood donors from Cayenne, 97 Boni Blacks and 57 Wayana Indians from Maripasoula area, and 57 Hmong from Cacao village. We observed significant differences between Boni Blacks and Wayana Indians, having respectively 10.3% versus 0% of high antibody titers. The Hmong, recent refugees from Kampuchea, exhibited an intermediate level (3.5%) of infection. These results favour an African origin of HTLV-1 and raise, for the Hmong, the question of an infection acquired in Guiana.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[The dynamics of drug release from suppositories. Part 6: The effects of lipophil and hydrophilic suppository bases on the release of adeiphenin (author's transl)].

On studying the release of adiphenin from suppositories, the authors found that it is most rapid from hydrophilic bases. The release rate decreased in the following order: PEG 1500 leads to PEG 2000 leads to PEG 4000 (70%) + Glycerol (30%) leads to PEG 1000 (70%) + Peg 4000 (30%) leads to PEG 4000 leads to PEG 6000. The release is considerably slower from the bases Witepsol W35, Witepsol H15 and cacao butter.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiologic study of immunologic status of confectionary workers].

Immunological and respiratory findings were studied in a group of 90 confectioners (mean age: 35 years; mean exposure: 11 years). Intradermal skin tests with different food allergens demonstrated the largest positive skin reaction to cocoa (63%), followed by chocolate (9%), cacao, nut and almond (6%) and sugar (2%). Increased IgE serum levels were found in 13.8% of the confectioners, and elevated IgM concentrations in 43.3%. The prevalence of occupational asthma and dyspnea (26.1%) in workers with positive skin tests was significantly higher than in those with negative skin tests (0%; 4.1%). There was a high prevalence of acute symptoms during the work shift. Most of these complaints were more frequent in workers with positive than in those with negative skin tests. Lung function studies demonstrated significant mean acute across-shift reductions of ventilatory capacity. Mean pre-shift FVC and FEF25 were significantly lower than predicted normal values. Pre-shift administration of disodium chromoglycate (DSCG) significantly diminished across-shift reductions for FEF50 and FEF25. Our data suggest that exposure to environmental factors in confectioneries may lead to immunological changes and the development of respiratory impairment in some workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[100 years after the discovery of the plague-causing agent--importance and veneration of Alexandre Yersin in Vietnam today].

100 years ago, in 1894, Alexandre Yersin discovered the causative agent of plaque in Hong Kong. Only a few people know that the native Swiss and student of Pasteur and Roux spent nearly 50 years of his life in Vietnam, where he became director of the Pasteur institutes and earned merits by his engagement for the control of communicable diseases in humans and animals. He, furthermore, successfully introduced tropical plants such as rubber, cacao, coffee and quinquina tree. In 1943, at the age of 80, Yersin died as a personality venerated by all classes of the vietnamese population. During a recent visit to Vietnam the author impressively realised that this veneration is still alive inspite of 30 years of terrible wars and 20 years of communist government.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1994

Immunologic findings in confectionary workers.

BACKGROUND: Food allergies are frequent in the general population. There are however, few studies of immunologic responses among workers in the confectionary industry. OBJECTIVE: To assess immunologic and clinical findings of workers in a confectionary plant. METHODS: Immunologic (skin tests and serum IgE) and respiratory findings (symptoms and lung function) were studied in a group of 71 confectionary workers (mean age: 35 years and mean exposure: 11 years). RESULTS: Skin prick testing with food extracts used in the manufacturing of candies and pastries demonstrated that the most frequent positive skin reaction occurred with extracts of cacao (31%), followed by reactions to chocolate (9%), cocoa (6%), hazelnut (6%), and sugar (2%). Increased serum IgE levels were found in 13.0% and increased IgM serum levels in 52.1% of these confectionary workers. The prevalence of asthma (26.1%) and dyspnea (26.1%) in workers with positive skin tests was significantly higher than in workers with negative skin tests (asthma: 2.0%, P = .004; dyspnea: 4.1%, P = .001). There was a high prevalence of acute respiratory symptoms during the work shift, but no significant association with immunologic tests was found. Similarly, both skin test positive and skin test negative workers exhibited significant across shift changes in lung function; however, no significant differences in baseline lung function or across-shift changes were noted between skin test positive and negative workers. Pre-shift administration of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) significantly diminished across-shift reductions in FEF50 and FEF25 for both skin test positive and skin test negative workers. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that exposure to environmental factors in confectionary plants is associated with frequent respiratory symptoms of an irritative nature. Specific skin testing may be useful in characterizing confectionary workers at risk for the development of occupational asthma.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Migraine and food intolerance: a controlled study in pediatric patients].

The possible correlation between migraine and food intolerance has been found to be of great interest in the recent literature. We have studied 43 patients aged from 7 to 18 years suffering from migraine without aura according to the classification of International Headache Society (IHS): they had at least 2 attacks monthly and they were pharmacological free of any prophylactic treatment for the latest three months. Each patient was given an allergologic anamnesis. Half of them (group A) were first in oligoantigenic regimen (including 8 simple foods) for 4 weeks. Afterward each patient has been challenged weekly in an open trial, introducing in the diet the different foods and additives previously eliminated; then they have been controlled in a simple double blind study. We have taken skin tests (PRICK method) for the most important allergens (foods and main inhalants), plasma levels of total and specific IgE (PRIST and RAST method), and moreover we have taken histamine plasma levels at the beginning and at the end of the oligoantigenic diet, and during challenge test, only in case of headache attacks. The second half of the patients (group B) were not following any diet nor a pharmacological prophylaxis, but they have been followed up with a clinical diary. Among the patients on oligoantigenic diet 12 only concluded the trial: 6/12 presented a completed remission of headache, 5/12 had a significant improvement of the migrainous pattern, 1/12 patients did not get any improvement after the dietetic treatment. The food recognized responsible of the attacks were: cacao, banana, egg, hazelnuts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗