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PubMed1989

The effect of diets enriched in cabbage and collards on murine pulmonary metastasis.

Feeding mice with diets enriched in dried cruciferous vegetables (cabbage and collards) resulted in a significant decrease in the number of pulmonary metastases after the animals were injected intravenously with mammary tumor cells. No differences in weight gain or calorie consumption were seen between the mice fed the different diets. These results support other evidence that diets high in cruciferous vegetables may be beneficial in cancer prevention.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Isolation and expression of cold-regulated cDNA from Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis).

It has been established that changes in gene expression occur during cold acclimation in a wide range of plants. Here we present a novel cDNA encoding a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 25 kDa, designated cor25, from Brassica pekinensis cv. Zaoshu 5 (Chinese cabbage) that was similar with a cold-regulated Arabidopsis thaliana L. gene, cor47. Protein sequence alignment showed that COR25 had 53.5% of identity with COR47 and 59.6% of identity with ERD10, an Arabidopsis thaliana L. early-responsive gene to dehydration stress. Northern blot analysis revealed that the cor25 expression was cold inducible. Moreover, the transcripts of the cor25 accumulated in plants in response to exogenous application of ABA and water stress. The possible functions of the cold-regulated gene and the mechanism for plants to cope with low temperature are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Purification and properties of chitinase from cabbage stems with roots.

Chitinase has been purified from the extract of cabbage stems with roots through successive steps of ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, chromatofocusing and Sephacryl S-200 HR gel filtration. By these steps, the purity of the enzyme increased by 63 fold and the recovery of the enzyme activity was 18%. The purified enzyme was homogeneous when analyzed by SDS-PAGE. It showed an optimal pH of 6 and optimal temperature of 60 degrees C for hydrolysis of ethylene glycol chitin (EGC). The molecular mass of the enzyme was 41 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE. Heavy metal ions (1.5 mM) Ag+, Hg2+ and Fe2+, and chemical modification agents NAI (1 mM), NBS (0.5 mM) and CHD (0.5 mM) significantly or completely inhibited the activity of the enzyme. Substrate EGC at high concentrations also inhibited the activity. BSA (0.05%), Triton X-100 (0.5%) and glycerol (50%) provided significant protection of the enzyme from freezing inactivation.

Ammonium Sulfate↗
PubMed1998

Purification and properties of beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase from cabbage.

beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase was purified from the extract of cabbage by sequential steps of ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatofocusing, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange chromatography and Sephacryl S-200 HR gel filtration. By these steps, the purity of the enzyme increased by 256 fold with a recovery of 8%. The purified enzyme was homogeneous as examined by native PAGE. It showed an optimal pH of 4, an optimal temperature of 60 degrees C and a Km of 0.94 mM for hydrolysis of pNp-beta-GlcNAc. The molecular mass of the enzyme determined from filtration through Sephacryl S-200 was 150 kDa. Three subunits with molecular mass of 64, 57 and 51 kDa were observed as determined by SDS-PAGE. NBS (0.025 mM), DEPC (3 mM) and WRK (30 mM) significantly inhibited the activity of the enzyme. The enzyme also showed activity toward pNp-beta-GalNAc, N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, N,N',N"-triacetylchitotriose and N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetyl chitotetraose but showed no activity toward pNp-alpha-GlcNAc, chitin and ethylene glycol chitin.

Brassica↗
PubMed2001

The response of shoot accumulation of trace elements in Chinese cabbage to microclimate modification.

In three consecutive years of field experiments (1994-96), three different environmental conditions for the growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis (Lour) Rupr. cv. Nagaoka 50) were established by using two cover treatments (T1 and T2) and a control uncovered cultivation (T0). The T1 [50 microm polyethylene cover; 20 degrees C air temperature; 61.9% relative moisture; 207 Wm(-2) irradiance] and T2 [a 17 gm(-2) non-woven fleece; 18 degrees C; 63.4%; 205 Wm(-2) gave rise to differences in environmental conditions with respect to T0 [14 degrees C; 57.5%; 237 Wm(-2)]. We analysed chloride (Cl), barium (Ba). rubidium (Rb) and tin (Sn) in the whole tops of experimental plants. Chloride removal was high for Brassica pekinensis but considerably lower for Rb, giving intermediate values for Ba and Sn. The influence of environmental factors under T1 increased trace-element removal and enhanced the usefulness for phytoremedation.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Feeding, growth, and the thermal environment of cabbage white caterpillars, Pieris rapae L.

Laboratory studies of temperature effects on short-term feeding and growth rates were combined with field data on thermal environments to explore the consequences of temperature variation for growth of caterpillars of the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae. Mean short-term (24-h) consumption and growth rates of fourth-instar P. rapae feeding on collard leaves increased continuously with increasing temperatures between 10 degrees and 35 degrees C, peaked at 35 degrees C, and declined rapidly with temperatures above 35 degrees C. Physical models can mimic temperatures of real fifth-instar caterpillars under collard leaves within 1 degrees -2 degrees C in sunny summer conditions in Seattle, Washington. Continuous recordings of operative temperatures of model caterpillars in a collard garden suggest that, at the timescale of the duration of the fifth instar (5-8 d in the field), P. rapae caterpillars frequently experience temperatures spanning a 25 degrees C range, they spend most of their time at temperatures well below those that maximize growth, and they encounter substantial variation in the frequency distribution of operative temperatures between time periods. Combining these data on growth rate as a function of temperature and the distribution of operative temperatures in the field, I illustrate how growth rates at higher temperatures can make disproportionate contributions to the overall mean growth rates even when higher temperatures are relatively infrequent. Fluctuating thermal conditions may generate variable patterns of selection on reaction norms for growth rate in the field.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

Cornstarch fermentation by the colonic microbial community yields more butyrate than does cabbage fiber fermentation; cornstarch fermentation rates correlate negatively with methanogenesis.

Fermentations of cornstarch and a cabbage-fiber preparation by human fecal suspensions were studied. The molar percent of butyrate of total short-chain fatty acid products was significantly higher when cornstarch was the substrate. Higher molar percents of butyrate were also produced from cornstarch as compared with endogenous substrate when rat fecal suspensions were used. A range of cornstarch fermentation rates was found with suspensions from 20 human subjects. Rapid fermentaion was associated with the absence of methane production. Methane-negative rat fecal suspensions also fermented cornstarch more rapidly than did methane-positive suspensions. High butyrate production may be important because butyrate provides energy to colonocytes and it regulates differentiation of cultured cells.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Cancer chemopreventive activity of brassinin, a phytoalexin from cabbage.

Brassinin [3-(S-methyldithiocarbamoyl)aminomethyl indole], a phytoalexin first identified as a constituent of cabbage, was synthesized and evaluated for cancer chemopreventive activity. Dose-dependent inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced preneoplastic lesion formation was observed with mouse mammary glands in organ culture, as was dose-dependent inhibition of DMBA-induced mouse skin tumors that were promoted by treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cyclobrassinin is a biologically derived product of the oxidative cyclization of brassinin, and was as active as the parent compound in inhibiting the formation of preneoplastic mammary lesions in culture; however, 2-methylbrassinin was not significantly active in this process. Therefore, oxidative cyclization may be an effective metabolic activation step. As judged by these tumor inhibition studies in conjunction with potential to induce phase II enzymes in mice or cell culture, brassinin may be effective as a chemopreventive agent during both the initiation and promotion phases of carcinogenesis. This is the first report documenting the chemopreventive potential of structurally novel indole-based phytoalexins that are naturally occurring in cruciferous vegetables, and the synthetic route described herein has proven amenable for scale-up production. The bifunctional structural nature of brassinin, bearing both an indole nucleus and a dithiocarbamoyl-aminomethyl moiety, is notably similar to the individual structural elements of other known chemopreventive agents such as indole-3-carbinol or benzylisothiocyanate. The favorable biological activity demonstrated by the compound may originate from the presence of these two moieties.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2004

Enzymatic properties of pierisin-1 and its N-terminal domain, a guanine-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase from the cabbage butterfly.

The cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, produces an ADP-ribosylating cytotoxic protein, pierisin-1. Unlike other ADP-ribosylating toxins, the acceptor site for ADP-ribosylation by pierisin-1 is the N-2 position of guanine bases in DNA. The present study was designed to characterize this novel guanine-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase, pierisin-1. The N-terminal polypeptide from Met-1 to Arg-233, but not the C-terminal Ser-234-Met-850 polypeptide, was found to exhibit guanine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Trypsin-treated pierisin-1, which is considered to be a "nicked" full-length form composed of associated N- and C-terminal fragments, also demonstrated such activity. Optimum conditions for the N-terminal polypeptide of pierisin-1 were pH 8-10, 37-40 degrees C, in the presence of 100-200 mM NaCl or KCl. Other metal ions such as Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) were not required. Kinetic studies demonstrated potent ADP-ribosyltransferase activity with a K(M) value for NAD of 0.17 mM and k(cat) of 55 per second. Under these optimum conditions, the specific activity of trypsin-treated pierisin-1 was about half (k(cat) = 25 per second). When the conditions were changed to pH 5-7 or 10-20 degrees C, some activity (6-55% or 5-20%, respectively, of that under optimal conditions) of the N-terminal polypeptide was still evident; however, almost all of the trypsin-treated enzyme activity disappeared. This implies the inhibition of the N-terminal enzyme domain by the associated C-terminal fragment. Long-term reactions indicated that a single molecule of pierisin-1 has the capacity to generate more than 10(6) ADP-ribosylated DNA adducts, which could cause the death of a mammalian cell.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗
PubMed2003

Comparative susceptibilities of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and cabbage looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Minnesota and south Texas to lambda-cyhalothrin and indoxacarb.

The susceptibility of early instars of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and early (first and second) and late instars (third and fourth) of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), from Minnesota and south Texas, to indoxacarb and lambda-cyhalothrin was determined in the laboratory. Susceptibilities of the two species from the two geographical locations to indoxacarb and lambda-cyhalothrin varied greatly. P. xylostella from Minnesota was as susceptible to indoxacarb as those from south Texas, whereas both early and late instar T. ni from south Texas were significantly more tolerant to indoxacarb than those from Minnesota. The LC50 values of indoxacarb for early and later instar T. ni at 48 h from south Texas were 4.3- and 34.0-fold greater than those from Minnesota, respectively. Similarly, early instar P. xylostella and late instar T. ni from south Texas were significantly less susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin than those from Minnesota. Percentage mortality of the two insect species caused by the two insecticides varied with time of exposure and generally exhibited similar patterns of responses to different concentrations for each insecticide.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Inheritance of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin in a greenhouse-derived strain of cabbage looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

A population of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), collected from commercial greenhouses in the lower mainland of British Columbia, Canada, in 2001 showed a resistance level of 24-fold to Dipel, a product of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subspecies kurstaki. This population was selected with Cry1Ac, the major Bt Cry toxin in Dipel, to obtain a homogenous population resistant to Cry1Ac. The resulting strain of T. ni, named GLEN-Cry1Ac, was highly resistant to Cry1Ac with a resistance ratio of approximately 1000-fold. The larvae from the GLEN-Cry1Ac strain could survive on Cry1Ac-expressing transgenic broccoli plants that were highly insecticidal to T. ni and diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). The inheritance of Cry1Ac resistance in this T. ni strain was autosomal and incompletely recessive. The degree of dominance of the resistance was -0.402 and -0.395, respectively, for the neonates in reciprocal crosses between the GLEN-Cry1Ac and a laboratory strain of T. ni. Using chi2 goodness-of-fit test, we demonstrated that the inhibition of larval growth resulting from testing 12 toxin doses in the progeny of the backcross fit the predicted larval responses based on a monogenic inheritance model. Therefore, we conclude that the inheritance of the resistance to Cry1Ac in the T. ni larvae is monogenic.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

4-Methoxyindole derivatives as nitrosable precursors of mutagens in Chinese cabbage.

Two indole compounds isolated from fresh Chinese cabbage were shown to be mutagen precursors that yielded direct-acting mutagens on treatment with nitrite. They were identified as 4-methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile and 4-methoxy-indole-3-aldehyde. When these compounds were treated with 50 mM nitrite at pH 3.0 for 1 h at 37 degrees C, 4-methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile induced 31,800 and 10,000 revertants of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98, respectively, per mg of mutagen precursor in the absence of S9 mix, and 4-methoxyindole-3-aldehyde induced 156,900 revertants of TA100 and 26,800 revertants of TA98 per mg in the absence of S9 mix.

Acetonitriles↗
PubMed2004

Temperature-triggered periodical thermogenic oscillations in skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus).

The natural occurrence of temperature-triggered and light-independent thermogenic oscillation in the spadix of skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus, was discovered. The identified thermogenic oscillator had an accurate periodical cycle (ca. 60 min per cycle) that apparently responded to an increase or decrease in the spadix temperature with a threshold of less than 0.9 degrees C. Neither a constant ambient air temperature nor transient changes in the ambient air temperature within 10 min (19 degrees C --> 15 degrees C --> 19 degrees C) induced the temperature oscillation in the spadix. Moreover, the periodical cycles were independent of the weight of the spadix (2.5-9.2 g) and the amplitudes of the temperature oscillations were correlated with the magnitude of the changes in the spadix temperatures. These results imply that periodical temperature oscillations in the spadix of S. foetidus possess a quantitative regulatory process that involves a temperature sensation and subsequent heat production. Based on these results, we propose a time-dependent thermogenic oscillatory model that acts as a precise thermal regulator under dynamic environmental temperature changes.

Araceae↗
PubMed2003

Immune response is energetically costly in white cabbage butterfly pupae.

Parasite-driven coevolution has led hosts to develop a complicated and potentially costly defence machinery, consisting mainly of the immune system. Despite the evidence for the trade-offs between immune function and life-history traits, it is still obscure how the costs of using and maintaining the immune function are paid. We tested whether immune challenge is energetically costly for white cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.) diapausing pupa. Individuals challenged with nylon implant raised their standard metabolic rate nearly 8% compared to the controls. Hence, costs of activation of immune system in insect pupa can be expressed in energetic currency.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Rapid evolution and the cost of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in greenhouse populations of cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni.

The microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has become the mainstay of non-chemical control of Lepidopteran pests, either as sprays or through the incorporation of Bt toxins into transgenic crops. Given the wide use of Bt, it is striking that currently only one pest species, Plutella xylostella, has been reported to have developed significant resistance to Bt outside the laboratory. By contrast, we report here the frequent and rapid development of resistance to B. thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel, Abbott) in populations of cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni, in commercial greenhouses. Resistance to Bt appears to be costly and there is a rapid decline of resistance in populations collected from greenhouses and maintained in the laboratory without selection. Management of pests resistant to Bt in vegetable greenhouses will require sporadic use of Bt-based sprays or alternatively use of sprays containing other Bt toxins.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Nonlinear dynamics of homeothermic temperature control in skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus.

Certain primitive plants undergo orchestrated temperature control during flowering. Skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus, has been demonstrated to maintain an internal temperature of around 20 degrees C even when the ambient temperature drops below freezing. However, it is not clear whether a unique algorithm controls the homeothermic behavior of S. foetidus, or whether such an algorithm might exhibit linear or nonlinear thermoregulatory dynamics. Here we report the underlying dynamics of temperature control in S. foetidus using nonlinear forecasting, attractor and correlation dimension analyses. It was shown that thermoregulation in S. foetidus was governed by low-dimensional chaotic dynamics, the geometry of which showed a strange attractor named the "Zazen attractor." Our data suggest that the chaotic thermoregulation in S. foetidus is inherent and that it is an adaptive response to the natural environment.

Araceae↗
PubMed1996

Expressed sequence tags of Chinese cabbage flower bud cDNA.

We randomly selected and partially sequenced cDNA clones from a library of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) flower bud cDNAs. Out of 1216 expressed sequence tags (ESTs), 904 cDNA clones were unique or nonredundant. Five hundred eighty-eight clones (48.4%) had sequence homology to functionally defined genes at the peptide level. Only 5 clones encoded known flower-specific proteins. Among the cDNAs with no similarity to known protein sequences (628), 184 clones had significant similarity to nucleotide sequences registered in the databases. Among these 184 clones, 142 exhibited similarities at the nucleotide level only with plant ESTs. Also, sequence similarities were evident between these 142 ESTs and their matching ESTs when compared using the deduced amino acid sequences. Therefore, it is possible that the anonymous ESTs encode plant-specific ubiquitous proteins. Our extensive EST analysis of genes expressed in floral organs not only contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of genome expression patterns in floral organs but also adds data to the repertoire of all genomic genes.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMed1966

Interrelations between photoperiod, frost hardiness and sulfhydryl groups in cabbage.

Hardening of SD (8 and 12 hrs) and LD (18- and 24-hr photoperiods) cabbage plants in stages at temperatures starting with + 5 degrees and ending with - 3 degrees led to the following changes:Soluble protein plus nonprotein N showed a net increase only in the SD plants. In both SD and LD plants, it decreased to a minimum toward the end of the first stage of hardening, increased to a maximum in the second stage. The degree of this change was proportional to the photoperiod. These changes were mainly due to the proteins.As in previous investigations, SH content rose during the first 1 to 2 weeks, but only in the SD plants. This rise was primarily due to the protein fraction. After the first 1 to 2 weeks both SD and LD plants showed a decrease in SH content, most pronouncedly during the second stage of hardening.Nonprotein SH content was very low and decreased during hardening in both SD and LD plants. Nonprotein SS increased during the first stage of hardening. Total nonprotein SH+2SS rose to a maximum during the first stage of hardening, paralleling both osmotic potential and hardiness. During the second stage the total decreased, in spite of the rise in hardiness. These results held true for both SD and LD plants.These results are all explainable on the basis of the SHright harpoon over left harpoonSS theory of frost resistance.

Journal Article↗