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PubMed1993

Polygalacturonase isozymes from Botrytis cinerea grown on apple pectin.

Five isozymes (four acidic and one basic) of polygalacturonase were separated by chromatofocusing from the culture filtrate of Botrytis cinerea grown on apple pectin. The isozymes, designated as Polygalacturonase I to V, have isoelectric points of 9.7, 4.9, 4.6, 3.7, and 2.7, respectively, with Polygalacturonase III exhibiting the highest specific activity. Polygalacturonase I appeared to function as an endo-polygalacturonase while the other four isozymes act as exo-polygalacturonases. The pH optima of the isozymes range from pH 4.5 to 5.5 with Polygalacturonase V being less sensitive to higher pH compared with the rest of the isozymes.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The antibiotic properties of the phytotoxic metabolites of Botrytis cinerea Pers].

Antibiotic properties of substances of a phytotoxic complex from Botrytis cinerea have been studied for a number of phytopathogenic bacteria, phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi as well as saprophytic yeast strains. High fungistatic activity of preparations of phytotoxic metabolites (PTM) has been stated for Dendrodochium toxicum, Myrothecium verrucaria, M. roridum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium urticae, agents of heavy human and cattle mycotoxicoses. The studied representatives of phytopathogenic fusaria differed significantly in sensitivity to PTM: all the strains studied of the species from section Discolor (Fusarium gibbosum 54,624 and 51,463, F. graminearum 108,269, F. sambucinum 54,968, F. culmorum 54,951) were actively inhibited by the PTM concentrations studied; F. sporotrichiella 52,290 proved to be insensitive to them; the strains studied of the species from sections Elegans (F. oxysporum 55,715, F. moniliforme 54,262) and Martiella (F. javanicum 54,075, F. solani 54,719) possessed different sensitivity to PTM. The overwhelming majority of the yeast strains proved to be resistant to the PTM concentrations studied, except for the strains of Trichosporon cutaneum. In this connection the fact of high sensitivity of one of the strains of Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus to B. cinerea metabolites arouses great interest. The strains of studied phytopathogenic bacteria (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 8,982 and Clavibacter michiganense 13) were sensitive to higher concentrations of PTM.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The hydroxyanilide fenhexamid, a new sterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicide efficient against the plant pathogenic fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea).

Fenhexamid, a recently developed botryticide, is shown here to inhibit sterol biosynthesis. When the fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana was grown in the presence of fenhexamid, the ergosterol content was reduced, and three 3-keto compounds, 4 alpha-methylfecosterone, fecosterone and episterone, accumulated, suggesting an inhibition of the 3-keto reductase involved in C-4 demethylation. Thus, fenhexamid belongs to a new, promising class of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors not previously used in agriculture or in medicine.

Amides↗
PubMed1999

Chloride and ethyl ester morpholine thiourea derivatives and their Ni(II) complexes. Crystal and molecular structures of the thiourea derivative L-leucine methyl ester and its complexes with Cu(II) and Pt(II). Growth of the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea.

We have synthesized a series of ligands (1, 3, 4, 6 and 7) and some of their complexes with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Pt(II) (2, 5, 8 and 9). These compounds were studied and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and UV-Vis spectra, conductivity measurements in solution, FAB+/MS, 1H and 13C NMR, ESR, etc. Compound 7 crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with Z = 4. Unit cell parameters were as follows: a = 21.307(2) A, alpha = 90 degrees, b = 12.498(1) A, beta = 90 degrees, c = 7.7232(4) A, gamma = 90 degrees. For seven of these compounds, the antifungal activity of a major pathogen responsible for important crop damage was studied. In general, inhibition by the ligands was higher than that of the complexes. When the thiourea was linked to some diethyl groups, the compounds showed higher antifungal activity than the morpholine groups. Compound 3 achieved total inhibition (100%).

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2002

An osmosensing histidine kinase mediates dicarboximide fungicide resistance in Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea).

A two-component histidine protein kinase gene, homologous to os-1 from Neurospora crassa, was cloned and sequenced from a single ascospore isolate of Botryotinia fuckeliana. A series of nine spontaneous mutants resistant to dicarboximide fungicides was selected from this strain and characterized with respect to fungicide resistance and osmotic sensitivity. Genetic crosses of the mutants with an authentic Daf1 strain showed that the phenotypes mapped to this locus. Single point mutations (seven transitions, one transversion, and one short deletion) were detected in the alleles of the nine mutants sequenced. The mutational changes were shown to cosegregate with the dicarboximide resistance and osmotic sensitivity phenotypes in progeny obtained from crossing selected resistant strains with a sensitive strain. All mutations detected are predicted to result in amino acid changes in the coiled-coil region of the putative Daf1 histidine kinase, and it is proposed that dicarboximide fungicides target this domain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Determination of fungicide residues in field-grown strawberries following different fungicide strategies against gray mold (Botrytis cinerea).

In a 2 year experiment, residues in field-grown strawberries were investigated from the fungicides fenhexamid, pyrimethanil, tolylfluanid, and kresoxim-methyl resulting from different strategies, as regards the dose, number, and time of fungicide applications. Kresoxim-methyl was only used the first year and in full or no dose to control powdery mildew. In the first year, the highest concentrations analyzed were 0.66 mg kg(-1) for pyrimethanil and 0.63 mg kg(-1) for fenhexamid resulting from the use of recommended dose rates and a preharvest interval (PHI) of 10 days, thus not exceeding the Danish maximum residue limit (MRL) of 1 mg kg(-1). Tolylfluanid was used no later than 21 days before harvest, which left residue contents in the berries of 0.48 mg kg(-1), a value well below the MRL of 5 mg kg(-1). In the second year, fungicide residues found in the samples were generally lower, 0.39 and 0.03 mg kg(-1) for pyrimethanil and fenhexamid, respectively. No residues of kresoxim-methyl were found in any of the samples from the field trials, indicating that kresoxim-methyl residues had declined to a level well below the detection limit within the 28 day period between the last application and the harvest.

Botrytis↗
PubMed2006

Botcinins E and F and Botcinolide from Botrytis cinerea and structural revision of botcinolides.

Botcinins E and F were isolated together with the known botcinolide. The structures of botcinins E and F were determined to be 3-O-deacetylbotcinin A (5) and 3-O-deacetyl-2-epi-botcinin A (6), respectively, by spectroscopic methods and chemical conversion. The structure of botcinolide was revised on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical conversion. Botcinolide was originally reported as a nine-membered lactone (7), but the revised structure is the seco acid of botcinin E (13). Thus botcinolide is renamed botcinic acid, and homobotcinolide is renamed botcineric acid. Reinvestigation of the spectroscopic data reported for all botcinolide analogues indicates that 4-O-methylbotcinolide and 3-O-acetyl-2-epibotcinolide are the same as a methyl ester of botcinic acid (13a) and botcinin A (1), respectively, and that 2-epibotcinolide may be the same as botcinin E (5). Compounds 5, 6, and 13 showed weak antifungal activity against Magnaporthe grisea, a pathogen of rice blast disease.

Botrytis↗
PubMed2002

The putative role of botrydial and related metabolites in the infection mechanism of Botrytis cinerea.

Phytotoxic assays, performed both in vitro and in vivo on leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris, with metabolites excreted by the fungus B. cinerea are evaluated. Exogenous application of the phytotoxin botrydial has been found to produce severe chlorosis and cell collapse and facilitated fungal penetration and colonization of plant tissue. The results also show a light-dependent action mechanism for the phytotoxin and seem to indicate that botrydial is a non-host-specific toxin involved in fungal infection of B. cinerea.

Botrytis↗
PubMed2006

The endo-beta-1,4-xylanase xyn11A is required for virulence in Botrytis cinerea.

Phytopathogenic fungi can degrade xylan, an abundant hemicellulose in plant cell walls, by the coordinate action of a group of extracellular enzymes. Among these, endo-beta-1,4-xylanases carry out the initial breakdown by cleaving internal bonds in the polymer backbone. We have isolated and characterized a gene, xyn11A, coding for an endo-beta-1,4-xylanase belonging to family 11 of glycosyl hydrolases. xyn11A was shown to be induced by xylan and repressed by glucose and to be expressed in planta. The disruption of xyn11A caused only a moderate decrease, about 30%, in the level of extracellular endo-beta-1-4-xylanase activity and in the growth rate, with beechwood xylan as the only carbon source. However, deletion of the gene had a more pronounced effect on virulence, delaying the appearance of secondary lesions and reducing the average lesion size by more than 70%. Reintroducing the wild-type gene into the mutant strains reversed this phenotype back to wild type.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differences in the initial events of infection of Botrytis cinerea strains isolated from tomato and grape.

Various stages of the infection process among B. cinerea strains isolated from tomatoes or grapes, belonging to different genetic groups, were compared. It was found that strains of B. cinerea isolated from either grapes or tomatoes showed differences in adhesion patterns and in the percentage of germination on tomato cutin. In strains isolated from tomato the first stage of adhesion occurred faster than in strains isolated from grape. At the same time strains isolated from tomato showed a higher percentage of germination on tomato cutin than the other strains after 9 h of incubation. The production and isoenzymatic patterns of polygalacturonases, pectin methyl esterases, pectin lyases, p-nitrophenylbutyrate esterases and laccases by B. cinerea in solid-state fermentation also were analyzed. Correlation between the production of these enzymes and the origin of the strains was not found. On the other hand all strains produced different isoenzymes and a common pattern between the strains was not observed. The ability of B. cinerea strains to colonize tomato leaves also differs between the isolated strains obtained from grapes and tomato. Strains isolated from tomato were more virulent on tomato leaves than strains isolated from grapes.

Botrytis↗