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PubMed1983

Ceftriaxone distribution between maternal blood and fetal blood and tissues at parturition and between blood and milk postpartum.

The penetration of ceftriaxone into the fetus at parturition was studied in 17 subjects. Despite its high protein binding, ceftriaxone quickly reached the umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, and placenta, achieving substantial concentrations, which then disappeared, with elimination half-lives of approximately 6 h, identical to that of the mother. The elimination half-life of ceftriaxone of 5 to 6 h in these mothers was somewhat shorter than that reported for normal subjects. The concentrations of ceftriaxone achieved in fetal tissues were sufficient for therapeutic effects. The penetration of ceftriaxone into milk was studied 3 days postpartum in 20 other patients. This antimicrobial agent entered breast milk rapidly and disappeared with a half-life of 12 to 17 h. The concentrations achieved were only 3 to 4% of those in maternal serum and were most likely of little clinical relevance.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. Part 2: Blood pressure measurement in experimental animals: a statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the American Heart Association council on high blood pressure research.

In experimental animals, as in humans, techniques for measuring blood pressure (BP) have improved considerably over the past decade. In this document, we present recommendations for measuring BP in experimental animals with the goal of helping investigators select optimal methods for BP monitoring in the research laboratory. The advantages and disadvantages of various BP measurement methods are discussed and specific recommendations are provided for selecting the optimal technique depending on the study objective. Although indirect techniques that permit only sporadic measurements of BP may be suitable for some purposes, methods for directly measuring BP are generally preferred because of their ability to monitor the highly dynamic nature of BP in a comprehensive fashion. Selection of the methods to be used should ultimately be guided by the study objectives to insure that the techniques chosen are appropriate for the experimental questions being explored.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide fluorescence and cortical blood flow in ischemic and nonischemic squirrel monkey cortex. 2. effects of alterations in arterial carbon dioxide tension, blood pressure, and blood volume.

The fluorescence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) from cerebral cortex was measured before, during, and after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and then at death of the animal. In normal cortex, NADH remained constant throughout a wide range of variations in blood pressure and Paco2. In ischemic cortex, NADH levels were higher in hypovolemic hypotensive animals than in normotensive normovolemic animals. Neither hypercapnia nor hypocapnia was effective in decreasing NADH in regions of ischemia, but the latter was associated with a degree of hypotension that interfered with interpretation of data. NADH returned to normal with restoration of flow, supporting the reversibility of this degree of ischemia. The high levels of NADH at death, compared to those during ischemia, are consistent with incomplete ischemia in this model of cerebral infarction.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The Bergen Blood Pressure Study: blood pressure changes, target organ damage and mortality in subjects with high and low blood pressure over 27 years.

Based on the Bergen population screening in 1963-64, 344 married couples (688 subjects), then aged 30-69 years, were included for studies in families with a history of hypertension or normotension. In 1990 430 subjects were available to a follow-up examination. The present paper describes 27-year mortality, blood pressure (BP) changes, cardiovascular disease and target organ damage in this population. In males who were hypertensive by the 1963-64 screening BP, the all-cause 27-year mortality was three times higher than in initially normotensive males (p < 0.05). From 1963-64 to 1990, the systolic BP was generally increased, whereas the diastolic BP was decreased in initially hypertensive and increased in initially normotensive subjects. In subjects who were hypertensive in 1963-64, the relative risk of hypertension in 1990 was more than seven times higher than in initially normotensive subjects (p < 0.05), cardiovascular events were reported more often (p < 0.001), and the mean electrocardiographic left ventricular voltage was higher (p < 0.01). Proteinuria was more frequent in initially hypertensive than normotensive males (p < 0.01). In summary, hypertension defined by a single BP recording at the 1963-64 screening was a risk factor for hypertension, cardiovascular morbidity and, for males, all-cause mortality 27 years later. With respect to offspring studies, our findings substantiate the classification of hypertensive and normotensive families. From 1963-64 to 1990, the BP status had changed in several couples, and the long observation period seems mandatory if a reliable definition of the family history of hypertension or normotension is to be obtained.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Distribution of apolipoprotein A I and B in the blood according to age and gender, as well as their relation to blood cholesterol levels in the Hungarian blood donor population].

In this study we assessed the plasma CHOL, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), apoprotein A I, apoprotein B levels and the polymorphic isoforms of apoprotein A I in Hungarian blood donors (n = 202, average age: 37.5 year). The mean values are presented for age and sex groups, and the data are compared to the international measurements. The mean CHOL concentration was 5.7 +/- 1.1 mmol/l. The CHOL level correlated with age and no significant association was observed with sex. The level of HDL-C showed no correlation with the age and--in opposite to the international data--there were no significant sex differences (women: 1.42 +/- 0.45, men: 1.34 +/- 0.44 mmol/l), which may be explained by the relative high HDL-C concentration of Hungarian men. Both apo A I and apo B showed an increase with advancing age. The only difference between the sexes was found in apoprotein A I levels, i. e. it was higher in women than in men (women: 156.3 +/- 23.6, men: 143.8 +/- 26.8 mg/dl). In contrary with the results from other countries, the apoprotein B concentrations in men did not differ from that measured in women (women: 72.1 +/- 17.4, men: 69 +/- 15.8 mg/dl). In relation to the age, in the fifth decade the CHOL, the HDL-C and the apo B levels were higher in women than in men.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

[Blood pressure in children and adolescents aged 4 to 18. Correlation of blood pressure values with age, sex, body height, body weight and skinfold thickness (Essen Blood Pressure Study)].

1,165 randomly selected school children/adolescents and 306 preschool children living in Essen, West Germany, were examined for their systolic and diastolic (phase IV and V) blood pressure (BP), height, weight, and skinfold thickness. These are 97% of the original random sample school children/adolescents and 70.7% of the preschool children (under seven years old). Ages ranged from 4 to 18 years with 51% male and 49% female. Examination of the school children was performed in 20 different schools representative for the various types of school found in this city. BP was found to increase with age. In boys, the increase was significantly steeper during adolescence than in the preadolescence period (p less than 0.001). Adolescent boys had higher BP values than adolescent girls. In children younger than 10 years BP was similar to that reported in the Bogalusa study. The evaluation of partial correlation coefficients (rpart) identified body weight as the most important determinant of systolic BP (rpart = 0.25) and diastolic BP (rpart = 0.17) (p less than 0.0001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Raised glucagon levels of the blood induced by arginine: relation to blood sugar, blood insulin and STH in aged non-diabetics and diabetics].

In a group of aged nondiabetic and diabetic subjects and in a group of young subjects the glycemic, insulin, growth hormone and glucagon response to intravenous arginine was studied. A prompt increase in blood glucose, serum insulin and glucagon levels was observed, but glucose and glucagon peaks were significantly higher in older non diabetic and diabetic subjects. Growth hormone secretion did not show any difference between aged nondiabetic and young subjects, on the contrary it is lower in diabetics. These findings might suggest the hypothesis of the glucose intolerance during old age due to increased release of glucagon.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Operating room blood delivery turnaround time: a College of American Pathologists Q-Probe Study of 12647 units of blood components in 466 institutions.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the normative distribution of time elapsed for blood bank personnel to fill nonscheduled operating room (OR) blood component orders in hospital communities throughout the United States, and to examine hospital blood bank practices associated with faster blood component delivery times. DESIGN: Participants in the College of American Pathologists Q-Probes laboratory quality improvement program collected data prospectively on the times elapsed for blood bank personnel to fill nonscheduled emergent orders from hospital ORs for red blood cell (RBC) products, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and platelets (PLTs). Participants also completed questionnaires describing their hospitals' and blood banks' laboratory and transfusion practices. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred sixty-six public and private institutions located in 48 states in the United States (n = 444), Canada (n = 9), Australia (n = 8), the United Kingdom (n = 4), and Spain (n = 1). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The median time elapsed between requests for blood components by OR personnel and the retrieval of those components by blood component transport personnel, and the median time elapsed between requests for blood components by OR personnel and the arrival of those components in ORs. RESULTS: Participants submitted data on 12 647 units of RBCs, FFP, and PLTs. The median aggregate request-to-retrieval turnaround times (TATs) for RBCs, FFP, and PLTs ranged from 30 to 35 minutes, and the median aggregate request-to-arrival TATs for RBCs, FFP, and PLTs ranged from 33 to 39 minutes. Most of the TAT was consumed by events occurring prior to, rather than after release of components from blood banks. Shorter prerelease TATs were associated with having surgical schedules that listed patients' names and procedures available to blood bank personnel prior to surgeries, and having adequate clotted specimens in the blood bank and completed type-and-screen procedures performed before requests for blood components were submitted to blood banks. Among the fastest-performing 10% of participants (90th percentile and above), request-to-retrieval TATs ranged from 12 to 24 minutes for the 3 blood components, whereas among the slowest-performing 10% of participants (10th percentile and below), request-to-retrieval TATs ranged from 63 to 115 minutes for the 3 components. Median TATs ranged from 33 to 37 minutes for the 3 components. Institutions with TATs in the fastest-performing 25th percentile more frequently stored cross-matched RBCs in the OR daily, stocked PLTs for unexpected surgical use, stored PLTs in or near the OR, and had laboratory rather than nonlaboratory personnel deliver components to the OR than did those institutions with TATs in the slowest-performing 25th percentile. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital blood bank personnel can deliver blood components to the OR in slightly longer than 30 minutes, measured from the time that those units are requested by OR personnel. Practices aimed at saving time before components are released from blood banks will be more efficient in reducing overall TAT than those practices aimed at saving time after components are released from blood banks. Specific practices associated with shorter blood delivery TATs included providing blood bank personnel with access to the names of surgical patients potentially requiring blood components, having pretransfusion testing completed on those patients prior to surgery, having ample blood products on hand, and having laboratory personnel control blood product delivery.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed1998

The role of blood stem cells in hematopoietic cell renewal.

It has been the purpose of this keynote address to review available evidence for the notion that the stem and progenitor cells circulating in the peripheral blood play a decisive role in the homeostasis of blood cell formation distributed throughout dozens of bone marrow units in the skeleton. Furthermore, if this notion is correct, one could speculate that the quantity and quality of stem and progenitor cells in the blood should reflect the functional state of the hematopoietic stem cell system throughout the skeletal bone marrow and provide a new tool for the evaluation of alteration in blood cell production. On this basis, the following questions are considered: A) What do we know about the quality and quantity of blood stem cells in steady-state conditions? B) In what way do blood stem cells respond to perturbations of the "steady-state" of blood cell formation? C) Which role do blood stem cells play during hemopoietic development assuming that the establishment of bone marrow hemopoiesis requires the "seeding" of blood stem cells into an appropriate cellular environment? D) What is the role of blood stem cells in hemopoietic regeneration after partial body irradiation with a small volume of marrow (and hence stem cells) protected? and E) What are the mechanisms and/or kinetics of hemopoietic recovery if stem cells introduced into the circulation were collected from exogenous (autologous or allogeneic) sources? In this review presentation, experimental work of our group and of other members of the scientific community is summarized. It becomes obvious that blood stem and progenitor cells play a key role in hematopoietic homeostasis. Furthermore, their physiology and pathophysiology deserve rigorous experimental studies in order to develop a novel tool in the diagnosis and prognosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders of blood cell formation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Effects of external counterpulsation on the pulsatility of blood pressure and blood flow in dogs].

Pulsatile blood flow plays an important role in maintaining normal vascular endothelial function. Quantitative measurement of pulsatility of artery blood pressure and blood flow in dogs and effects of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) on the pulsatility were taken in this study. Common carotid artery blood pressure and blood flow were measured in 6 beagle dogs that had suffered from an acute myocardial infarction 6 weeks before. A 6F tip transducer catheter was inserted into the right common carotid artery to measure blood pressure, and blood flow was measured in the left common carotid artery by an electromagnetic blood flow probe under anesthesia before and during EECP. Blood pulse pressure, pulsatility index (ratio of peak pressure to end diastolic pressure) and standard deviation of blood pressure were calculated to evaluate the pulsatility of arterial blood pressure. Blood pulse flow, pulsatility index (ratio of peak flow to trough flow) and standard deviation of blood flow were calculated to evaluate the pulsatility of blood flow. Mean vascular resistance (MVR) was calculated as MVR = mean blood pressure/mean blood flow. Blood pulse pressure, pulsatility index and standard deviation of blood pressure were elevated from 30 +/- 9 mmHg, 1.26 +/- 0.05 and 8.7 +/- 2.5 mmHg to 43 +/- 8 mmHg (P < 0.05), 1.54 +/- 0.13 and 12.4 +/- 2.0 mmHg (P < 0.05) before and during EECP, respectively. Blood pulse flow, pulsatility index and standard deviation of blood flow were elevated from 317 +/- 48 ml/min, 2.85 +/- 0.21 and 96 +/- 21 ml/min to 447 +/- 88 ml/min, 4.56 +/- 0.90 and 131 +/- 39 ml/min before and during EECP (P < 0.05). MVR was decreased from 578 +/- 72 before EECP to 476 +/- 85 Wood units during EECP(P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that EECP gives an elevation of pulsatility to blood pressure and blood flow, thus it may lead to the decrease of vascular resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Diagnosis of blood flow in breast tumors with increased blood pressure. New possibility in tumor field diagnosis].

On the assumption that the architecture of blood vessels of malignant tumors, formed by neoangiogenesis, shows characteristics that are different from those of blood vessels of benign tumors or physiological findings, we have tried in the present study to investigate the behavior of these different vessels under increased blood pressure. Using a special stand, the same sonographic section could be stably maintained during an examination time of approx. 4 minutes. Using a new computer program, the color pixels of the employed Angio color technique were quantified and recorded as a function of the measured blood pressure. To increase blood pressure, the patient had to press a hand grip, which practically always caused a systolic blood pressure elevation of more than 15-20 mmHg. Seventy patients with sonographically detected breast tumors were examined; 54 (14 benign and 40 malignant tumors) could be included in the evaluation. We found four typical types of curves: Curve type 1 is associated with an instantaneous increase in blood flow with increased blood pressure, followed by a drop in the blood pressure, with a slow decrease in blood flow as the blood pressure drops (with 29 malignant and 3 benign tumors). Curve type 2 shows a continuous increase in blood flow-though somewhat delayed with respect to the rise in blood pressure-which is also observed when the blood pressure drops (exclusively benign tumors). In curve type 3, maximum blood flow is reached after the blood pressure maximum, and then the blood flow decreases (1 benign and 3 malignant tumors). Curve type 4 features decreased blood flow in spite of increased blood pressure (3 benign and 5 malignant tumors). The described quantification method, in combination with the stand, permits for the first time analysis of a tumor under increased blood pressure as to its blood flow behavior over time in an examination using a challenge test. Here one can find two distinctive curve types (types 1 and 2) that correlate mostly with malignant (type 1) or benign (type 2) breast tumors. Should this tendency be substantiated by additional large-scale studies, it would seem that a new ultrasonic possibility for differential diagnosis has been found.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Relationship between ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and response of blood pressure in male hypertensive adolescents to exercise.

BACKGROUND: High blood pressure in the young has been related to the development of hypertension in adults; hence the importance of identifying adolescents with the risk of developing it.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and the response of blood pressure in adolescents to exercise. DESIGN: A prospective and cross-sectional study. METHODS: We classified 101 men aged 13-18 years as obese hypertensive, lean hypertensive, obese normotensive, and lean normotensive. Mean blood pressure and variability were measured with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and expressed as 24 h, awake, and sleeping periods. Treadmill tests were also performed. RESULTS: Hypertensives and obese normotensives had higher ambulatory blood pressure monitoring values (P< 0.0001). Systolic blood pressure during sleep in obese subjects was significantly higher than that in lean usbjects (119.9 +/- 9 versus 113.6 +/- 8 mmHg, P < 0.001, obese hypertensives versus lean hypertensives; and 113.6 +/- 2 versus 103.0 +/- 2 mmHg, P < 0.002, obese normotensives versus lean normotensives) and nocturnal drop of systolic blood pressure was lower in obese subjects. We found a significant correlation between systolic blood pressure during ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and systolic blood pressure during moderate and maximal exercise for all periods (P < 0.0001). Blood pressure variability during awake period was higher in subjects with maximum exercise systolic blood pressure >/= 200 mmHg (7.4 +/- 2 versus 6.4 +/- 2%, P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: Systolic blood pressure measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is related to response of systolic blood pressure to exercise and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring can identify groups of subjects at greater than normal risk through their higher blood pressure during sleep. Greater than normal blood pressure variability in adolescents is an indicator of the risk of reaching abnormal exercise values of systolic blood pressure. Higher casual blood pressure than ambulatory blood pressure monitoring values for adolescents should be considered abnormal.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Survivability and infectivity of viscerotropic Leishmania tropica from Operation Desert Storm participants in human blood products maintained under blood bank conditions.

To assess the potential for leishmaniasis being transmitted through blood transfusion, we studied the survival of Leishmania in blood products under blood bank storage conditions. We report that L. tropica- or L. donovani-contaminated transfusable blood products are a risk to the blood supply for at least 25 days postdonation under blood bank general conditions. The blood components that have been implicated are whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelet concentrate, and frozen-deglycerolized red blood cells, but not, as would be expected, fresh frozen plasma. Blood units containing four infected monocytes per milliliter of blood with a mean of three amastigotes per monocyte contain viable parasites for 15 days under blood bank storage conditions. Furthermore, animal studies showed the presence of parasites in the blood of cutaneously infected animals and the possibility of transmitting the disease to healthy experimental animals by blood transfusion from infected animal donors. Three of three BALB/C mice showed metastasis to the lower extremities and face after they received 0.25 ml of blood from a CPDA-1 bag seeded with 1.5 x 10(5) amastigotes per ml of blood kept under blood bank conditions for 30 days. This proves that Leishmania not only survives blood banking procedures and storage conditions but that the parasite retains its infectivity. The results of this study and the recent demonstration of L. tropica-infected monocytes in the blood of a patient returning from Southwest Asia suggests that transfusion-associated leishmaniasis can occur.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Blood lead-blood pressure relations: alcohol intake and hemoglobin as confounders.

A cohort of 1,052 persons (504 men and 548 women) born in 1936 and residing in the Glostrup area, Denmark, underwent a comprehensive physical examination in 1976 at age 40 years, and 966 underwent a complete reexamination five years later. The examinations included blood lead concentration and blood pressure assessment under careful quality control. Complete blood lead and blood pressure data were available for 861 of these subjects (451 men and 410 women). The median blood lead levels were 13 and 9 micrograms/100 ml at age 40 years and 9 and 6 micrograms/100 ml at age 45 years in men and women, respectively. A slightly increased blood lead concentration was seen at age 40 years in women with a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. Systolic blood pressure in men and women and diastolic blood pressure in women correlated significantly with log blood lead at age 40 years but not at age 45 years, a doubling in blood lead being associated with an increase in blood pressure of 3 mmHg or less. Of nine potential confounders assessed, only blood hemoglobin and alleged alcohol intake were significantly associated with both blood lead and blood pressure. If one or both confounders were entered into a multiple regression analysis, all associations between blood lead and blood pressure became nonsignificant, in some cases with a negative regression coefficient. In addition, the blood lead:hemoglobin ratio was poorly associated with blood pressure, particularly in individuals with a low alcohol intake. Because both hemoglobin level and alcohol intake appear to be biologically plausible confounders, any independent effect of low-level lead exposure on blood pressure could not be determined.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Blood pressure and high blood pressure. Aspects of risk.

This report deals with three aspects of risk related to blood pressure and high blood pressure. The first aspect of risk concerns distributions of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the adult population and their relation to long-term risk of morbidity and mortality. By middle age, only a minority (about 20%) of Americans have optimal SBP and DBP levels, less than 120 mm Hg and less than 80 mm Hg, respectively. For the majority with higher levels, risks of major clinical events, including death from cardiovascular diseases and from all causes, are markedly increased. The relations of SBP and DBP with risk are strong, continuous, and graded. Risk is sizable not only for persons with high blood pressure by usual clinical criteria (SBP greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg or DBP greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg), but also for those with "high-normal" blood pressure (e.g., SBP 130-139 mm Hg or DBP 80-89 mm Hg). Thus, the blood pressure problem is a population-wide one and requires for its control a combined population-wide and high-risk strategy. A major component of this strategy must be nutritional-hygienic measures for the primary prevention of the rise in blood pressure during adulthood and of high blood pressure (i.e., primary prevention not only of the complications of high blood pressure but also of high blood pressure itself) through improved lifestyles having the potential to shift downward the blood pressure distribution of the whole population. The second aspect of risk concerns the known risk factors (i.e., aspects of modern lifestyle) leading to the mass occurrence of blood pressure rise during adulthood and of high blood pressure. These risk factors are high salt intake, high dietary sodium/potassium ratio, calorie imbalance and resultant obesity, and high alcohol intake. The extensive data base establishing the role of these common traits in the etiology of the blood pressure/high blood pressure problem is the scientific foundation for efforts to achieve the primary prevention of high blood pressure. The third aspect of risk relates to the combined impact of other risk factors along with blood pressure-high blood pressure in markedly increasing the probabilities of morbidity and mortality (e.g., "rich" diet, diet-dependent serum cholesterol and uric acid, smoking, diabetes, and target-organ damage). Prevention and control of lifestyle-related traits are essential components of the strategy for dealing with the blood pressure-high blood pressure problem.

Blood Pressure↗