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PubMed1976

Flaming of biopsy specimens for bacteriological culture: surface sterilization and effect on bacteria in the underlying tissue.

The effect of flaming (i.e. dipping biopsy specimens in alcohol and igniting them by drawing them rapidly through an open flame) on the reduction of bacterial surface contamination and on true bacterial concentrations in underlying tissue was investigated in different sizes of liver biopsy specimens in an experimental model suitable for quantitative and statistical calculations. Different degrees of surface contamination and of bacterial concentrations in underlying tissue were examined after a varying number of flaming procedures, the study comprising a total of 400 biopsy specimens. The flaming procedure repeated three times was able to eradicate a surface contamination of up to 10(4) E. coli per biopsy specimen, whereas a contamination of 10(6) E. coli per biopsy specimen was reduced to only 10(3) E. coli. Undesirable reduction in the true bacterial concentrations in tissue did not invalidate the method from a quantitative bacteriological point of view, since the median reduction in bacteria per gram tissue in biopsy specimens of 1 cm3 size did not exceed a factor of 3 after three repeated flamings. It is concluded that in regard to surface sterilization the method is unreliable as a routine in postmortem bacteriological studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Bacteriological quality assessment of fresh marketed lettuce and fennel.

One-hundred and twenty samples of lettuce and 89 samples of fennel purchased from five retail outlets in the city of Bari (Italy) from October 1973 through September 1975 were examined for viable aerobic bacteria (AB), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococci (FS), and salmonellae. Comparative tests indicated that the results of bacteriological analysis of wash water from either vegetable by a membrane filter technique compared favorably with those of conventional cultural examination of the vegetable tissue for the purpose of providing an indication of the bacteriological quality of the samples. Using the membrane filter technique, 2-year average counts of 6.59 X 10(7) for AB, 5.95 X 10(4) for TC, 6.13 X 10(3) for FC and 2.24 X 10(3) for FS/100 g (fresh weight) were obtained with lettuce; with fennel, the corresponding figures were 2.32 X 10(6) for AB, 7.82 X 10(4) for TC, 7.8 X 10(4) for FC, and 3.15 X 10(3) for FS. Indicator bacteria were present in all samples examined. In addition, 68.3% of the lettuce and 71.9% of the fennel samples yielded one or more of the following Salmonella serotypes: S. schottmuelleri, S. typhimurium, S. thompson, S. dublin, S. typhi, and S. anatum.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1972

Machine for automatic bacteriological pour plate preparation.

A fully automatic system for preparing poured plates for bacteriological analyses has been constructed and tested. The machine can make decimal dilutions of bacterial suspensions, dispense measured amounts into petri dishes, add molten agar, mix the dish contents, and label the dishes with sample and dilution numbers at the rate of 2,000 dishes per 8-hr day. In addition, the machine can be programmed to select different media so that plates for different types of bacteriological analysis may be made automatically from the same sample. The machine uses only the components of the media and sterile polystyrene petri dishes; requirements for all other materials, such as sterile pipettes and capped bottles of diluents and agar, are eliminated.

Automation↗
PubMed1974

Experimental intra-abdominal abscesses in rats: quantitative bacteriology of infected animals.

An animal model simulating intra-abdominal sepsis was produced by implanting large bowel contents into the pelvic region of rats. Bacteriological analysis of infected sites showed quantitative differences according to the stage of disease. During the initial, often lethal, peritonitis stage, Escherichia coli (mean concentration, 10(6)/ml), enterococci (10(5)) and Bacterioides fragilis (10(6)) were always present. Blood cultures obtained during this phase were uniformly positive, with E. coli being the principal isolate. Animals that survived this early acute peritonitis stage developed indolent intra-abdominal abscesses. The major isolates in abscess contents were B. fragilis (10(8.7)) and Fusobacterium (10(8.6)); E. coli (10(7.8)) and enterococci (10(5.7)) were also present but in lesser concentrations. Rank order analysis of these four species in peritoneal exudates and abscess pus showed that the two aerobes outranked the two anaerobes during the early stage of the disease, whereas the reverse was true in abscesses. These experiments also illustrated that a major simplification of the original fecal inoculum occurred, even though the subsequent infection remained bacteriologically complex.

Abscess↗
PubMed1979

Bacteriological monitoring of unheated human milk.

To assess the bacteriological quality of unpooled expressed breast milk, a pilot bottle sample of each donation was examined before the milk was given to the neonate. Provided the milk did not contain greater than 2500 organisms/ml or potential pathogens it was used unheated. Milk containing between 2500 and 5000 organisms/ml and no potential pathogens was used after pasteurisation. Using these criteria, 67% of 460 donations were acceptable. However, because the bacteriological quality varied, 45% of domiciliary donations were discarded compared with only 29% of those from hospital.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1975

Use of bacteriological investigations by general practitioners.

The numbers of vaginal swabs, faecal specimens, throat swabs, and urine specimens submitted by 104 city general practitioners to the bacteriology laboratory at Aberdeen differed widely. The doctors who made most use of the laboratory service rarely did so equally for all four investigations but usually for only one or two. Similarly, those who used the service least often made frequent use of one particular investigation. Further studies are needed to identify and evaluate the reasons for the apparently substantial disagreement among general practitioners concerning the value of these diffferent bacteriological investigations in general practice.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1972

Data processing in hospital bacteriology: experience of 18 months' trial.

The nature of bacteriological investigations creates data processing problems. Non-numerical results must be coded. This may be done retrospectively or at the bench, the former method involving extra work and staff, the latter implying simple codes, stringent checking, a nearby computer, and decoding programs. The use of a shared computer for producing daily reports diminishes departmental autonomy. Benefits occur in more readily available records and statistics, quality control, epidemiology, and diagnostic bacteriology.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1982

System for laboratory proficiency testing in bacteriology: organisation and impact on microbiology laboratories in health care facilities funded by the Ontario Government.

The Ministry of Health requires that all medical laboratories in the Province of Ontario participate in a laboratory proficiency testing program (LPTP). In bacteriology compliance has been excellent. Eighty-six laboratories, for various reasons over the period under review, have surrendered their licence or, because of poor performance on LPTP test surveys, have had their licence withdrawn by the Ministry. The highest percentage of withdrawals occurred in small hospitals in isolated areas. In April 1979 there were 249 participating laboratories. Participants' results are first analysed by computer, and, subsequently, approximately 20% of participants' reports are reviewed by the Committee. Various Committee actions ensue: correspondence with the laboratory director regarding errors; an offer of a visit; and possibly a report via a senior LPTP committee to the Ministry that a laboratory is non-proficient and, in LPTP's terms of reference, non-remediable. Subsequent Ministry action might be the withdrawal of a laboratory's licence. However, this last recourse only occurs when educational efforts have proved ineffectual. Overall, performance in LPTP bacteriology surveys has improved over the period 1975-8, with 68% of 263 laboratories achieving a score of 70% or higher and 26% of 263 laboratories scoring less than 60%.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1977

[Quantitative bacteriology of sputum and bronchial secretions in patients with chronic bronchitis (author's transl)].

The in vitro and in vivo reproducibility of the quantitative bacteriological analysis of sputum and bronchial secretions has been studied in patients with chronic bronchitis. Sputum produced during bronchial toilet showed a significant higher bacterial numeration than that produced by physiotherapy but the bacterial species identified were identical. No significant variations were observed between the qualitative and quantitative bacteriologic flora of bronchial secretions collected by bronchoscopy from different segments of the airways. Comparison of microbial counts on sputum specimens collected at different periods of the day and at weekly intervals over several weeks revealed that the sputum of clinically stable chronic bronchitic patients contain a relatively constant and potentially pathogenic bacterial flora. The emergence of a superinfection was emphasized by the parallel increase of the leukocytic and bacterial numeration of sputum.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of bacteriologic culture of pooled fecal samples for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare sensitivity of several methods of bacteriologic culture of pooled bovine fecal samples for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and evaluate homogeneity in number of M paratuberculosis in pooled fecal samples. SAMPLE POPULATION: Feces from 10 dairy cows that shed M paratuberculosis at various concentrations and 1 dairy cow known to be free of infection with M paratuberculosis. PROCEDURE: 5 fecal pooling methods, 2 culture methods, and 2 pool sizes were evaluated. Each pooled sample contained 1 infected sample and 4 or 9 uninfected samples. RESULTS: Sensitivity of detection of M paratuberculosis was greater with smaller pool size (5 vs 10 samples/pool). Detection sensitivity was also associated with concentration of bacteria in the infected sample. Results indicated that, compared with concurrent bacterial culture of individual infected samples, 37 to 44% of pooled samples with low bacterial concentrations yielded positive culture results and 94% of pooled samples with high bacterial concentrations yielded positive results. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bacteriologic culture of pooled fecal samples may provide a valid and cost-effective method of detecting M paratuberculosis infection in cattle herds.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay, bacteriologic culture, and serologic testing in assessment of prevalence of urinary shedding of leptospires in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of urine samples, serologic testing, and bacteriologic culture of urine to determine prevalence of urinary shedding of leptospires in dogs. DESIGN: Serial case study. ANIMALS: 500 dogs evaluated serially without regard to health status. PROCEDURE: Urine samples were examined via PCR assay and bacteriologic culture for leptospires. Blood samples were analyzed for antibodies against serovars canicola, bratislava, pomona, icterohemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, and hardjo. RESULTS: Titers > or = 1:100 against at least 1 serovar were detected in 104 (20.8%) dogs, and titers > or = 1:400 were detected in 41 (8.2%) dogs. High titers were detected most commonly to serovar grippotyphosa, followed by icterohemorrhagiae, canicola, pomona, bratislava, and hardjo. High titers to > 1 serovar were detected in 14 dogs. A positive PCR assay result was obtained in 41 (8.2%) dogs, only 9 of which had a titer > or = 1:100. Leptospires were not cultured from the urine of any dog. Only 4 dogs had clinical leptospirosis. Overall disease prevalence was 0.8% for the 6-month evaluation period. Compared with PCR assay, serologic testing for predicting shedding had a sensitivity of 22%, specificity of 79%, positive predictive value of 9%, and negative predictive value of 92%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Irrespective of health status, 8.2% of dogs were shedding pathogenic leptospires. Serologic testing was a poor predictor of urinary shedding. Clinically normal dogs that shed leptospires may pose a zoonotic risk to their owners.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacteriology of ethmoid sinus in chronic sinusitis.

This study was designed to study the bacteriology of the ethmoid sinus in chronic sinusitis with a new sampling method to decrease nasal contamination. The anterior nose was disinfected with povidone-iodine solution. Then, the sample of ethmoid sinus was obtained with a cotton-tip stick through a cannula that was put into the ethmoid cavity after removing ethmoid bulla. Thirty-nine patients of chronic sinusitis were included with a total of 69 specimens. Fifty-eight bacterial isolates were recovered. The cultural rate was 60.9%. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Streptococcus viridans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Hemophilus parainfluenzae. Conversely, only three isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were obtained. The results show that the new sampling method used in this study could decrease the chance of nasal contamination and might, at the same time, make the study of the bacteriology of the ethmoid sinus more accurate.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computerized management of a medical bacteriology laboratory using real-time processing.

The computer system of the Bacteriology Laboratory at the Hôpital Cardiologique in Lyon is one of the elements in the computer management of patient data. It dovetails in with the various units for admission, patient location, ward surveillance, outpatient appointments. The main objectives are as follows: to improve quality of sample information, to reduce clerical work and accelerate information circulation, to widen the scope of epidemiological research. Computers can register samples, edit laboratory work sheets, entry lists, record results, generate reports, give a visual listing of all analyses performed before a patient leaves hospital, list pending analytical results, make available in the total system all laboratory-validated information, produce automatic billing of analyses and statistical editing. The Bacteriology Laboratory has three visual display units and two printers at its disposal. Computer laboratory management has been operational since May 1977. First results are satisfactory and suggest extension of the system to other laboratories and handling of quality control.

Bacteriology↗
PubMed1988

Selection of tests for monitoring the bacteriological quality of refrigerated raw milk supplies.

Raw milk samples were collected from 10 producer bulk tanks. Samples were then subdivided so that milks were subsequently stored at 1.7, 4.4, 7.2, and 10.0 degrees C for 24 and 48 h. After storage, samples were analyzed by seven plating methods: standard plate count, psychrotrophic bacterial count, rapid psychrotrophic count, preliminary incubation count, mesophilic plate count, laboratory pasteurized count, and coliform count by violet red bile agar technique. Impedance protocols on a Bactometer Model 123 for total count, psychrotrophic count, mesophilic count, and coliform count were also used to evaluate the bacteriological quality of the milks. Bacterial counts and impedance detection times were analyzed using nonparametric statistics. Impedance protocols for total count and psychrotrophic count were the best indicators of bacteriological quality. Preliminary incubation count was the best of the plating methods. The laboratory pasteurized count performed poorly. Impedance measurements provided information in the shortest time.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The bacteriology of diabetic foot ulcers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot ulcer and/or gangrene is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. The lesions are usually infected and early treatment of the infection will reduce the associated problems. The study was carried out to determine the common bacteriological flora of diabetic foot ulcers in Port Harcourt. The antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the isolates was determined to enhance possible empirical treatment. METHODS: Deep wound swabs were collected from 60 consecutive diabetic patients admitted with foot ulcers and/or gangrene into the medical wards of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital from January 2001 to April 2002. The bacteriological isolation and antimicrobial sensitivity tests of the isolates was carried out by standard microbiological methods. RESULTS: Aerobes and anaerobes constituted 95.4% and 4.6% of the total bacterial isolates respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest bacterial isolate; it was cultured from 32 (56.1%) of infected patients and constituted 24.4% of the total isolate. The mean bacterial isolate per patient infected was 2.3. The aerobic isolates showed significant sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (78.4%), pefloxacine (71.2%), ceftazidime (73.6%) and cefuroxime (69.6%). All the anaerobic isolates were sensitive to metronidazole and clindamycin. CONCLUSION: Infections of diabetic foot ulcers are usually polymicrobial. From the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the bacterial isolates, diabetic patients presenting with foot ulcers and/or gangrene could be commenced empirically on a combination of clindamycin or metronidazole and either a fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin or pefloxacine) or a second or third generation cephalosporin (e.g. cefuroxime or ceftazidime).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The Constantinople Imperial Bacteriology Institute].

The Constantinople Imperial Bacteriology Institute (CIBI) allowed the development of a common medical effort between France and Turkey at a time when the main European powers were competing to have an influence on the Ottoman Empire. In 1887, Turkey sent Zoreos Pacha, a medical doctor, to Paris to learn anti-rabies immunization techniques, and he started a rabies control institute after his coming back. In 1893, a cholera epidemic in Constantinople was vanquished by A. Chantemesse, sent by Pasteur, and France was allowed to start another microbiologic Institute. The first director of this Constantinople Imperial Bacteriology Institute was Maurice Nicolle. A brillant man, but suffering from a lack of diplomacy; he encountered numerous difficulties and regularly threatened to turn in his resignation. His successor, Paul Remlinger, arrived in 1900. His main research topic was rabies, and he became later a world-class expert on the subject. His position was taken over in 1911 by Paul-Louis Simond, unjustly forgotten nowadays despite his major discovery in 1898 showing that the plague was transmitted by ratfleas. The next director was a veterinary doctor, P. Forgeot, but his tenure was cut short by World War I, and he was the last French director of the CIBI. Since that time, Turkey has felt some gratitude towards France for its medical efforts. It organized in 1957 in Istambul a very congenial celebration for the 70th anniversary of the Rabies Control Institute, which numerous Pasteur Institute alumni attended. There is a clear contrast between the CIBI, the target of many intrigues and hostile maneuvers, and the North African Pasteur Institutes, which were making crucial discoveries during the same period. This contrast was mostly due to the absolute power of the Sultan, who would arbitrarily oppose some directors decisions, whereas the French government allowed the balanced growth of the Pasteur Institutes in territories under his control.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2002

[Helicobacter pylori--bacteriologic diagnosis and antibiotic sensitivity tests].

Bacteriological diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori consists of culture from gastric biopsies, gastric juice, faeces and from specimens obtained from oral cavity, antigen stool assay and molecular diagnostic methods. In routine work culture is done from gastric biopsies. Other specimens are usually cultivated for research purposes. Culture constitutes the most specific way to establish the diagnosis of H. pylori infection. One of the major advantages of culture is that it allows sensitivity testing to drugs used in therapy. Culture also allows characterisation of H. pylori. Antigen stoll assay is a non-invasive diagnostic procedure, which should be evaluated. Molecular methods have confirmed their potential for epidemiological research and for the detection of resistant H. pylori, especially for macrolides. The clinical settings, local availability and economic considerations should guide use of bacteriological diagnostic methods.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1992

[Bacteriological examination of bronchial aspirates obtained via fiberoptic bronchoscopy].

We present the bacteriological findings in 329 aspirates from fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Quantitative cultures were not performed. 92 of the patients had radiologically confirmed pneumonia, 58 possibly had infectious bronchitis or pneumonia which was not verified radiologically, 154 had other pulmonary diseases and 25 had no verified pulmonary disease. 13% of aspirates contained no bacterial isolates and 33% revealed growth of multiple bacteria, classified as "normal pharyngeal flora". Among the 54% with specified bacterial findings the most frequent bacteria were viridans streptococci, staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The differences in bacterial flora between the patient groups were only minimal. Klebsiella and Escherichia coli were the only bacteria indicating presence of pneumonia. S pneumoniae were found more frequently among patients with no signs of infection. Bronchial aspirates obtained with a fiberbronchoscope may give false positive results and are of limited value in diagnosing pneumonia. However, the presence of gram negative intestinal rods may indicate bacterial respiratory infection in hospitalized patients. Improving sampling and culture techniques can possibly improve the value of bacteriological findings.

Bacterial Infections↗