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PubMed2003

The impact of a student learning journal: a two-stage evaluation using the Nominal Group Technique.

Reflection offers a strategy that can help learners connect what they learn with their everyday practice. It can also assist them in taking control of their learning and in developing insight into the way that they learn. This study used the Nominal Group Technique to evaluate a reflective learning journal on a one-year course for GPs and pharmaceutical advisers. Changes were introduced in answer to the students' responses in the first year, and the evaluation at the end of the second year showed a significant reduction in students' levels of confusion and anxiety related to keeping the diary. They also said that keeping the diary benefited their learning styles but they reported that keeping a learning diary was time-consuming.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Influence of community experiences on first-year medical students' reflective writing.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the usefulness of providing students with community-located experiences as a basis for reflection by observing the degree to which community-located experiences influenced the quality of a reflective writing exercise. Students were prepared for reflection by means of a lecture and a handout on the meaning, function and process of reflection. One hundred and twenty-eight students (66 Afrikaans-speaking, and 62 English-speaking) took part in the study. Initially, most students (71%) who revealed affect prior to the visit reported negative emotional states. For 54% of the students who revealed emotions upon arrival, positive emotional states replaced the negative and this increased to 67% as the visit continued. This represented the most important stage of the personal growth continuum, signifying awareness of perspective 'distortions'. The majority (94.3%) regarded the visit as being important prior to immersing themselves in the theory of primary healthcare. In the questionnaire survey, students were asked for their opinions on the value of reflective writing as a tool for promoting deep learning, as students' attitudes were considered an important determinant of increased uptake of this kind of activity. Reflective writing can be promoted through using a real-world experience as stimulus, and a framework for guiding students' thoughts.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The autobiographical memory interview: a new assessment of autobiographical and personal semantic memory in amnesic patients.

This paper describes a new technique for assessing "autobiographical" and "personal semantic" memory in amnesic patients and healthy controls. It provides evidence of the reliability and validity of the procedure, and reports an age-related temporal gradient in amnesic patients. The results are considered in terms of the severity, the rate of onset, and the duration of the amnesia; and a preliminary analysis is given of the findings in different diagnostic groups. The findings indicate that autobiographical and personal semantic memory show a consistent pattern of impairment, when a comparison is made which controls for the age of the memories and the subject's own past experience.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How LSD originated.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Autobiographies as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for emotional and neutral events in older and younger adults.

The authors investigated age-related differences in phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for positive, negative, and neutral events. Younger and older participants were asked to recall two specific memories of each type and then to rate their memories on several sensorial (e.g., visual, taste) and contextual (e.g., location, time) characteristics. The authors found that emotional (both positive and negative) memories contained more sensorial and contextual details than neutral memories in both age groups, whereas positive and negative memories did not differ on most dimensions. In addition, negative memories were associated with a higher intensity of positive feelings and a reduced complexity of storyline in older as compared to younger adults. These results suggest that the effect of emotion on phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories is similar in younger and older adults, but that older adults tend to reappraise negative events in a more positive light than younger adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Age and openness to experience in autobiographical memory.

Adult age and openness to experience were examined as predictors of autobiographical memory in a group of men and women ranging from 25 to 85 years of age. The remoteness of autobiographical memories retrieved in response to prompt words was more dependent on the age of the respondent than on his or her tendency to be receptive to new experiences as measured by Costa and McCrae's (1978) Experience Inventory. Older adults were more past-oriented in their recollections than younger adults, and experientially-open individuals regardless of age recalled more events from their recent pasts than from their distant pasts. Number of memories recalled, while not related to age, was positively associated with experiential openness.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Adherence to antiretroviral medications in HIV/AIDS care: a narrative exploration of one woman's foray into intentional nonadherence.

Intentional nonadherence occurs when patients deliberately do not take their medications. This phenomenon has not been studied within HIV/AIDS care, a significant omission due to the difficulty of adherence to antiretroviral medications for HIV/AIDS patients and the severe risks associated with nonadherence. The purpose of this study was to explore, using HIV-positive women's own recollections collected in diary format, how and why women living with HIV/AIDS intentionally fail to adhere to their antiretroviral medications. We examined the journal entries of 20 HIV-positive women written during a 1-month period. Although three participants wrote about their intentional nonadherence, the journal entries of only one woman are presented in detail. This woman's story highlights the complex reasons for intentional nonadherence and the social/emotional ramifications of such nonadherence. Results suggest that intentional nonadherence is emotionally trying for patients and that patients' adherence decisions are continually renegotiated, underscoring the need for routine provider-patient adherence communication.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Calendar and reverse calendar effects: time peaks in memory as a function of temporal cues.

Prior research on autobiographical memory revealed that students typically report more memories from semester boundaries than from other times. Explanations for these calendar effects were examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, temporal cues were eliminated from the memory cueing task, and an opposite outcome obtained: a greater amount of memories per week in the middle of semesters than at the boundaries (a reverse calendar effect). Experiment 2 replicated and extended this finding by including conditions with temporal cues at different points in the instructions: pre-retrieval or post-retrieval. In the no-cue condition, the reverse calendar effect was replicated. The calendar effect was evident in both cue conditions, but to a greater degree in the pre-retrieval group. These findings contradict encoding explanations of the calendar effect and are best explained by a combination of anchoring bias and temporal landmarks.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Selective effects of emotion on the phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories.

The present study investigates the emotional determinants of the phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories. A total of 84 participants completed the Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (MCQ, Johnson, Foley, Suengas, & Raye, 1988) after retrieving and orally describing a negative, a positive, and a neutral autobiographical memory. In addition, self-report and physiological measures of emotional state at retrieval were recorded. Results suggest that recall of perceptual, sensory, and semantic elements is better for emotional memories than for neutral ones. This difference is not significant for contextual and temporal aspects, suggesting that emotional memories are more vivid but no more specific than are neutral ones. In addition, positive memories yielded higher MCQ ratings than did negative memories for sensory, temporal, and contextual aspects. Finally, correlations suggest a positive relation between emotional state at retrieval and level of phenomenal detail of retrieved memories. Results are interpreted in terms of multilevel models of emotion and of Conway and Pleydell-Pearce's (2000) model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Field and observer viewpoint in remember-know memories of personal childhood events.

This experiment examined the viewpoint and other phenomenal characteristics of childhood memories based on both personal recollections and self-knowledge. Participants were asked to provide examples of remember, know, and uncertain memories, and to rate each memory on a number of dimensions. Remembered events were generally viewed from a field perspective, while known-about events were generally viewed from an observer perspective. In line with earlier research, remembered events received the highest ratings for sensory and contextual detail, emotional content, and memory accuracy, while known-about events were given the lowest ratings. The results are discussed with reference to their possible implications for memory recovery or enhancement techniques that ask people to adopt a different viewpoint. Consideration is given as to whether a switch to a field perspective might encourage the acceptance of suggested details or events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory: effects of age, gender, education, and culture.

We investigated the age distribution of autobiographical memories with the Galton-Crovitz method through the Internet. Almost 2000 participants in the United States and the Netherlands aged between 11 and 70 years participated. They were presented with 10 cue words, and were asked to recall and date autobiographical memories. We found strong evidence for a "reminiscence bump" in all participant groups at all ages, with peaks at ages 15--18 for men and 13--14 for women. This peak could be localised more precisely than in previous studies due to our large sample size. We were able to remove the forgetting effect from the empirical age distribution with a method that allows separate estimation of memory encoding and forgetting. American participants showed a tendency to report older memories than the Dutch. Age group and level of education did not influence the lifetime encoding function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Functional focal retrograde amnesia: lost access to abstract autobiographical knowledge?

We describe three patients exhibiting an acute reversible amnesia characterised by an impaired recollection of past events with preserved anterograde memory, thus consistent with a focal retrograde amnesia (FRA). This occurred after variable events: state of fugue, road accident, post-traumatic headache. Retrograde amnesia affected autobiographical memory so severely as to cover all of the patients' lives and to erase knowledge of their own identity. The retrieval of public events was variably affected, ranging from normality to severe impairment. No lesions were found on neuroimaging, and neurophysiological findings were unimpressive. FRA subsided in a few days, leaving a gap for the onset. The hypothesis of a psychogenic amnesia is considered, but overcoming the organic/psychogenic dichotomy the episodes appear as examples of "functional" memory inhibition, potentially triggered by different conditions, including events classifiable as psychic trauma. The clinical and neuropsychological traits of functional FRA are discussed. According to a current theory of autobiographical memory, the memory profile may be explained by a lost access to abstract autobiographical knowledge. Given some analogies with the more common transient global amnesia, a mechanism of spreading depression may also be hypothesised for functional FRA.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Priming involuntary autobiographical memories.

Involuntary autobiographical memories occur frequently in daily life and are usually triggered by cues in one's environment. This study investigated the possibility that priming plays a role in the production of involuntary memories. In Study 1, participants recorded their involuntary memories in a diary for 14 days and then completed a questionnaire assessing their cognitive activity during the recording period. Participants indicating frequent thought about significant others on the questionnaire showed significantly more involuntary memories related to such individuals than a control group. In Studies 2 and 3, participants recorded their involuntary memories in diaries for 14 days and were primed with recall sessions in the laboratory during that period (recalling episodes from high school, Study 1, the past year, or ages 13-16, Studies 2 & 3). The results of both studies showed significant priming effects in the involuntary memories of participants for all of the periods primed. The possibility that priming plays a significant role in the daily production of involuntary memories is discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Episodic remembering creates access to involuntary conscious memory: demonstrating involuntary recall on a voluntary recall task.

The idea that involuntary memory retrieval might occur during voluntary memory retrieval can be traced back to Ebbinghaus (1885/1964). However, methodological challenges have stood in the way of testing this idea. Recent diary studies of naturally occurring involuntary memories have provided insights into how this idea could be tested (Berntsen, 1998; Mace, 2005b, 2006). These studies have shown that the contents of an involuntary memory sometimes trigger additional involuntary memories, a process called chaining. It was hypothesised that chaining should also occur on autobiographical memory tasks, and this was tested in the present study by asking participants in an autobiographical memory task to report the presence of involuntary memories while they were performing the task. The results showed that involuntary memories did occur when participants were recalling the past. The results also showed involuntary memories dissociating from voluntary memories on two independent measures, thereby enhancing the credibility of the results.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Remembering the past and imagining the future: a role for nonvisual imagery in the everyday cognition of blind and sighted people.

Images can be generated in all sensory modalities. Nevertheless, research on the everyday use of mental imagery, for example in autobiographical memory tasks, has suggested that it is only visual images that facilitate memory retrieval (e.g., Williams, Healy, & Ellis, 1999). If this is the case, individuals born without sight may be forced to rely more on verbal encoding (Goddard & Pring, 2001). This paper explores the presence and everyday role of nonvisual sensory imagery in 16 individuals with and 16 without sight. Using a cue word paradigm, contrary to previous research, Experiment 1 suggested that for both blind and sighted people, nonvisual imageries have a significant role to play in the generation of autobiographical memories. These results were reinforced by similar findings in Experiment 2, which used the same cue word method to explore the role of visual and nonvisual (auditory) imagery when generating future events. The results refute the claim that "useful" imagery in everyday tasks is exclusively visual.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) in organic and psychogenic amnesia.

The Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) is a semi-structured interview, sampling a subject's recollections across three broad time-periods. In patients with organic amnesia or dementia, there is an impairment in recalling both autobiographical facts and incidents, and there is a temporal gradient such that early memories are relatively spared. Correlations with measures of anterograde memory are relatively low, and lesions affecting the frontal lobes, anterior temporal poles, the posterior-medial temporal lobes, or even projections from the occipital lobes, can impair retrieval of autobiographical memories. In schizophrenia, an impairment in retrieving autobiographical incidents, comparable with organic amnesia, has been reported in some patients. However a patient with delusional memories secondary to schizophrenia is cited, in whom AMI performance was normal. Finally, patients with psychogenic amnesia show a variable pattern of performance, but, in general, there is a disproportionate impairment of autobiographical memory, and often an anomalous temporal gradient, which can recover subsequently.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗