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PubMed1992

Abortion attitudes, 1984-1987-1988: effects of item order and dimensionality.

The comparability of surveys is often hampered by differences in the item order of presentation. The major focus of the present study was to investigate whether a general item or a specific item at the beginning of the questionnaire would affect the endorsement as well as the scalability of a set of attitude items. By using a quasi-A-B-A experimental design for the six abortion items that appeared in the Edmonton Area Survey for the years 1984, 1987, and 1988, we found that the order of presentation of the items affected dramatically the endorsement of the abortion items. Approval of a general item was considerably higher when asked first than when asked after a specific item. In contrast, it was shown by means of a nonparametric item response theory model (the Mokken scale analysis) that the unidimensionality of the six abortion items was not affected by the manipulations of item order (i.e., the six abortion items measured the same concept in the three surveys). It was concluded that the six items are unidimensional and, therefore, create a single scale to measure the change in abortion attitudes across the three periods.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1992

Black males who always use condoms: their attitudes, knowledge about AIDS, and sexual behavior.

One hundred six black males completed a questionnaire concerning attitudes and knowledge about the use of condoms and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Of the 106 males in the study, 27 (26%) reported that they "always" used condoms, 31 (29%) did not use condoms and had low intentions of using them, and 48 (45%) reported high intentions to use condoms. Results indicated that knowledge about AIDS was exceptionally high for black males in all three groups. Black males with low intentions to use condoms reported significantly more negative attitudes about the use of condoms (eg, using condoms is disgusting) and reacted with more intense anger when their partners asked about previous sexual contacts, when a partner refused sex without a condom, or when they perceived condoms as interfering with foreplay and sexual pleasure. A significantly larger percentage of low intenders were treated for gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, and genital warts than males in the other groups. Drug use did not differentiate the three groups, although marijuana was used more often by males in the low-intender group. Finally, a larger percentage of black males in the low-intender group reported experiences with anal intercourse and sex with a prostitute, but considered themselves at lower risk for AIDS than did their high-intender or steady-user counterparts.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Attitudes to AIDS and sexual behaviour among a cohort of medical students in Singapore.

A survey conducted in 1990 among final year medical students found that most respondents had a good knowledge about AIDS and its routes of transmission. Among the 13.7% of respondents that were sexually active, it was noted that only 35% had used the condom before and that only 20% had used it in the most recent occasion of sexual intercourse. It was noted that only 30% of the sexually active had intention using the condom when they next have sexual intercourse despite the fact that 40% of them were having sexual intercourse with causal partners. Despite having a high knowledge of AIDS, medical students at the National University of Singapore have a low use of condoms.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Complications in a series of 1224 vasectomies.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of a vasectomy technique should be based on the incidence of complications resulting from the procedure. Differing diagnostic criteria for defining complications and the belated occurrence of some adverse events, however, have made such appraisals difficult. The purpose of this paper is to suggest criteria for defining vasectomy-related problems and to present the results of a long-term study of 1224 vasectomies. METHODS: The records of 1224 men who had a vasectomy performed by the same technique during a 4-year period were reviewed, and documented complications were tabulated and evaluated. Patients were referred residents of the lower mainland of British Columbia, and the majority were married. The group included a wide spectrum of ages, races, and occupations. Twelve categories of potential complications were defined, of which 10 were actually encountered in the study group. Infection was defined as having had antimicrobial drugs prescribed, and regret as having returned to discuss a reversal; all other complications were diagnosed based on a documented clinical diagnosis. RESULTS: Complications had been documented in 124 cases (10.6%) and included 46 minor infections (3.8%), 2 serious infections (0.16%), 23 instances of epididymitis (1.9%), 16 cases of sperm granuloma (1.3%), and 4 minor hemorrhages (0.33%). Of 3 failures, only one (0.08%) was due to recanalization. No serious hemorrhages or late failures were seen. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfactory results were believed to be related to surgical technique and the liberal use of antimicrobial drugs. The low recanalization rate was attributed to the treatment of the ends of the vas with multiple loops of polyglycolic acid ligature.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The behaviour of health care providers in managing diarrheal disease in Palembang City, south Sumatera, Indonesia.

A study on knowledge, attitude and practice of health care providers in Palembang had been conducted at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. Four approaches were carried out: (1) by recording the help obtained by cases who consulted researchers for further help for the same diarrheal diseases (DD) episode, (2) by studying the medical records of DD cases admitted to three hospitals, (3) by studying prescriptions dispensed by three pharmacies and (4) by focus group discussions. The findings were analysed to evaluate the achievement of the Indonesian Diarrheal Diseases Control Program (CDD). ORT, avoiding antimotility drugs and appropriated feeding have been accepted and practiced by the providers in Palembang. The target of promotion now is to support the acquisition of these behaviours to be implemented as a routine habit of the providers and as a part of the ongoing system of health care delivery system. Specifically the danger of loperamide promotion to the policy on antimotility must be stressed. Rapid iv rehydration and avoiding surface precipitating agents have been accepted, but are not practiced consistently yet due to practical considerations. It seems that there is no impact at all of CDD towards the rate of antibiotic therapy in DD. Besides intensifying the campaign, enforcing group pressure, may be we have to elaborate more the perception of health care provider as a practitioner, and conforming the strategy of the CDD campaign towards the findings. Health education had not been practiced effectively yet. Morale and value system of the providers are important for the success of this program. In general the medical-technic aspect of the CDD has been accepted by the providers, but there is still a lot to do in communicating them to be adopted as an effective behaviour.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tailoring family planning services to the special needs of adolescents.

Experimental service protocols tailored to the needs of teenage family planning patients were developed that emphasized indepth counseling, education geared to an adolescent's level of development, and the provision of reassurance and social support. These protocols were tested against usual service delivery practices in a study involving 1,261 patients under 18 years of age at six nonmetropolitan family planning clinics. A comparison with teenagers obtaining services at control sites found that six months after their first clinic visit, patients at the experimental sites were more likely to be using a method, were less likely to experience difficulty in dealing with problems, were more likely to continue using their method despite problems and had learned more during the educational session. Teenage patients at the experimental clinics were also less likely to have become pregnant within one year than those who went to control clinics. Attrition during the year following the first study visit was similar among both groups; patient satisfaction was very high, and equivalent at experimental and control sites. The data show that the extra time and effort required to meet the special needs of teenagers is justified by their improved contraceptive use, greater knowledge and lower pregnancy rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Mother's attitude towards child's health education and play in ICDS and non-ICDS areas.

To lay the foundation for proper physical and psychological development of children is one of the stated objectives of Integrated Child Development Services Scheme, which is operational in India since 1975-76. This objective can not be achieved unless a positive change in maternal attitude is accomplished. The present investigation was conducted in an oldest project area of India to assess this change using an adjacent Non-ICDS area as control. Majority of the mothers in both the areas were apathetic towards the health, education and play of their children. Nevertheless one encouraging trend was also observed. Significantly higher number of mothers in ICDS area had positive attitude in all the three variables in comparison to mothers in Non-ICDS area. It appears that ICDS Scheme has given the start but to have more acceptable answers, in depth investigations at national level are needed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1986

A cross-cultural history of abortion.

Abortion is a universal phenomenon, occurring throughout recorded history and at all levels of societal organization. Techniques are highly varied, as are the circumstances under which it is practised. The status of and attitudes towards abortion in Western civilization are variable and have, in most cases, been changing. As of 1982, 10% and 18% of the world's population respectively, lived in countries where abortion was totally prohibited or where it was permitted only to save the mother's life. In the USA, various national surveys indicate liberalization of public attitudes towards pregnancy termination between 1965 and the years immediately following the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision (1973) which legalized abortion. More recent polls demonstrate little attitudinal change since 1972-1973: between 80% and 90% of Americans approve of abortion in the case of poor health, a seriously defective fetus, or rape, and between 40% and 50% indicate approval for all other reasons as well. Only 10% of the American population would like to see abortion prohibited under all circumstances. Sociodemographic analyses indicate that individuals who disapprove of abortion differ from those who approve of its availability in that they are more likely to be Roman Catholic or fundamentalist Protestant; are, in general, more strongly committed to organized religion; are on the traditional/conservative end of the spectrum with regard to women's role in life, premarital sex, sex education and civil liberties; and tend to have achieved a relatively low educational level. 'Pro-life' and 'pro-choice' activists tend to be women who are completely different from one another in sociodemographic characteristics and in overall values, particularly as these relate to traditional versus modern female roles.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The abortion issue in the 1984 elections.

In the 1984 election, Ronald Reagan, the Republican presidential incumbent and an opponent of legal abortion, defeated Walter Mondale, a prochoice Democrat, by a wide margin. Despite Reagan's sweep of 49 states, however, conservatives lost a little ground in the Senate, where four of the seven new senators elected take a prochoice position on abortion. On the other hand, antiabortion forces registered some gains in the House of Representatives. The voting groups were more divided over the abortion issue in 1984 than they had been in 1980: In 1980, Reagan voters and Carter voters did not differ significantly in their attitudes toward abortion, but in 1984, Reagan voters were significantly more likely to be opposed to abortion than were Mondale voters. Nevertheless, only a small minority of voters considered abortion to be a major national issue, and the two voter groups were far more divided on several other issues than they were on abortion. There was no antiabortion consensus among the electorate as a whole, or among Reagan voters in particular. The level of approval for legalized abortion has, in fact, remained quite stable since 1973, and a popular base in favor of banning abortion seems to be lacking.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family size intentions and socioeconomic status in Singapore, 1974-1981.

Singapore has in recent years undergone a tremendous fertility decline that has affected couples at all socioeconomic levels. Using representative biographical sketches, this article presents the results of a panel study on family planning intentions and behavior among 45 young Chinese Singaporean couples. The couples, ranked as average or affluent working-class, or middle-class, were first interviewed in 1974-76 and were followed up in 1981. The study compares early childbearing intentions with actual childbearing behavior, examining the motivation for childbearing by socioeconomic group and highlighting the differences found. The follow-up interviews reveal that, on average, all couples in the sample bore 0.4 fewer children than originally intended. The motivation for changed childbearing intentions, however, differed according to socioeconomic status and the perceived role that children play in the family economy.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Short-term effects of teenage parenting programs on knowledge and attitudes.

The short-term effects of teenage parenting programs upon the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant teenagers were assessed. The programs studied produced a significant change in the teenagers' knowledge of sexuality and child development while having no apparent effect on the teenagers' parenting attitudes. The implications of producing changes in knowledge without accompanying changes in attitudes are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The abortion issue in the 1980 elections.

The political opponents of legal abortion achieved considerable gains in the 1980 American elections. A president who was committed to a strong antiabortion position was elected, and antiabortion candidates prevailed in six out of seven Senate races that pitted supporters against opponents of legal abortion and in seven out of nine similar confrontations in the House races. However, it is not clear that abortion was an overriding or decisive factor in determining those outcomes. Democrats and Republicans, Carter voters and Reagan voters did not differ significantly in their attitudes toward abortion. The presidential voter groups were divided on several other issues, and along income and racial lines, to a far greater extent than they were on abortion. Voters were not likely to name abortion as one of the more important problems facing the nation. Carter supporters rated abortion as more important than did Reagan supporters. Although the party platforms and the presidential candidates were clearly differentiated in their abortion stands, these differences were not well communicated to the citizenry. When voters attempted to describe the position of each candidate on abortion, they displayed a great deal of uncertainty, error and confusion. In the key Senate races, those who voted for the prochoice candidates held more liberal abortion attitudes than those who voted for the right-to-life candidates. This difference, although statistically significant, was not great, and was smaller than the differences related to several other issues--such as attitudes toward the role of government, women's rights and economic policies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Legal↗