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PubMed2002

Anthropometry and moderate malnutrition in preschool children.

OBJECTIVE: For years it has been shown that more children die from moderate malnutrition (MM) than severe. Till yet few studies deal specifically with identifying these children. This study attempts to statistically determine the appropriate anthropometric measures and cut-off points for diagnosing moderate malnutrition in preschool children. METHODS: Anthropometric measurements were obtained from 609 preschool children from the cities of Adigrat, Ethiopia; Janampet, India; San Paulo, Brazil. The values were used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and likelihood ratio (LR) of each index studied. The optimum cutoff point for each index was considered to be the cutoff point with the maximum Kappa coefficient for efficiency. The McNemar Test for the significance of changes was used to determine if these findings were in agreement when applied to this data. RESULTS: Weight for height (WFH) at each site had the highest PPV and LR of 4 but was not signficant by the McNemar Test. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) in India had the same PPV (77%) as WFH but a LR of 2. MUAC in India, Brazil and Ethiopia tested significantly for the McNemar Test. The cut-off point for MUAC in India and Brazil was determined to be <15.5 cm in India and Brazil but was <15 cm in Ethiopia. Waist circumference in India tested a significantly PPV of 64%, and a LR of 2. CONCLUSION: These results show that WFH and MUAC could be used with WFA to identify the MM child. The cut-off points for MUAC may vary per location. WC positive data suggests further study is warranted. The McNemar findings yielded significant evidence that statistically determined indicators can be established to identify MM. With further study these methods may prove to be an important component in the efforts to improve child survival.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2001

The Tromsø Study: a population-based study on the variation in bone formation markers with age, gender, anthropometry and season in both men and women.

Background information on how biological factors influence the level of bone turnover markers is crucial in order to make proper use of these measurements. In the present study, which is part of the fourth survey of a general population in Tromsø, Norway, we evaluated the variation in the bone formation markers bone alkaline phosphatase (S-BAP) and osteocalcin (S-OC) in 528 men and 605 women, age 25-74 years. In the Tromsø Study in 1994/5, the whole population above 25 years was initially invited and 7948 individuals attended an extended examination (76.4% of the invited population). The present study population is a random sample of these attendees. The variation with age, gender, height, weight, body mass index and season, and with menopausal status in women, was examined. In men there was a decrease in S-OC up to the age of 56 years with little further change, while S-BAP showed no change with age. Among women, variation in bone markers was mainly observed to change with menopause, with a 41% and 21% increase in the mean level of S-BAP and S-OC, respectively. There was a negative trend in S-OC with body mass index in both men and women. A seasonal change of 20% in the level of both bone markers in men and of S-BAP in postmenopausal women was observed in this region at a far northern latitude. We conclude that, of the factors examined, season and menopausal status must be taken into account when measuring these bone formation markers.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Anthropometry and clinical features of Kashin-Beck disease in central Tibet.

We compared two different populations living in central Tibet with the purpose of establishing standard values for different anthropometric parameters in a rural population. Later on, these values were used as references for a similar study on a KBD population. One group (KBD) (n=1,246) came from the endemic areas, and the other group, serving as the control population (n=815), came from non-endemic areas. Both groups included children and adults and were of the Mongoloid type; they were farmers or semi-nomads. Height, weight, segment length, joint perimeter, joint diameter, joint movement were recorded. Also more subjective information such as general feeling of tiredness, rapid fatigue at work, work limitation, joint pain, muscle weakness, muscular atrophy, dwarfism, flatfoot, and waddling gate was also collected. Those variables were compared between the two groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Maternal anthropometry and idiopathic preterm labor.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the etiologic role of maternal short stature, low pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and low rate of gestational weight gain in idiopathic preterm labor. METHODS: We carried out a three-center case-control study of 555 women with idiopathic onset of preterm labor (before 37 completed weeks), including two overlapping (ie, nonmutually exclusive) subsamples: cases with early preterm labor (before 34 completed weeks) and cases with recurrent preterm labor (before 37 completed weeks plus a history of prior preterm delivery or second-trimester miscarriage). Controls were matched to cases by race and smoking history. All subjects responded in person to questions about height, pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, and obstetric and sociodemographic histories. RESULTS: Maternal height, pre-pregnancy weight, and gestational weight gain demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability, with intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.97, 0.99, and 0.91, respectively. Based on matched analyses, women with a height of 157.5 cm or less had an increased risk of idiopathic preterm labor (odds ratio [OR] 1.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-2.74), as did those with a pre-pregnancy BMI less than 19.8 kg/m2 (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.09-2.44) or a gestational weight gain rate less than 0.27 kg/week (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.16-2.62). Conditional logistic regression models containing all three anthropometric variables and controlling for parity, marital status, language, age, and education yielded virtually identical point estimates and CIs. CONCLUSION: Maternal short stature, low pre-pregnancy BMI, and low rate of gestational weight gain may lead to shortened gestation by increasing the risk of idiopathic preterm labor.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1985

Nutritional anthropometry. Wasting assessment by direct reading on a modified weight-for-height scale.

Wasting, a low weight-for-height compared with a standard, is the most important index of acute under nutrition. Previously, wasted children could only be classified by consulting tables after weighing and measuring them. This was not a practical procedure for busy service situations. Nabarro introduced a weight chart which simplified the identification of wasted children, but this method has limitations. An available clock-faced spring balance weighing scale has been modified to give direct colour-coded reading of weight-for-height status. A child's height is first measured while he is fully co-operative. The height in cm is set on the scale and this positions a colour coded disc behind the spiral slot. Then the child is weighed, and in wasted children the pointer comes to rest opposite a red band. The instrument has been field tested in busy clinics in Uganda and worked well.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2005

Head and facial anthropometry of mixed-race US Army male soldiers for military design and sizing: a pilot study.

In the United States, the biologically admixed population is increasing. Such demographic changes may affect the distribution of anthropometric characteristics, which are incorporated into the design of equipment and clothing for the US Army and other large organizations. The purpose of this study was to examine multivariate craniofacial anthropometric distributions between biologically admixed male populations and single racial groups of Black and White males. Multivariate statistical results suggested that nose breadth and lip length were different between Blacks and Whites. Such differences may be considered for adjustments to respirators and chemical-biological protective masks. However, based on this pilot study, multivariate anthropometric distributions of admixed individuals were within the distributions of single racial groups. Based on the sample reported, sizing and designing for the admixed groups are not necessary if anthropometric distributions of single racial groups comprising admixed groups are known.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effect of Caralluma fimbriata extract on appetite, food intake and anthropometry in adult Indian men and women.

Caralluma fimbriata is an edible cactus, used by tribal Indians to suppress hunger and enhance endurance. The effect of Caralluma extract was assessed in overweight individuals by a placebo controlled randomized trial. Fifty adult men and women (25-60 years) with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m2 were randomly assigned into a placebo or experimental group; the latter received 1 g of Caralluma extract per day for 60 days. All subjects were given standard advice regarding a weight reducing diet and physical activity. At the end of 30 and 60 days of intervention, blood glucose and lipids, anthropometric measurements, dietary intake and assessment of appetite was performed. Waist circumference and hunger levels over the observation period showed a significant decline in the experimental group when compared to the placebo group. While there was a trend towards a greater decrease in body weight, body mass index, hip circumference, body fat and energy intake between assessment time points in the experimental group, these were not significantly different between experimental and placebo groups. Caralluma extract appears to suppress appetite, and reduce waist circumference when compared to placebo over a 2 month period.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The accuracy of maternal anthropometry measurements as predictor for spontaneous preterm birth--a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy with which antenatal maternal anthropometric measurements predict the risk spontaneous preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN: (1) DATA SOURCES: Studies were identified without language restrictions from MEDLINE, EMBASE, PASCAL, BIOSIS, the Cochrane Library, MEDION, National Research Register, SCISEARCH and Conference Papers, and manual searching of bibliographies of known primary and review articles, and contact with authors. (2) STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were selected if they used antenatal maternal anthropometric features (pre-pregnancy weight, maternal pregnancy weight gain and maternal height) to predict spontaneous preterm birth. Two reviewers independently selected studies and extracted data on their characteristics, quality and accuracy. Accuracy data were used to form 2 x 2 contingency tables of the maternal anthropometric test results with spontaneous preterm birth as the reference standard. (3) DATA SYNTHESIS: Heterogeneity assessments were carried out to aid the decision regarding pooling of the accuracy results. Likelihood ratios for positive (LR+) and negative (LR-) test results were calculated, and summary estimates were produced in absence of heterogeneity of the accuracy results. RESULTS: There were eight primary accuracy articles that met the selection criteria, which included a total of 122,647 asymptomatic women. There were six studies on pre-pregnancy weight where five measured the body mass index (BMI) and one used an arbitrary measure. There were four studies on the adequacy of pregnancy weight gain and two studies on maternal height as a predictor for the risk of preterm birth. One article contributed three studies, while two articles provided two studies each. The commonest reference standard used was birth before 37 weeks' gestation. None of the studies fulfilled the ideal test accuracy study criteria. There was heterogeneity in the accuracy results of pre-pregnancy BMI but not in the adequacy of weight gain. All three maternal anthropometric features were poor predictors of preterm labour. Pre-pregnancy BMI is a poor predictor of preterm birth before 37 weeks' gestation (LR+ that ranged from 0.96 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66-1.40) to 1.75 (95% CI 1.33-2.31)) as are the adequacy of pregnancy weight gain (summary LR+ of 1.81, 95% CI 1.45-2.30) and short maternal height (LR+ of 1.79 (95% CI 1.27-2.52). CONCLUSION: Routine antenatal maternal anthropometric measurements are not useful in predicting the risk of preterm birth before 37 weeks' gestation. Further studies should address their use in combination with other test but need to use a more clinically appropriate reference standard of preterm birth, such as birth before 32-34 weeks' gestation, and improve on the quality of study design.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2004

Anthropometry, metabolic control, and thyroid autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes with celiac disease: A multicenter survey.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of celiac disease (CD) on growth and metabolic control in a nationwide cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed data from 19,796 pediatric patients with T1D in the German pediatric multicenter DPV-database for occurrence of CD. RESULTS: CD-specific antibodies were present in 1326 patients (6.7%). The diagnosis was confirmed in 127 patients (0.6%) by small-bowel biopsy. Female subjects were significantly more predisposed to have T1D and CD. The CD-affected patients in our cohort were significantly younger at diabetes onset. Furthermore, they had significantly lower height-SDS at onset (-0.49 vs -0.06, P < .05), a difference that increased during the course of the disease (-0.80 vs -0.26 after 9 years of diabetes, P < .05). In addition, body mass index-SDS significantly differed between the groups (0.22 vs 0.47, P < .05). Evidence for thyroid disease was more commonly observed in the T1D with CD group (6.3% vs 2.3%, P < .05). HbA1c values were lower in the patients with T1D and CD. CONCLUSIONS: The CD-positive patients were characterized by earlier onset of diabetes and decreased growth and weight gain. These findings emphasize the clinical relevance of celiac disease in patients with autoimmune diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Associations between dietary pattern and lifestyle, anthropometry and other health indicators in the elderly participants of the EPIC-Italy cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies have shown that dietary behaviour is an important aetiological factor in various chronic diseases. We used principal component factor analysis to identify dietary patterns and to examine the associations of these patterns with health-related variables in a sample of elderly (> or =60 years) Italians participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). METHODS AND RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis was applied to the intake of food groups as estimated by semi-quantitative food questionnaires. Individual participants were assigned factor scores, indicating the extent to which their diet conformed to each of the four dietary patterns identified: prudent (cooked vegetables, pulses, cabbage, seed oil and fish); pasta & meat (pasta, tomato sauce, red meat, processed meat, bread and wine); olive oil & salad (raw vegetables, olive oil, soup and chicken); and sweet & dairy (sugar, cakes, ice cream, coffee and dairy). Highly educated people had high scores on prudent and low scores on pasta & meat. The pasta & meat and prudent patterns were strongly positively associated with body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in men and women. Hyperlipidaemic men and women consumed more of the prudent and olive oil & salad patterns and less of the sweet & dairy pattern than those with normal lipids. The olive oil & salad was significantly higher and the pasta & meat and sweet & dairy patterns significantly lower in men and women who had dieted over the previous year, suggesting awareness of the health consequences of these patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary pattern analysis provides a characterization of recurrent dietary behaviour in elderly people, and can be used to provide tangible dietary advice to elderly people.

Anthropometry↗