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PubMed1992

National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Statement on Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccines for use in infants and children.

Currently three Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines are licensed for use in Canada in infants 2 months of age and older: HibTITER (Lederle Laboratories), PedvaxHIB (Merck Sharp & Dohme Canada) and Act-HIB (Pasteur-Mérieux, distributed in Canada by Connaught Laboratories Ltd.). A fourth vaccine, licensed both as a single product (ProHIBIT) or in combination with diphtheria toxoid-pertussis vaccine-tetanus toxoid (DPT-Hib) (Connaught), is limited to use in children 18 months of age or older. The following recommendations incorporate those previously published by the National Advisory Committee on Immunization(1), provide information on Act-HIB (which was licensed in March 1992) and summarize recently published data on the comparative immogenic effects and interchangeability of Hib conjugate vaccines (2-6).

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2000

Updated recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices in response to delays in supply of influenza vaccine for the 2000-01 season.

On July 14, CDC reported a substantial delay in the availability of a proportion of influenza vaccine for the 2000-01 season and the possibility of a vaccine shortage. Since then, resolution of manufacturing problems and improved yields of the influenza A (H3N2) vaccine component have averted a shortage. Although safe and effective influenza vaccine will be available in similar quantities as last year, much of the vaccine will be distributed later in the season than usual. This update provides information on the influenza vaccine supply situation and updated influenza vaccination recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for the 2000-01 influenza season.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

General recommendations on immunization. Immunization Practices Advisory Committee.

This revision of the "General Recommendations on Immunization" updates the 1982 statement. Changes or new sections include (1) listing of vaccines available in the United States by type and recommended routes, (2) updated schedules for immunizing infants and children, (3) clarification of the guidelines for spacing administration of immune globulin preparations and different vaccines, (4) an updated table of recommendations for routine immunization of children infected with human immunodeficiency virus, (5) listing of conditions that are often inappropriately considered contraindications to immunization, and (6) addition of information on the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 and the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. These recommendations are not comprehensive for each vaccine; Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) recommendations on each vaccine should be consulted for more details.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1989

General recommendations on immunization. Guidelines from the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control.

This revision of the "General Recommendations on Immunization" updates the 1983 statement. Changes or new sections include 1) listing of vaccines available in the United States by type and recommended routes, 2) updated schedules for immunizing infants and children, 3) clarification of the guidelines for spacing administration of immune globulin preparations and different vaccines, 4) an updated table of recommendations for routine immunization of children infected with human immunodeficiency virus, 5) listing of conditions that are often inappropriately considered contraindications to immunizations, and 6) addition of information on the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 and the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. These recommendations are not comprehensive for each vaccine: Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) recommendations on each vaccine should be consulted for more details.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Standards for pediatric immunization practices. Recommended by the National Vaccine Advisory Committee.

Although 97%-98% of children in the United States are vaccinated before or shortly after starting school, the proportion of preschool children who have completed a full series for all recommended vaccines is considerably lower. Although low immunization coverage among preschoolers has been attributed to difficulties in reaching certain groups, such as the urban poor and racial and ethnic minorities, more recent evaluations suggest that the health-care delivery system itself bears much of the responsibility. To eliminate barriers and obstacles (e.g., appointment-only systems and unnecessary prevaccination physical examinations) that impede efficient vaccine delivery and to encourage providers to take advantage of all health-care visits as opportunities to provide vaccinations, the National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC) called for the development of standards for immunization policies and practices. Eighteen standards were developed in collaboration with a 35-member working group representing 22 public and private agencies. These 18 standards have since been recommended by the NVAC, approved by the U.S. Public Health Service, and endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The standards are presented and discussed in detail in this report.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Low-power lasers in medicine. A report by the Australian Health Technology Advisory Committee (AHTAC) June 1994.

Low-power lasers are those that deliver an output power in the milliwatt (mW) range. Output is typically between 1 and 30 mW, but can be up to 100 mW; It has been suggested that low power lasers cause biostimulation--a photochemical response to laser light inducing biochemical alterations in cells. However, there is no universally agreed theory to explain the mechanism of the claimed effects of treatment; The wavelengths, treatment protocols and conditions to be treated are not established; Low-power lasers are in widespread use for the treatment, in the main, of a range of musculoskeletal problems, despite little published evidence of efficacy; Evidence from controlled trials is inconclusive and conflicting; The Australian Health Technology Advisory Committee considers that the efficacy of low-power lasers in the treatment of musculoskeletal and other conditions is not established. The Committee therefore recommends that; those who use this technology should take steps to obtain unequivocal evidence of benefit from appropriately designed and conducted trials; and in any clinical use of such lasers, the treatment protocols should be clearly defined.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Use of diphtheria toxoid-tetanus toxoid-acellular pertussis vaccine as a five-dose series. Supplemental recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

Four vaccines containing diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) are currently licensed in the United States for use among infants and young children. As of October 2000, two products, ACEL-IMUNE (a product of Lederle Laboratories) and Tripedia (Aventis Pasteur, Inc.) were licensed for the five-dose DTaP vaccination series. Two other vaccines, Infanrix (SmithKline Beecham Biologicals) and Certiva (North American Vaccine, Inc.) are licensed for the first four doses of the vaccination series, beginning with the primary series at ages 2, 4, and 6 months, and for completing the DTaP series among children who began the series with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis vaccine. This report supplements the statement from CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices regarding use of acellular pertussis vaccines and summarizes data regarding reactogenicity of acellular pertussis vaccines when administered as the fourth and fifth consecutive doses. Increases in the frequency and magnitude of local reactions at the injection site with increasing dose number have occurred for all currently licensed DTaP vaccines. Extensive swelling of the injected limb, sometimes involving the entire thigh or upper arm, after receipt of the fourth and fifth doses of DTaP vaccines has been demonstrated for multiple products from different manufacturers. Because data are insufficient regarding the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of using DTaP vaccines from different manufacturers in a mixed sequence, ACIP continues to recommend that, whenever feasible, the same brand of DTaP vaccine be used for all doses in the vaccination series. When the vaccine provider does not know or does not have available the type of DTaP vaccine previously administered, any of the licensed DTaP vaccines can be used to complete the vaccine series.

Child↗
PubMed1996

[The Editorial Advisory Committee].

Since 1970, Revista Médica de Chile applies the peer review system as a main step in the selection and improvement of the manuscripts to be published. Over 150 experts participate in this process annually, reviewing up to 5 manuscripts per year. The final decision with regards to to the acceptability of a manuscript remains a responsibility of the Editor. The reviewers are selected by the Editor and his Associates among clinical investigators, prominent subspecialits and basic scientists, according to the nature of the manuscript. Most of them work in Chile. Their names are published and their confidential work is acknowledged in a special chronicle published in the Revista once a year. A small number of these reviewers appears in every issue of the journal identified as Members of its Editorial Advisory Committee. They have been selected by the Editors among those reviewers who deal with a greater number of manuscripts and also those experienced specialists whose opinion is requested when an exceptional conflict of opinions is raised by the authors and their reviewers. After 5 to 10 years of a highly praised collaboration, the previous Committee has been changed and new names were included, starting in this issue of Revista Médica de Chile.

Chile↗
PubMed2002

Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.

These guidelines have been developed for practitioners who insert catheters and for persons responsible for surveillance and control of infections in hospital, outpatient, and home health-care settings. This report was prepared by a working group comprising members from professional organizations representing the disciplines of critical care medicine, infectious diseases, health-care infection control, surgery, anesthesiology, interventional radiology, pulmonary medicine, pediatric medicine, and nursing. The working group was led by the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), in collaboration with the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA), Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), Surgical Infection Society (SIS), American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), American Thoracic Society (ATS), American Society of Critical Care Anesthesiologists (ASCCA), Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), Infusion Nurses Society (INS), Oncology Nursing Society (ONS), Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology (SCVIR), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and is intended to replace the Guideline for Prevention of Intravascular Device-Related Infections published in 1996. These guidelines are intended to provide evidence-based recommendations for preventing catheter-related infections. Major areas of emphasis include 1) educating and training health-care providers who insert and maintain catheters; 2) using maximal sterile barrier precautions during central venous catheter insertion; 3) using a 2% chlorhexidine preparation for skin antisepsis; 4) avoiding routine replacement of central venous catheters as a strategy to prevent infection; and 5) using antiseptic/antibiotic impregnated short-term central venous catheters if the rate of infection is high despite adherence to other strategies (ie, education and training, maximal sterile barrier precautions, and 2% chlorhexidine for skin antisepsis). These guidelines also identify performance indicators that can be used locally by health-care institutions or organizations to monitor their success in implementing these evidence-based recommendations.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC).

Since 1989, a rapid increase in the incidence of infection and colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) has been reported by U.S. hospitals. This increase poses important problems, including a) the lack of available antimicrobial therapy for VRE infections, because most VRE are also resistant to drugs previously used to treat such infections (e.g., aminoglycosides and ampicillin), and b) the possibility that the vancomycin-resistant genes present in VRE can be transferred to other gram-positive microorganisms (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus). An increased risk for VRE infection and colonization has been associated with previous vancomycin and/or multiantimicrobial therapy, severe underlying disease or immunosuppression, and intraabdominal surgery. Because enterococci can be found in the normal gastrointestinal and female genital tracts, most enterococcal infections have been attributed to endogenous sources within the individual patient. However, recent reports of outbreaks and endemic infections caused by enterococci, including VRE, have indicated that patient-to-patient transmission of the microorganisms can occur either through direct contact or through indirect contact via a) the hands of personnel or b) contaminated patient-care equipment or environmental surfaces. This report presents recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee for preventing and controlling the spread of vancomycin resistance, with a special focus on VRE. Preventing and controlling the spread of vancomycin resistance will require coordinated, concerted efforts from all involved hospital departments and can be achieved only if each of the following elements is addressed: a) prudent vancomycin use by clinicians, b) education of hospital staff regarding the problem of vancomycin resistance, c) early detection and prompt reporting of vancomycin resistance in enterococci and other gram-positive microorganisms by the hospital microbiology laboratory, and d) immediate implementation of appropriate infection-control measures to prevent person-to-person transmission of VRE.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗