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PubMedDate not supplied

Brucellosis and international travel.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution that mainly affects persons working with domestic animals and animal products. Despite being controlled in many developed countries, the disease remains endemic in many parts of the world, including Latin America, the Middle East, Spain, parts of Africa, and western Asia. The disease is mainly transmitted to humans through the ingestion of raw milk or non-pasteurized cheese contaminated with one of the four Brucella species pathogenic to humans. The clinical presentation can vary from asymptomatic infection with seroconversion to a full-blown clinical picture of fever, night sweats and joint manifestations; rarely, there is hepatic, cardiac, ocular or central nervous system involvement. Since travelers may be affected, travel health physicians need to know the clinical presentation of patients with brucellosis and preventive strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Waves of migration: a new situation.

An attempt is made to forecast migration trends affecting those countries that were formerly part of the Soviet Union. "The new migratory trends are characterized by at least three fundamentally important elements: the ouster of the newly arrived population from the social niche that it had recently occupied, emigration from overpopulated regions, and growing emigration beyond the borders of the former Union."

Asia↗
PubMed1991

The changing role of Asian labour migration in the Middle East.

"The paper explores the changing role and origins of foreign labour in two labour importing states, Kuwait and Jordan.... Because Asian labour is cheaper, politically quiescent and more readily reexportable than Arab labour migrants it has become an increasingly important element of these labour forces.... The paper argues that the strategy of dependent development based on the state's import of large amounts of capital, labour and technology has emphasised specific national identities over a regional pan-Arab one." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Asia↗
PubMed1990

Spatial patterns of exogenous mortality in Kuwait.

"Exogenous causes [of death]...represent a serious threat to health in Kuwait, where they accounted for over 40 percent of the total mortality in 1985. This paper is concerned with the spatial distribution of these diseases. It will also help to reflect the influence of various social, economic, and demographic factors on the patterns of distribution. Mortality rates are calculated for 100,000 persons of the country's two communities: Kuwaitis and non-Kuwaitis.... In some parts of the country, and the Capital governorate in particular, nearly half of the deaths were caused by parasitic diseases. Other major causes are tuberculosis and intestinal infections.... Death tolls among Kuwaiti nationals are more than twice those of non-Kuwaitis." (SUMMARY IN JPN)

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The epidemiological process of West Nile viral infection].

An important number of arboviruses are known to produce clinical or subclinical infections in humans. Most of these viruses are maintained in zoonotic cycles and are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. Viruses believed to be associated with human disease are classified according to the type of vector, the main clinical sign and the geographic distribution. The arboviruses are classified in families and genera, of which Togaviridae, Flaviviridae and Bunyaviridae are the best known. West Nile virus is present in Egypt, Israel, India and is widespread in parts of Africa, the northern Mediterranean area and Western Asia. The first major West Nile fever epidemic in Europe occurred in Romania, in 1996, with a high rate of neurological infections. 393 patients with serologically confirmed or probable West Nile fever infection (352 had acute central-nervous-system infections) were identified. The number of mild cases could not be estimated. WN virus was recovered from Culex pipiens mosquitoes. The virus is not transmitted through direct human contact, probably the infected mosquitoes transmit the virus throughout their life. Viremia is essential for vector infection and occurs during early clinical illness in humans. Susceptibility appears to be general, in both males and females, throughout life. Inapparent infections and mild disease are common.

Female↗
PubMed1999

[Current spread and epidemiology of Echinococcus multilocularis].

Recently, a wealth of new data was collected on the distribution and ecology of E. multilocularis. The parasite is now known to occur at surpisingly high prevalence rates in e.g. Belgium and northwestern Germany, new records exist for the Netherlands, and the parasite was found to be widespread in Poland and the Czech Republic. In addition, foxes in continental Europe have adapted their behaviour and are now common in many towns and cities where they are also known to carry the parasite. New data exist on endemicity regions in western Asia. In addition to new informations on the parasite's range, a summary is given of the current knowledge on prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in man.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Urinary schistosomiasis].

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA: The most frequently encountered human bilharziasis, urinary Schistosoma haematobium schistosomiasis, is endemic in Africa and western Asia: 51 countries are concerned. Humans are infected by contact with water harboring snails of the genus Bulinus that emit furcocercous cercariae. Older children eliminate large quantities of schistosoma eggs in urine. CLINICALLY: Schistosoma haematobium lives in the adult form in the bladder plexus, emitting eggs into the urine. Hematuria and signs of upper urinary tract dilatation are the most frequent clinical manifestations. There has been no data substantiating a higher incidence of urinary tract infections or urinary stones in S. haematobium infested subjects. Schistosomiasis alone does not appear to play a major role in infertility. Inversely, clinical and pathology studies do persistently demonstrate an epidemiological association between urinary schistosomiasis and bladder cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis].

A DISEASE ON THE COME BACK: West Nile encephalitis has been known since the thirties. It generally occurs in Africa and Western Asia, rarely in Europe. The disease has disappeared from France since 1960, but has reappeared in the United States and in Israel. A SEVERE VIRAL INFECTION: West Nile encephalitis is caused by a flavivirus. After 2 to 15 days incubation, the patient experiences fever, headache, diffuse pain, and sometimes skin rash. Disorientation, stiff neck, convulsions and paralysis then develop and lead to death in 10 to 15% of the cases. No antiviral agent is active against the West Nile virus. TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION: The disease is transmitted to man by mosquitos that became contaminated from infected birds. The most effective preventive measure is the fight against mosquitos.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Bayesian demography: projecting the Iraqi Kurdish population, 1977-1990.

"Projecting populations that have sparse or unreliable data, such as those of many developing countries, presents a challenge to demographers. The assumptions that they make to project data-poor populations frequently fall into the realm of ¿educated guesses', and the resulting projections, often regarded as forecasts, are valid only to the extent that the assumptions on which they are based reasonably represent the past or future, as the case may be. These traditional projection techniques do not incorporate a demographer's assessment of uncertainty in the assumptions. Addressing the challenges of forecasting a data-poor population, we project the Iraqi Kurdish population using a Bayesian approach. This approach incorporates a demographer's uncertainty about past and future characteristics of the population in the form of elicited prior distributions."

Asia↗