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PubMed1998

[The archives of the section of history of medicine].

The Section of History of Medicine of the Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology of the Rome University "La Sapienza" keeps the Archives of Angelo Celli, Amico and Francesco Bignami, Giuseppe Sanarelli. The Archives, primarily composed by medical notes, note books, correspondence, have been reorganized and an inventory has been made and computerized. The documents of the scientists Celli and Bignami testify their contribution to the study of malaria and of the pathological anatomy of the infection; Sanarelli's notebooks allow to reconstruct his scientific career. During the inventory, various groups of documents belonging to Alessandro Solivetti (1834-1893), Francesco Todaro (1839-1912), Giorgio Roster (1843-1927), Giuklio Bizzozero (1846-1901), Angelo Maffucci (1847-1903), Ettore Marchiafava (1847-1935), Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854-1925), Giovanni Mingazzini (1859-1929), Giuseppe Bastianelli (1862-1959), Vittorio Ascoli (1863-1931), Raffaele Bastianelli (1863-1961), Guiseppe Ovio (1863-1957), Vittorio Puntoni (1887-1970), Pietro Di Mattei (1896) have been found.

Archives↗
PubMed2001

The motivational basis of concessions and compromise: archival and laboratory studies.

A content analysis system for measuring positive concessions (offering concessions) and negative concessions (rejecting offered concessions) was introduced and validated through an archival study of government-to-government documents from 4 crises, 2 of which escalated to war and 2 of which were peacefully resolved. In the archival documents, concession making was positively associated with affiliation motivation and negatively associated with power motivation. A 2nd, laboratory experimental study confirmed these relationships and demonstrated priming effects of motive imagery and concession making, in a received diplomatic letter, on participants' responses. Finally, the motive imagery and concessions scores in participants' responses were related in predicted ways to their policy choices.

Archives↗
PubMed2000

[Archival materials collected by Prof. Wiktor Dega in the Department of the History of Medical Sciences, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences - general characteristics].

Interesting archival materials collected by Prof. Wiktor Dega are held in the Department of the History of Medical Sciences belonging to Karol Marcinkowski University. There are mainly personal documents including: a military booklet, passport and different identity cards. They are also the diary from 1913. Noteworthy are the notebooks from his student period and diaries full of reflections from his scientific journeys abroad and chrestomathy from the professional literature. Moreover, the archival material about Prof. Degas' pre-war activity and a organiser of cost-free gymnastic courses for children with posture defects should be mentioned in Poznań. After the Second World War Prof. Dega worked on the Committee of Rehabilitation and Adaptation of Human Beings and organised the Polish Branch of the International College of Surgeons, and materials from that time are also available. Also important are documents associated with Prof. Dega's the Order of Smile from the St. Maria Magdelena secondary school in Poznań. His letters are extremely valuable and the interesting press articles, photos and diplomas are also noteworthy.

Archives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Operating data and unsolved problems of the DICOM modality worklist: an indispensable tool in an electronic archiving environment.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the efficacy of DICOM worklist software for radiological modalities from the viewpoint of risk management, to reduce mislabeled image data in an electronic archiving environment. We focused on the following five points: 1) the effectiveness of the DICOM modality worklist, 2) problems involving incorrect patient and image data, 3) the presence of incorrect profiles despite the transfer of patient profiles online via the DICOM worklist, 4) ways to eliminate entry failure, and 5) further examination even if data entry were correct. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective data of patient profiles with image data were evaluated both before and after installation of DICOM modality worklist management software at Sakai Municipal Hospital. All radiology modalities were connected to RIS terminals in which DICOM modality worklist software was installed. Patient profiles were transferred online from RIS terminals to the modalities. It was not necessary for technologists to type patient profiles in usual examinations. RESULTS: Before installing the DICOM modality worklist software, the number of data entry errors was 31 and the rate was 6.4% of 487 examinations. After installation, manual data entry occurred in 80 of 1,994 examinations. The number of data entry errors for patient profiles was two, and the rate was 0.1% of the total examinations (p < 0.0001). Before installing the DICOM modality worklist, two wrong patient IDs that corresponded to other existing patient IDs were typed into the modality. No patient IDs were mixed up after installation of the DICOM modality worklist (p = 0.0385). CONCLUSION: The DICOM worklist was indispensable to electronic archiving because it decreased incorrect patient profiles that corresponded to image data loss. This was effective in decreasing patient mix-ups that could lead to serious malpractice. Despite the DICOM worklist, however, some incorrect patient profiles remained as a result of manual typing errors. The reasons for manual typing included emergency examinations, paper-based operations, and system shutdown. Furthermore, the risk of patient mix-ups remained even if the patient profile was correct. To eliminate or decrease medical accidents, determining why accidents happen and ensuring better data confirmation are necessary.

Archives↗
PubMed2004

Content-based image retrieval for large biomedical image archives.

Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) has been a topic of research interest for nearly a decade. Approaches to date use image features for describing content. A survey of the literature shows that progress has been limited to prototype systems that make gross assumptions and approximations. Additionally, research attention has been largely focused on stock image collections. Advances in medical imaging have led to growth in large image collections. At the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communication, an R&D division of the National Library of Medicine, we are conducting research on CBIR for biomedical images. We maintain an archive of over 17,000 digitized x-rays of the cervical and lumbar spine from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). In addition, we are developing an archive of a large number of digitized 35 mm color slides of the uterine cervix. Our research focuses on developing techniques for hybrid text/image query-retrieval from the survey text and image data. In this paper we present the challenges in developing CBIR of biomedical images and results from our research efforts.

Archives↗
PubMed1978

[Experience in creating an automated pathoanatomic archive in prosection at the A. N. Bakulev Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR].

An information system "Automatic pathological anatomy archive" has been created in the cardiac surgery center existing 22 years. A special card has been developed for resording of the results of morphological examinations and the main information on the patient, which is filled by the dissector after autopsy. Treatment of the data contained in the information mass stipulates an urgent search of the cases according to the set of data indicated in the request, interpretation of the content of unified cards for the selected cases, calculation of per cent ratios, etc. Realization of information systems in universal computers opens wide possibilities for principally new organization of pathological archives.

Archives↗
PubMed1985

Appraisal of the papers of biomedical scientists and physicians for a medical archives.

Numerous medical libraries house archival collections. This article discusses criteria for selecting personal papers of biomedical scientists and physicians for a medical archives and defines key terms, such as appraisal, manuscripts, papers, records, and series. Appraisal focuses on both collection and series levels. Collection-level criteria include the significance of a scientist's career and the uniqueness, coverage, and accessibility of the manuscripts. Series frequently found among medically related manuscripts are enumerated and discussed. Types of organizational records and the desirability of accessioning them along with manuscripts are considered. Advantages of direct communication with creators of manuscripts are described. The initial appraisal process is not the last word: reevaluation of materials must take place during processing and can be resumed long afterwards.

Archives↗
PubMed1994

[Contamination of archives by filamentous fungi and their evaluation for potential pathogenicity].

The results of microbiological examinations of dust samples collected from mortgage registers in the court archives are presented. In the samples examined filamentous fungi of Penicillium genus were observed as well as Cladosporium herbarum, Geotrichum candidum, Cephalosporium glutineum, Mucor racemosus, Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger. Filamentous fungi of Penicillium genus occurred in the highest concentration accounting for 350,000 CFU/g. The levels of the remaining fungi were lower--they ranged from 500 CFU/g to 100,000 CFU/g. The concentration of filamentous fungi observed in archives can create health risk for workers.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1994

Data compression for medical report archiving.

In a hospital environment, where large numbers of reports are compiled, data compression offers a method for substantially reducing the required disk space whilst protecting the confidentiality of patient data. An analysis is given of the most important parameters that influence compression of free-text data, to realize an efficient implementation of an archiving system for medical reports. An overall reduction of the required disk space by more than 50% can be attained, as well as supplementary level of protection. A slight increase in access time is thereby inevitable, but almost insignificant. Such an archiving system constitutes a necessary component for an intelligent information retrieval system. The access to information contained in medical documents (by means of natural language processing and artificial intelligence techniques) is considered to be one of the key issues in the field of medical informatics for the coming decades.

Archives↗
PubMed1998

[A multimedia echocardiographic archive].

The widespread diffusion of echocardiography requires to rationalize clinical examination archives; the recent improvement in computer processing speed and the addition of image processing capabilities on standard personal computer by using multimedia technology provide a low-cost solution to improve video digital acquisition and base management. Furthermore, the diffusion of computer networks supports the possibility of sending images in digital format from a work station to another. In this study we describe the setting-up of a system for echocardiographic image acquisition, storage, base management and analysis based on a standard multimedia Macintosh personal computer using readily available not-dedicated software. We tested the overall efficiency of this system in terms of time required to perform hardware and software procedures, storage capacity of the archive and possibility to exchange information with other wire-linked computer work-stations or via modem. This system has proven to require an acceptable time to perform all the procedures showing a high level of connectivity with other standard personal computer work-stations; however, some limitations with regard to time required in sending via modem long movie files need to be pointed out. In conclusion, in our experience new multimedia personal computer could offer to every physician with a minimum informatic knowledge the well known advantages of digital-video, at a reasonable cost.

Archives↗
PubMed1999

Use of archival fine-needle aspirates for the allelotyping of tumors.

BACKGROUND: Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis (allelotyping) based on polymorphic microsatellite DNA is one of the most powerful molecular tools currently available for studying carcinogenesis. However, allelotyping studies that require archival paraffin embedded tissues are often hampered by technical difficulties related to microdissection and poor DNA quality. METHODS: The authors compared allelotyping results from 12 paraffin embedded breast carcinoma cases with those from matching alcohol fixed fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology slides obtained for routine diagnostic purposes, using 30 polymorphic microsatellite markers at chromosomes 3p, 4p, 4q, 5q, 6p, 8p, 9p, 11q, 17p, and 17q. Cells from the alcohol fixed FNA slides were dissected and processed in three different ways, and DNA dilution experiments were performed to determine the minimum number of cells required for accurate allelotyping. RESULTS: LOH results were identical for paraffin embedded and alcohol fixed tumors for 97% of 114 polymerase chain reactions (PCR) when 1000-2000 cells were dissected from each FNA slide and DNA from 100 cells was used for each multiplex PCR. However, with lower cell numbers, the discordance rate increased and artifactual LOH was observed. Intratumor allelotype heterogeneity could not be documented. CONCLUSIONS: The use of alcohol fixed cytology preparations improves the ease of PCR-based allelotyping and greatly expands the range of archival materials available for study. The allelotyping is accurate and reproducible when DNA from >/=25 cells is used in the initial multiplex PCR. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol)

Alleles↗
PubMed1997

Microsatellite analysis and telomerase activity in archived tissue and urine samples of bladder cancer patients.

We performed microsatellite analysis and tested telomerase activity in paired tissue and urine of bladder cancer patients from frozen archived samples. DNA obtained from microdissected tumor and urine sediment was analyzed and compared to peripheral lymphocytes for microsatellite alterations (loss of heterozygosity [LOH] or instability) using a panel of 20 microsatellite markers in 15 patients with transitional or squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. Additionally, telomerase activity was determined in 12 microdissected tumor specimens and corresponding frozen urine pellets. Tumor cell DNA was detected by microsatellite analysis (LOH or shift) in at least one marker in 14/15 microdissected tumor specimens and in 13/15 DNA samples obtained from urine sediments. Telomerase activity was present in 11/12 tumor samples but could not be detected in any of the corresponding urine sediments. Frozen archived urine samples are useful for retrospective studies utilizing microsatellite analysis or other PCR-based approaches after DNA extraction. However, the evaluation of telomerase protein activity in stored urine samples appears to be unsuitable.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1996

Detection of numerical chromosomal abnormalities by fluorescence in situ hybridization of interphase cell nuclei with chromosome-specific probes on archival cytologic samples.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is rapidly emerging as a tool for analyzing numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities in both liquid and solid tumors. Most studies make use of fresh samples. To determine the feasibility of detecting numerical chromosomal abnormalities (NCA) by FISH using chromosome-specific probes 8, 12, 17, and X (Vysis, Inc., Downers Grove, IL) on archival cytologic preparations, we studied 23 patient samples, one Papanicolaou-and one Diff-Quik-stained slide per case (46 slides), and two additional unstained slides (fresh ascitic fluids) as controls. Included in this study were nine ascitic fluids (four benign and five malignant), four malignant pleural fluids, three benign bladder washes, and seven malignant fine-needle aspirates (FNA) from various sites. The slides ranged from 1-94 days old. After removal of coverslips using xylene, all slides were destained in a series of alcohol and water washes. Pretreatment of slides with pepsin was followed by the in situ hybridization procedure. Two hundred cells per slide were evaluated for distinct separate signals. Results showed the following: 1) all slides were evaluable except for eight (8/46) which had either too few cells or enough cells but with faint signals, 2) the oldest sample showed distinct signals, 3) previously Diff-Quik-stained slides showed relatively better signals than Papanicolaou-stained slides, 4) samples less than a month old showed relatively better signals, and 5) malignant samples showed various NCA, but not the benign samples. We conclude that FISH on archival cytologic preparation 1) is feasible, although age of the slide is a factor since better signals were seen in those less than a month old, 2) shows better results in previously Diff-Quik-stained slides, and 3) is a tool that can be used in the retrospective study of various liquid and solid neoplasms.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1998

PCR amplification of DNA obtained from archived hematoxylin-eosin--and giemsa-stained breast cancer aspirates.

The study of DNA abnormalities in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens for breast cancer could be helpful in improving the capacity of diagnosis and specially to obtain prognostic or predictive information. The aim of the present study was to verify whether it is possible to perform molecular analysis in slides of breast cancer FNA specimens. previously stained by hematoxylineosin (H&E) and Giemsa, stored at least for 3 years. For this purpose, 10 cases of FNA obtained from breast cancer patients diagnosed between 1993 and 1994 in our institute were used. Five cytologic smears were alcohol-fixed and stained with H&E. The other five were air-fixed and Giemsa stained. DNA was isolated from the cytologic smears and amplified by using radioactive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) aimed at BAT-26 marker. Our results demonstrate that archived stained smears prepared for cytologic examinations can be used for molecular analyses by using a PCR amplification method. DNA could be isolated and PCR amplified independently of the prior fixation and staining procedures. So, we conclude that the application of molecular biology techniques to the existing archival smears may become a valuable tool to detect genetic changes in samples from breast cancer aspirates.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

DNA content measurement can be obtained using archival material for DNA flow cytometry. A comparison with cytogenetic analysis in 56 pediatric solid tumors.

BACKGROUND: Although flow cytometry (FCM) has become a widely used technique for the measurement of DNA content in solid tumors, the correlation of ploidy analysis by FCM with cytogenetic analysis (CGA) is not well described. The sensitivities of G-banded CGA and FCM were compared to determine the accuracy of the DNA index value (DI) as a measurement of chromosome number. METHODS: Tumor specimens from 56 pediatric cases were analyzed for DNA content by both FCM and CGA. Nuclei for FCM were prepared from archival tissue in 53 specimens using a modification of the Hedley technique and from fresh tissue in 3 specimens. Metaphase chromosomes for CGA were prepared from standard solid tumor harvests and Giemsa-trypsin banding procedures. Ploidy status for this study was defined as (1) diploid--DI between 0.97 and 1.03 by FCM or chromosome number +/- 2 from normal by CGA (44-48); and (2) aneuploid--DI < 0.97 or > 1.03 by FCM or total chromosomes < 44 or > 48 by CGA. RESULTS: Forty-nine of the 56 pediatric specimens were evaluable by both techniques. Concordance was observed in 34 cases (69%) between the two techniques in assigning similar ploidy status to a tumor (22 diploid and 12 aneuploid). It also was observed that among the aneuploid concordant cases, the actual DI obtained from archival material could predict total chromosome number with 95% accuracy. The 15 discordant cases showed a distinct aneuploid population by FCM, but were diploid by CGA. CONCLUSIONS: A correlation of 69% was obtained between both techniques to assign a similar ploidy status (diploid versus aneuploid) in 56 pediatric solid tumors. These results support the combined use of CGA and FCM to obtain the most complete analysis of DNA content and chromosome abnormalities in pediatric solid tumors. FCM on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue can be used to measure total DNA content.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Stability of archived liquid-based cervical cytologic specimens.

BACKGROUND: Exfoliated cervical cell specimens collected in PreservCyt, a methanol-based medium used in ThinPrep liquid-based cytology, have been archived in epidemiologic studies. However, long-term DNA stability and cytologic stability of these biospecimens have not been evaluated. METHODS: Cervical specimens were collected into PreservCyt from participants in a natural history study of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical carcinoma in Guanacaste, Costa Rica (1993-2000), and stored at ambient temperatures. Thirty specimens classified as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions by liquid-based cytology were randomly chosen from each collection year (except for 1994) and selectively assessed for molecular and cytologic stability. Specimens were tested in 2001 for 1) HPV DNA by the Hybrid Capture 2 test, 2) beta-globin DNA by polymerase chain reaction amplification of multiple length fragments (268, 610, and 1327 bp), and 3) nuclear preservation by visual inspection of newly made liquid-based cytology slides. All testing was done masked to year of collection. Associations of stability and storage time were evaluated using standard contingency tables and chi-square tests for trend. RESULTS: Human papillomavirus DNA, as detected by the Hybrid Capture 2 test, was unaffected by storage time. Stability of beta-globin DNA (P(Trend) < 0.0001) and nuclear preservation (P(Trend) < 0.0001) declined with increasing storage time. Approximately 15% of specimens could not be amplified for any beta-globin DNA fragment after 5 years of storage (collected in 1996). In addition, cytology slides made from 41% specimens were rated as marginal (32%) or unsatisfactory (9%) after 8 years of storage (collected in 1993). CONCLUSIONS: Cervical specimens archived in PreservCyt underwent partial DNA and cytologic degradation after several years of storage. Methodologic studies to optimize long-term storage of cervical cells for epidemiologic studies of cervical carcinoma are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Rapid detection of the t(11;14) translocation in mantle cell lymphoma by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization on archival cytopathologic material.

BACKGROUND: The cytomorphologic diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) can be difficult and requires ancillary studies for accurate subclassification. More than 95% of MCLs are known to carry the t(11;14) chromosomal translocation. However, traditional cytogenetic studies on cytologic material can be both difficult technically and time consuming. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can be a powerful tool for detecting chromosomal changes in individual tumor cells. The authors evaluated the utility of interphase FISH for the rapid detection of t(11;14) in archival cytologic material. METHODS: The cytopathology data bases at two institutions were searched for patients with well characterized MCL (biopsy, immunophenotyping). Ten patients with MCL (8 fine-needle aspiration samples and 2 body cavity fluid samples) were identified. The area of interest on the cytology slides was marked and hybridized with two-color, locus-specific identifier DNA probes. A dual-fusion probe signal was used to detect the juxtaposition of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) (14q32) locus with cyclin D1 (CCND1) gene sequences (11q13). Samples with tumor cell nuclei that showed at least one yellow fusion signal in addition one green signal (IgH) and one orange signal (CCND1) were interpreted as positive. Positive and negative controls were used. RESULTS: The t(11;14) translocation was detected by FISH in 10 of 10 patients (100%) with MCL. CONCLUSIONS: The cytomorphology of small-to-intermediate cell lymphomas, including MCL, follicular lymphoma, and marginal zone/mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, can show overlapping cytomorphologic features with one another as well as with reactive lymphoid proliferations. In selected samples in which specific classification is not possible or when confirmation is required on a small sample size, molecular analysis and cytogenetics may be helpful in arriving at an unambiguous cytodiagnosis and subclassification. Distinction of MCL from other lymphomas is important, because the clinical course is aggressive, and response to conventional chemotherapy is poor. This study showed that the detection of t(11;14) by FISH can be performed rapidly and easily on archival cytologic material for the molecular diagnosis of MCL.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Androgen receptor expression and DNA content of paraffin-embedded archival human prostate tumors.

BACKGROUND: Androgen receptors (AR) are expressed in human prostate cells and immunohistochemistry has been used for qualitative analysis of AR expression in prostate tumor cells. Quantitative and multiparametric analysis of receptor expression could be of diagnostic and prognostic value in the management of patients on antiandrogen therapy. Multiparametric flow cytometric methods have been developed for analysis of hormone receptor expression and DNA content in nuclei isolated from formalin-fixed/paraffin-embedded human solid tumors. The present study was undertaken for analysis of AR expression and DNA content in archival human prostate tumors. METHODS: AR expression and DNA content were measured in nuclei isolated by enzyme digestion from thick sections cut from 51 paraffin-embedded human prostate tumors. AR expression in different subpopulations was studied by gated analysis. The relationship among AR activity, DNA content, and histopathological grade was analyzed. RESULTS: Distinct aneuploid populations were observed in 23% of tumors examined. AR activity was observed in all the specimens and the percentage of AR- positive nuclei in the 48 samples analyzed was <10% (n = 4), 11-50% (n = 39), and >51% (n = 5). Tumor subpopulations with aneuploid DNA content had higher AR expression (percent AR-positive cells and mean log fluorescence) than the diploid subpopulations. No strong correlation was seen between AR expression and histopathological grade of the tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Flow cytometric analysis of archival prostate tumor can be used for rapid determination of aneuploid DNA content and AR expression in subpopulations of nuclei isolated from formalin-fixed/paraffin-embedded prostate tumor blocks.

Adenocarcinoma↗