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PubMed1986

Smoking history, cigarette yield and smoking behavior as determinants of smoke exposure.

This study examines how smoking history, cigarette yield and smoking behavior relate to smoke exposure as determined by smoke constituents and their metabolic products in peripheral blood. Recruited without regard to the nicotine yield of their cigarette, male smokers smoked their own cigarettes ad libitum, including one cigarette five minutes prior to venipuncture. Smokers had significant (p = 0.0001) elevations of serum thiocyanate, blood carboxyhemoglobin, plasma nicotine, and cotinine concentrations each of which was significantly associated with past 24-hour cigarette consumption. The nicotine yield of the cigarette significantly correlated with plasma cotinine concentrations and with the smoking behavior variables. Most notably, smokers consuming lower nicotine yielding cigarettes exhibited an increased total puff volume per cigarette, suggesting that smokers of low nicotine yielding cigarettes compensate for these low yields by their smoking behavior. However, the fact that lower plasma cotinine concentrations are present in smokers of low-nicotine cigarettes suggests that this compensation is incomplete. That smoking behavior variables relate to smoke exposure was demonstrated by a significant linear correlation between plasma nicotine and mean puff interval in the total smoking population and between plasma nicotine and total puff volume per cigarette in a subpopulation smoking a single brand of cigarette. These data suggest that smoking history, nicotine yield of the cigarette and smoking behavior are all determinants of smoke exposure. Further, although smokers of low-yield cigarettes appear to compensate by puffing larger volumes per cigarette, this compensation appears to be inadequate to attain an equivalent smoke exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Effect of early lactation milk yield on reproductive disorders in dairy cows.

Association between individual cumulative milk yield and various reproductive disorders in 56,772 Finnish Ayrshire cows belonging to 5,912 herds in 80 communities was studied. All cows delivered calves between September 1985 and September 1986. Five logistic regression models were fitted, 1 for each outcome disorder of interest: early metritis, late metritis, silent heat, ovarian cyst, and other infertility. Cumulative individual 37-day milk yield was used in the early metritis model, and cumulative individual 60-day milk yield was used in the other models, on the basis of median days in milk when these disorders developed. Cumulative 305-day herd milk yield, parity, calving season, presence or absence of other disorders, and community were also included in the models. Point estimates from the models represented odds ratios for the likelihood of having the outcome disorder. Lactational incidence risks for the 5 reproductive disorders studied were: early metritis (2.4%), late metritis (1.1%), silent heat (5.4%), ovarian cyst (6.6%), and other infertility (2.1%). The risk of early metritis decreased with increasing 37-day milk yield. The risk of silent heat, ovarian cyst, and other infertility increased with increasing 60-day milk yield; 60-day milk yield had no effect on late metritis. The 305-day herd milk yield increased the risk of early metritis, ovarian cyst, and other infertility; it had no effect on late metritis or silent heat. Parity had an effect on all disorders, except late metritis. Cows that delivered calves during the colder, darker seasons of the year had a higher risk of reproductive disorders than did those that delivered calves at other times of the year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1994

The yield of bone scintigraphy in cancer and non-cancer patients: its association with indication and clarity of the referral question.

The yield of bone scintigraphy was assessed in a general hospital. A random 1:2 sample of the bone studies performed within a year was evaluated. The referral forms were judged to show absent, ambiguous or clear diagnostic questions. The indications for which the study was ordered were matched with the scintigraphic diagnosis, and yield was defined as the proportion of studies with relevant findings on scintigraphy. The overall yield was 23.5%. In cancer patients the yield was 27.2% and in repeat studies 40.2%. In non-cancer patients the yield was 19.8% and when scintigraphy was performed for the evaluation of specific disease entities it was 35.7%. Relatively low-yield indications in non-cancer patients were suspected metastases 11.1%, and evaluation of X-ray abnormalities 11.5%. An association between the clarity of the diagnostic question and the scintigraphic yield was detected in non-cancer patients. When a diagnostic question was absent the yield was 12%, ambiguous 19%, and when it was clear 26%. This correlation is probably attributed to better understanding of this common procedure, and better definition of the diagnostic question in patients with diverse clinical conditions as compared to cancer patients in whom the question always relates to the presence of bone metastases.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Yield of strand breaks as a function of scavenger concentration and LET for SV40 irradiated with 4He ions.

We have measured by gel electrophoresis the yields of single- and double-strand breaks (SSBs and DSBs) induced in aqueous solutions of SV40 DNA and the SV40 minichromosome by 137Cs gamma rays (mean LET 0.3 keV micron-1) and 4He ions (mean LETs 85, 102, and 152 keV microns-1). DNA SSBs are caused mainly by the hydroxyl radicals under these conditions and are reduced in yield as either the hydroxyl radical scavenger concentration or the LET is increased (over the range studied). The G(SSB) for 4He ion irradiation is less by a factor of up to 10 than the G(SSB) for gamma irradiation, depending upon the scavenger concentration. The difference in the yields of SSBs agrees well with the difference in the yields of hydroxyl radicals for the radiations in question. In contrast, the yields of DSBs are similar for gamma and 4He ion irradiation over much of the range of scavenging capacity studied. However, at the highest scavenger concentrations the yields of DSBs are greater for 4He ion irradiation. In addition, the yields of DSBs remain almost constant with increasing LET (over the range studied). Therefore the relative yield of DSBs per SSB increases with increasing LET, supporting the hypothesis that increasing LET leads to an increased clustering of damage in DNA.

DNA↗

PubMed1997

Differences in the yields of dicentrics and reciprocal translocations observed in the chromosomes of irradiated human skin fibroblasts and blood lymphocytes from the same healthy individuals.

Plateau-phase human dermal fibroblasts and whole blood G0 lymphocytes obtained from the same three healthy donors were irradiated with different doses of 200 kV X rays. The genomic yields of dicentrics were evaluated in the first postirradiation mitosis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to "paint" the chosen whole chromosomes. The yields of reciprocal translocations were scored for all donors for chromosome 4, and also for the third donor for chromosomes 7 and 9. The amounts of reciprocal translocations were scored in the first as well as in later (4th or 5th) postirradiation cell divisions. The yields of dicentrics involving the painted chromosomes were scored for one donor as well. The yields of dicentrics observed in the lymphocytes and in the skin fibroblasts from the same individual were significantly different. Yields of dicentrics were much lower in fibroblasts than in lymphocytes. This was observed for all doses up to 4 Gy for all three donors studied. Fibroblasts from two individuals were also irradiated with 6 Gy. The interindividual variability was similar in both cell types. The yields of reciprocal translocations in lymphocytes and in fibroblasts were similar. The yields of reciprocal translocations were practically constant when comparing the first mitotic divisions and later divisions. The observed ratio of translocations:dicentrics was higher in fibroblasts than in lymphocytes, where it was about 1 for one donor and about 2 for the other two donors. Significant differences between the yields of dicentrics and translocations as well as between the shapes of their dose responses were observed in lymphocytes and fibroblasts from the same individual. Our experimental data suggest that repair processes with different efficiencies or different repair processes might be active in cells of different types of tissue.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The effect of packing and conformation on free radical yields in films of variably hydrated DNA.

This work investigates the direct-type action of radiation (involving electron addition and electron abstraction) on DNA. Specifically, the effects of DNA hydration, conformation and packing on free radical yields are examined. The fact that these variables are interdependent complicates the analysis of how each variable affects free radical yields. The hydration dependence of free radical yields in films of both Li and Na DNA was examined. At low levels of DNA hydration (less than 25 waters per nucleotide), the relatively high free radical yields and the lack of water-derived radicals are evidence that damage transfer from the DNA solvation shell to the DNA molecule occurs. The scatter of measured free radical yields is significant (50-70%) in Li DNA, while in Na DNA it is much less (<25%). Our conclusions hinge upon two known differences between Li DNA and Na DNA: (1) At low DNA hydrations, the conformation of Na DNA undergoes several changes with increasing hydration, while the conformation of Li DNA is relatively constant over the same range. (2) Compared to Na DNA, Li DNA is more prone to self-associate, giving rise to macroscopic and microscopic crystalline domains in Li DNA films. The greater scatter of free radical yields in Li DNA films is therefore attributed to variability in packing. By virtue of the greater reproducibility of free radical yields in Na DNA films, the effects of DNA packing, conformation and hydration can be ascertained. In Na DNA, hydration-dependent changes in free radical yields are attributed primarily to changes in DNA packing.

DNA↗

PubMed2026

XsiAMT1.1a was identified as a novel ammonium uptake functional gene and its overexpression combined with GA4 application significantly increased yield in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Nitrogen (N) is a key limiting factor for plant yield. Ammonium is one of the main N forms absorbed by plants. Overexpression of ammonium uptake functional genes, such as ammonium transporter (AMT), can increase yield. However, the AMTs reported to enhance yield significantly is still limited. No researches have focused on the effect of overexpressing AMT combined with hormone application on yield improvement. In this study, we first investigated the role of XsiAMT1.1a, a potential ammonium uptake functional gene in an ammonium preference plant Xanthium sibiricum, in ammonium uptake by the analysis of bioinformatics, gene expression and subcellular localization, and the determination of ammonium uptake rate in endogenous silencing and heterologous overexpression plants. Subsequently, the effect of XsiAMT1.1a overexpression combined with hormone application on yield increase was further investigated in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results showed that XsiAMT1.1a shared the same conserved domains with AtAMT1 subfamily members and localized on the plasma membrane. XsiAMT1.1a was induced by N deficiency and highly expressed during the reproductive period. XsiAMT1.1a endogenous silencing and heterologous overexpression significantly decreased and increased ammonium uptake rates in X. sibiricum and A. thaliana, respectively. Overexpression of XsiAMT1.1a significantly improved total N accumulation, biomass and yield in A. thaliana, while XsiAMT1.1a overexpression combined with GA4 application had a stronger promoting effect on the above indicators. Our research identified a novel ammonium uptake functional gene, XsiAMT1.1a, and provided a new yield-increasing strategy which was verified in A. thaliana.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed1983

The diagnostic yield of lymph node biopsy.

A series of 169 patients having biopsies of palpable lymph nodes was critically reviewed to increase the diagnostic yield. The overall yield was 70.4%. The yield in patients suspected of having neoplasms was 80.6%, in patients in whom differential diagnosis involved neoplasm and infection, 60%, and in patients suspected of having infection or disease with lymphadenopathy as a prominent part of the picture, 27.2%. High yields were found in patients with palpable cervical nodes (76.4%), female patients (74%), and patients older than 40 years (85.5%). Supraclavicular nodes produced the highest yield in any group (90%). Axillary and inguinal nodes produced yields of 62.5% and 38.5%, respectively. The size of lymph nodes was not related to yield, and only eight of 79 (10.9%) nodes produced growth on culture.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Yield pressure, anatomy of the cardia and gastro-oesophageal reflux.

The yield pressure at which the cardia opens in response to gastric distension was measured in 155 subjects with and without gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) and after Nissen fundoplication. Yield pressure was measured by endoscopy or during oesophageal manometry. The median pressure was significantly lower in subjects with GOR than in those without (P < 0.0001). After successful Nissen fundoplication this pressure increased to supranormal values (P < 0.0001). There was a close relationship between yield pressure and the presence and size of hiatus hernia and also between yield pressure and the valvular appearance of the cardia at endoscopy. There was a significant correlation between yield pressure and oesophageal acid exposure. However, no relationship was observed between yield pressure and lower oesophageal sphincter pressure or intra-abdominal length. These results suggest that yield pressure is useful for assessment of the competence of the cardia, particularly after antireflux surgery. The competence of the cardia is greatly influenced by its anatomical structure.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Uniaxial yield strains for bovine trabecular bone are isotropic and asymmetric.

Although evidence suggests that yield strains for trabecular bone are isotropic, i.e., independent of loading direction, decisive support for this hypothesis has remained elusive. To explicitly test whether yield strains for trabecular bone are isotropic, compressive and tensile yield strains of 51 specimens of bovine tibial trabecular bone (0.41 +/- 0.08 g/cm3 [mean apparent density +/- SD]) were measured without end artifacts in on-axis (along the principal trabecular orientation) and off-axis (30-40 degrees oblique to on-axis) orientations. Yield strains for the on-axis and off-axis orientations were similar in tension (0.80 +/- 0.03% compared with 0.85 +/- 0.04%, p = 0.21) and compression (0.97 +/- 0.05% compared with 0.96 +/- 0.07%, p > 0.99); as expected, modulus and strength depended on loading direction. When considered with an ancillary experiment on bovine tibial trabecular bone that showed yield strains to be similar between on-axis and 90 degrees off-axis bone, these results firmly establish the isotropy of uniaxial yield strains for bovine tibial trabecular bone. This bone is of high density and has a strong, plate-type, anisotropic architecture. Therefore, yield strains for uniaxial loading are expected to be isotropic, or nearly so, for other types of dense trabecular bone, although further work is required to confirm this and to establish this behavior for bone of lower density.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Separate effects of cigarette smoke yield and smoke taste on smoking behavior.

The purpose of this experiment was to compare independently the influence of different cigarette smoke taste categories and different machine standard smoke yield values on cigarette smoking behavior and related subjective measures. In six separate sessions 15 regular smokers were presented with a medium and a low smoke yield cigarette of each of the three taste categories, mentholated, dark (Gauloises) and blond (Muratti) tobacco. Each session included a "natural" and a "forced" smoking procedure of one cigarette type only. Forced smoking consisted of smoking 30 puffs whereby a new half-length cigarette was presented after every third puff. During the seventh session, habitual brand cigarettes were smoked as a reference. The sessions followed in weekly intervals, and the subjects became familiar with the test cigarettes during the last 5 days preceding each test session. Although general acceptability of the cigarettes, smoking satisfaction and pleasantness of taste were clearly lower for all test cigarettes as opposed to the habitual brand reference cigarettes, these measures remained unaffected by taste or smoke yield of the test cigarettes. Harshness of smoke was higher in the dark tobacco category and generally decreased with the lower smoke yield cigarettes. Independent effects of taste and smoke yield were obtained for total puff volume, inhalation time and CO absorption, suggesting a compensatory intensification of smoking behavior for low yield cigarettes and an independent increase of smoking intensity from mentholated to dark tobacco to blond tobacco. The results suggest therefore that factors which affect cigarette smoke taste have effects on smoking behavior which are separate from those obtained by comparing smoke yields.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Effect of nitrogen fixation, nitrogen fertilization and viral infection on yield, tannin and protein contents and in vitro protein digestibility of faba bean.

A field investigation of two faba bean cultivars (cv.), Agabat and Silaim, showed that bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) infection reduced (p < or = 0.001) yield (Kg/ha), protein content and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) but increased (p < or = 0.05) tannin content (mg/100 ml). Nitrogen fertilization with viral infection significantly reduced yield and IVPD for cv. Silaim and increased (p < or = 0.05) protein and tannin contents. Nitrogen fertilization alone was found to increase (p < or = 0.05) yield, protein and tannin contents but slightly reduced IVPD. Rhizobium inoculation with viral infection significantly decreased yield per unit area, protein content and IVPD, but increased (p < or = 0.05) tannin content. Rhizobium inoculation alone significantly increased (p < or = 0.001) yield and tannin content and slightly increased protein content but decreased IVPD. The results indicated that nitrogen fertilization or nitrogen fixation increased yield, protein and tannin contents and decreased IVPD. Viral infection had an adverse effect on yield, protein content and IVPD but had no effect on tannin content.

Digestion↗

PubMed1981

Inheritance of part yields and their use in selection of buffaloes.

The relative efficiency of selection based on part lactation compared to that of total first lactation was high. When the earlier parts of the lactation were considered, single third or fifth monthly milk yield gave a selection efficiency 1 to 6% higher than that obtained from total first lactation yield. The milk yield of the first 120 days and subsequent cumulative part lactation yields up to 270 days were observed to be more efficient for indirect selection for the first lactation than direct selection on the basis of total first lactation yield. For effecting early selection the first 120 days milk production could be used to advantage. Similarly, where there are difficulties in recording the yield daily throughout the lactation, the third or fifth monthly yield recording could be resorted to for selecting efficiently and to formulate culling plans for the herd.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Identification of putative QTL that underlie yield in interspecific soybean backcross populations.

Glycine soja, the wild progenitor of soybean, is a potential source of useful genetic variation in soybean improvement. The objective of our study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) from G. soja that could improve the crop. Five populations of BC(2)F(4)-derived lines were developed using the Glycine max cultivar IA2008 as a recurrent parent and the G. soja plant introduction (PI) 468916 as a donor parent. There were between 57 and 112 BC(2)F(4)-derived lines in each population and a total of 468 lines for the five populations. The lines were evaluated with simple sequence repeat markers and in field tests for yield, maturity, plant height, and lodging. The field testing was done over 2 years and at two locations each year. Marker data were analyzed for linkage and combined with field data to identify QTL. Using an experimentwise significance threshold of P=0.05, four yield QTL were identified across environments on linkage groups C2, E, K, and M. For these yield QTL, the IA2008 marker allele was associated with significantly greater yield than the marker allele from G. soja. In addition, one lodging QTL, four maturity QTL, and five QTL for plant height were identified across environments. Of the 14 QTL identified, eight mapped to regions where QTL with similar effects were previously mapped. Many regions carrying the yield QTL were also significant for other traits, such as plant height and lodging. When the significance threshold was reduced and the data were analyzed with simple linear regression, four QTL with a positive allele for yield from G. soja were mapped. One epistatic interaction between two genetic regions was identified for yield using an experimentwise significance threshold of P=0.05. Additional research is needed to establish whether multiple trait associations are the result of pleiotropy or genetic linkage and to retest QTL with a positive effect from G. soja.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

QTL analysis of yield traits in an advanced backcross population derived from a cultivated Andean x wild common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cross.

Advanced backcross QTL analysis was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for agronomic performance in a population of BC2F(3:5) introgression lines created from the cross of a Colombian large red-seeded commercial cultivar, ICA Cerinza, and a wild common bean accession, G24404. A total of 157 lines were evaluated for phenological traits, plant architecture, seed weight, yield and yield components in replicated trials in three environments in Colombia and genotyped with microsatellite, SCAR, and phaseolin markers that were used to create a genetic map that covered all 11 linkage groups of the common bean genome with markers spaced at an average distance of every 10.4 cM. Segregation distortion was most significant in regions orthologous for a seed coat color locus (R-C) on linkage group b08 and two domestication syndrome genes, one on linkage group b01 at the determinacy (fin) locus and the other on linkage group b02 at the seed-shattering (st) locus. Composite interval mapping analysis identified a total of 41 significant QTL for the eight traits measured of which five for seed weight, two for days to flowering, and one for yield were consistent across two or more environments. QTL were located on every linkage group with b06 showing the greatest number of independent loci. A total of 13 QTL for plant height, yield and yield components along with a single QTL for seed size showed positive alleles from the wild parent while the remaining QTL showed positive alleles from the cultivated parent. Some QTL co-localized with regions that had previously been described to be important for these traits. Compensation was observed between greater pod and seed production and smaller seed size and may have resulted from QTL for these traits being linked or pleiotropic. Although wild beans have been used before to transfer biotic stress resistance traits, this study is the first to attempt to simultaneously obtain a higher yield potential from wild beans and to analyze this trait with single-copy markers. The wild accession was notable for being from a unique center of diversity and for contributing positive alleles for yield and other traits to the introgression lines showing the potential that advanced backcrossing has in common bean improvement.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed2006

Quantitative trait analysis of seed yield and other complex traits in hybrid spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): 2. Identification of alleles from unadapted germplasm.

Unadapted germplasm may contain alleles that could improve hybrid cultivars of spring oilseed Brassica napus. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was used to identify potentially useful alleles from two unadapted germplasm sources, a Chinese winter cultivar and a re-synthesized B. napus, that increase seed yield when introgressed into a B. napus spring hybrid combination. Two populations of 160 doubled haploid (DH) lines were created from crosses between the unadapted germplasm source and a genetically engineered male-fertility restorer line (P1804). A genetically engineered male-sterile tester line was used to create hybrids with each DH line (testcrosses). The two DH line populations were evaluated in two environments and the two testcross populations were evaluated in three or four environments for seed yield and other agronomic traits. Several genomic regions were found in the two testcross populations which contained QTL for seed yield. The map positions of QTL for days to flowering and resistance to a bacterial leaf blight disease coincided with QTL for seed yield and other agronomic traits, suggesting the occurrence of pleiotropic or linked effects. For two hybrid seed yield QTL, the favorable alleles increasing seed yield originated from the unadapted parents, and one of these QTL was detected in multiple environments and in both populations. In this QTL region, a chromosome rearrangement was identified in P1804, which may have affected seed yield.

Alleles↗

PubMed2004

Relationship between latex yield of Hevea brasiliensis and antecedent environmental parameters.

A study on the relationship between latex yield and antecedent environmental data was undertaken for five clones (RRII203, RRII118, RRIM600, RRII105 and GT1) of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) in Agartala, northeast India, a region in which rubber is not traditionally cultivated. The explained variance for the regression equations based on parameters determined on the day of tapping and up to 3 days prior to it, varied from 72% to 37% during the NWT period and 94-83% during the WT period. Soil moisture storage, 1 and 3 days prior to tapping, was found to be the primary parameter affecting yield for the NWT and WT periods, respectively. It was observed that the clone RRII105, with a comparatively lower yield to that of RRIM600, was more susceptible to daily WD conditions during the non-winter season. RRIM600 and RRII105 being high-yielding clones were also found to be fairly dependent on the AT of the day prior to tapping. The mean lag period correlation of this parameter with yield was also found to be higher during the WT period than during the NWT period. As a whole, the mean lag period based on prior measurements of environmental variables showed optimum correlation with yield at 15-20 days prior to the day of tapping. The study also confirms that varied responses of yield with environmental factors in this non-traditional region of rubber cultivation depend on clonal character.

Environment↗

PubMed1977

Immunoadsorbents for the isolation of high-affinity anti-hapten antibodies in high yield.

Anti-hapten antibodies with affinities close to 10(8)/M can be isolated in high yield by elution under mild conditions from immunoadsorbents prepared by coupling haptens directly to an aminoethylamino (AEA) derivative of beaded agarose. In experiments with rabbit anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody with an average association constant (Ko) of 1.2 X 10(9)/M, elution of antibody bound to a Sepharose-AEA-DNP column produced a yield of 57%. With rabbit antibody to the 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl (DANS) hapten with Ko=2.7 X 10(8)/M and a Sips heterogeneity index a=0.52, a 20% yield of the antibody found in the starting material by quantitative precipitin analysis was obtained by specific precipitation and dissolution of the precipitate with 0.18 M Na DANSulfonate; this antibody had Ko=6.6 X 10(8)/M and a=0.66. Purification of another aliquot of the same antibody preparation by immunoadsorption on DANS-AEA-Sepharose and elution with the same hapten concentration produced a yield of 75% of antibody with Ko=5.7 X 10(7)/M and a=0.29. In 3 production runs with the new method, apparent yields of 181, 101 and 94% (based on quantitative precipitin analysis of the starting material) of anti-DANS antibody were obtained. In 2 of these runs, the immunoadsorbent was further eluted with 0.1 M acetic acid and then with 0.1 M acetic acid in 10% dioxane; additonal yields of 9 and 4% were obtained with acetic acid and further yields of 15 and 11% with acetic acid/dioxane; the antibody eluted with acetic acid was damaged as shown by its failure to mediate passive immune lysis of DANS-coupled sheep erythrocytes, but the antibody eluted with acetic acid/dioxane was recovered intact.

Animals↗