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PubMed2026

Machine Learning and Metabolomics to Characterize Warburg-Like Metabolic Subtypes in Human Retinal Endothelial Cells Exposed to Risk Factors Associated With Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.

PURPOSE: High glucose (HG), hypoxia (Hyp), and their combination are major risk factors for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Although these conditions induce features of the Warburg-like metabolic reprogramming in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs), it remains unclear whether they produce distinct metabolic and angiogenic subtypes. This study aimed to characterize the Warburg-like-associated metabolic heterogeneity induced by these PDR-related risk factors and evaluate the ability of supervised machine-learning models to distinguish these subtypes. METHODS: HRECs were cultured under normoglycemic, HG, Hyp (2% O2), and combined HG-Hyp conditions. Untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics quantified metabolites spanning carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids. Principal component analysis (PCA) assessed overall metabolic variation, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis identified metabolic pathways associated with angiogenesis. In vitro angiogenesis assays measured endothelial tube formation and branching. Nine supervised classifiers (decision tree, logistic regression, naïve Bayes, random forest, K-Nearest Neighbors, neural network, gradient boosting, AdaBoost, and Support Vector Machine) were trained on the highest-ranked metabolites selected by the Information Gain Ratio feature-ranking approach. Model performance was evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation, leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV), permutation testing, and a classifier stability analysis under biologically meaningful distributional shift using an independent chemically induced hypoxia model (CoCl2). RESULTS: PCA revealed partial separation of metabolic profiles across conditions, indicating different Warburg-like metabolic subtypes. The combined HG-Hyp condition exhibited enhanced angiogenic potential relative to either HG or Hyp alone. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis identified fatty acid biosynthesis and elongation among the most significantly enriched pathways in HRECs under combined HG-Hyp conditions, alongside amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Supervised machine-learning classifiers distinguished these metabolic subtypes, with AdaBoost and gradient Boosting showing the most balanced, reproducible performance across 10-fold cross-validation, LOOCV, and permutation testing, and remaining the most reliable classifiers under domain-shift testing (area under the curve = 0.88, P = 0.0061). CONCLUSIONS: In this exploratory analysis, HG, Hyp, and their combination drive metabolically and functionally distinct subtypes of Warburg-like metabolic reprogramming in HRECs, with HG-Hyp in combination producing a highly angiogenic phenotype. Boosting-based ensemble classifiers provide a promising framework for detecting these subtypes even under domain-shift conditions, warranting validation in larger independent datasets. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: Integrating metabolomics with machine-learning classification offers a strategy to identify Warburg-like metabolic subtypes in retinal endothelial cells, providing insights into angiogenic mechanisms and guiding the development of targeted diagnostics or therapeutics for PDR.

Humans↗

PubMed2024

TGF-β controls alveolar type 1 epithelial cell plasticity and alveolar matrisome gene transcription in mice.

Premature birth disrupts normal lung development and places infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a disease disrupting lung health throughout the life of an individual and that is increasing in incidence. The TGF-β superfamily has been implicated in BPD pathogenesis, however, what cell lineage it impacts remains unclear. We show that TGFbr2 is critical for alveolar epithelial (AT1) cell fate maintenance and function. Loss of TGFbr2 in AT1 cells during late lung development leads to AT1-AT2 cell reprogramming and altered pulmonary architecture, which persists into adulthood. Restriction of fetal lung stretch and associated AT1 cell spreading through a model of oligohydramnios enhances AT1-AT2 reprogramming. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal the necessity of TGFbr2 expression in AT1 cells for extracellular matrix production. Moreover, TGF-β signaling regulates integrin transcription to alter AT1 cell morphology, which further impacts ECM expression through changes in mechanotransduction. These data reveal the cell intrinsic necessity of TGF-β signaling in maintaining AT1 cell fate and reveal this cell lineage as a major orchestrator of the alveolar matrisome.

Humans↗

PubMed1994

Benefits of rate-responsive pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome.

The effect of changing a rate-responsive pacemaker program (which reacts to evoked QT interval) to fixed-rate ventricular pacing was studied in 10 patients with sick sinus syndrome (SSS). After the patients had been in the rate-responsive mode (VVIR) for at least one year, the exercise capacity (maximal oxygen consumption [peak VO2], anaerobic threshold [AT], and cardiac output [CO] at these points) was examined. Three hours later on the same day, the pacemaker was reprogrammed to the fixed-rate pacing (VVI) and the exercise capacity was examined again (VVI-S). One month later, a similar exercise test was also done in the VVI mode (VVI-L). There was no significant difference in peak VO2 and AT between VVIR and VVI-S, but both peak VO2 and AT were significantly lower in VVI-L than in VVIR. However, there were no significant differences in the CO at peak VO2 or AT between any of the pacing modes. These findings indicate that a VVIR pacemaker should not be reprogrammed to the VVI mode in SSS patients, because the change can cause the exercise capacity to deteriorate.

Aged↗

PubMed2025

Transposition element MERVL regulates DNA demethylation through TET3 in oxidative-damaged mouse preimplantation embryos.

Transposable elements (TEs) comprise approximately half of eukaryotic genomes and significantly contribute to genome plasticity. In this study, we focused on a specific TE, MERVL, which exhibits particular expression during the 2-cell stage and commonly serves as an indicator of embryonic totipotency. However, its precise role in embryo development remains mysterious. We utilized DRUG-seq to investigate the effects of oxidative damage on genes and TEs expression. Our findings revealed that exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could induce DNA damage, apoptosis, and incomplete DNA demethylation in embryos, which were potentially associated with MERVL expression. To further explore its function, antisense nucleotides (ASO) targeting MERVL were constructed to knockdown the expression in early embryos. Notably, this knockdown led to the occurrence of DNA damage and apoptosis as early as the 2-cell stage, consequently reducing the number of embryos that could progress to the blastocyst stage. Moreover, we discovered that MERVL exerted an influence on the reprogramming of embryonic DNA methylation. In MERVL-deficient embryos, the activity of the DNA demethylase ten-eleven translocation 3 (TET3) was suppressed, resulting in impaired demethylation when compared to normal development. This impairment might underpin the mechanism that impacts embryonic development. Collectively, our study not only verified the crucial role of MERVL in embryonic development but also probed its regulatory function in DNA methylation reprogramming, thereby laying a solid foundation for further investigations into MERVL's role.

Animals↗

PubMed2025

Repression of CADM1 transcription by HPV type 18 is mediated by three-dimensional rearrangement of promoter-enhancer interactions.

Upon infection, human papillomavirus (HPV) manipulates host cell gene expression to create an environment that is supportive of a productive and persistent infection. The virus-induced changes to the host cell's transcriptome are thought to contribute to carcinogenesis. Here, we show by RNA-sequencing that oncogenic HPV18 episome replication in primary human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) drives host transcriptional changes that are consistent between multiple HFK donors. We have previously shown that HPV18 recruits the host protein CTCF to viral episomes to control the differentiation-dependent viral transcriptional programme. Since CTCF is an important regulator of host cell transcription via coordination of epigenetic boundaries and long-range chromosomal interactions, we hypothesised that HPV18 may also manipulate CTCF to contribute to host transcription reprogramming. Analysis of CTCF binding in the host cell genome by ChIP-Seq revealed that while the total number of CTCF binding sites is not altered by the virus, there are a sub-set of CTCF binding sites that are either enriched or depleted of CTCF. Many of these altered sites are clustered within regulatory elements of differentially expressed genes, including the tumour suppressor gene cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), which supresses epithelial cell growth and invasion. We show that HPV18 establishment results in reduced CTCF binding at the CADM1 promoter and upstream enhancer. Loss of CTCF binding is coincident with epigenetic repression of CADM1, in the absence of CpG hypermethylation, while adjacent genes including the transcriptional regulator ZBTB16 are activated. These data indicate that the CADM1 locus is subject to topological rearrangement following HPV18 establishment. We tested this hypothesis using 4C-Seq (circular chromosome confirmation capture-sequencing) and show that HPV18 establishment causes a loss of long-range chromosomal interactions between the CADM1 transcriptional start site and the upstream transcriptional enhancer. These data show that HPV18 manipulates host cell promoter-enhancer interactions to drive transcriptional reprogramming that may contribute to HPV-induced disease progression.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Lipid Metabolism-related lncRNA Model Identifies AC026412.3 as a Driver of Fatty Acid β-oxidation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dysregulated lipid metabolism contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, but the prognostic value and mechanistic roles of lipid metabolism-related long noncoding RNAs (LRLs) remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to construct and validate an LRL-based prognostic model and to investigate the biological function and metabolic mechanism of AC026412.3 in HCC. METHODS: Transcriptomic and clinical data from the The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma cohort were analyzed to identify LRLs based on their correlation with curated lipid metabolism genes. Differential expression, univariate Cox, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to construct a prognostic signature, which was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Functional enrichment analyses Gene Ontology [GO], Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes [KEGG] and gene set enrichment analysis [GSEA], mutation profiling, tumor mutational burden, immune infiltration estimation, and consensus clustering were applied to characterize associated features. A key LRL was identified through integrated bioinformatic screening and prioritization. Its biological role was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactionq (RT-PCR), western blotting, BODIPY staining, colony formation, Transwell assays, and xenograft models. RNA sequencing followed by pathway enrichment analysis was conducted to explore underlying mechanisms. RESULTS: A three-LRL signature (AL031985.3, NRAV, and AC026412.3) stratified HCC patients into distinct risk groups with significantly different survival outcomes and demonstrated independent prognostic value. AC026412.3 was markedly upregulated in HCC and associated with poor prognosis. Functional assays demonstrated that AC026412.3 promoted proliferation, invasion, and tumor growth while reducing lipid accumulation. Mechanistically, AC026412.3 upregulated solute carrier family 22 member 5 (SLC22A5), enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation, and increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, thereby driving metabolic reprogramming. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes a robust LRL-based prognostic model and identifies AC026412.3 as a key regulator of lipid metabolic reprogramming via the SLC22A5-fatty acid β-oxidation axis, highlighting its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC.

HCC↗

PubMed2026

Spatial niche remodeling of senescent liver-resident immune cells and its role in chronic liver diseases.

The liver serves the triple functions of metabolism, detoxification, and immune surveillance. Its unique immune microenvironment is shaped by continuous exposure to gut-derived antigens, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and metabolites arriving via the portal vein, necessitating a delicate equilibrium between immune tolerance and effector activation. This equilibrium relies on the coordinated activities of diverse liver-resident immune cell populations-including Kupffer cells (KCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), dendritic cells (DCs), tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), innate-like T cells, including mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and γδ T cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs, encompassing conventional NK cells and helper ILC subsets), and neutrophils. With advancing age and chronic injury, these resident immune cell populations undergo profound senescence-associated phenotypic reprogramming that is spatially organized along the portal-to-central axis of the hepatic lobule. Key mechanisms include: telomere dysfunction and DNA damage accumulation driving persistent activation of p53/p21 and p16/Rb pathways; mitochondrial dysfunction with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leakage fueling the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) via the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway; epigenetic age acceleration, including genome-wide H3K27me3 heterochromatinization; and metabolic reprogramming toward glycolysis and lipid accumulation. This review proposes a "spatial niche remodeling" framework to integrate these cell-intrinsic senescence programs with their lobular context, intercellular communication network rewiring, and pathogenic roles across the spectrum of chronic liver disease-from steatosis through steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, to hepatocellular carcinoma. We critically evaluate emerging senotherapeutic strategies targeting specific liver-resident immune cell subsets, discuss the barriers to clinical translation, and identify priority areas for future investigation, including the application of spatial multi-omics, humanized models, and epigenetic clock-guided clinical trials.

Kupffer cells↗

PubMed2026

Molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance in protozoan parasites: emerging mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.

Protozoan parasitic infections, including malaria, leishmaniasis, and human African trypanosomiasis, remain major global public health challenges. In the absence of highly effective vaccines, disease control relies primarily on chemotherapy; however, the emergence and spread of drug-resistant parasite populations increasingly threaten treatment efficacy. This review synthesizes current evidence on the molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance in Plasmodium, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma species through a systematic analysis of literature. The review identifies four interconnected mechanisms that drive the evolution of drug resistance. First, altered drug transport enables parasites to regulate intracellular drug concentrations through mutations, loss, or amplification of membrane transporters, including PfCRT in Plasmodium and AQP2 in Trypanosoma brucei. Second, target modification and genomic plasticity promote resistance through point mutations in drug targets, such as dhfr and dhps in Plasmodium, while kinetoplastids, particularly Leishmania, exploit extensive genomic plasticity, including aneuploidy, gene amplification, and translational reprogramming, to facilitate rapid adaptation under drug pressure. Third, metabolic reprogramming enhances parasite survival by increasing intracellular thiol production, strengthening antioxidant defense systems, and reshaping central carbon and lipid metabolism to mitigate drug-induced stress. Finally, stress response and persistence mechanisms enable subpopulations of parasites to enter dormant, persister-like states characterized by reduced metabolic activity and slowed proliferation, thereby evading both host immune responses and chemotherapeutic agents. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that drug resistance is a dynamic, multifactorial evolutionary process rather than a single molecular event. Addressing this growing challenge requires integrating genomic surveillance, molecular diagnostics, mathematical modeling of resistance transmission, and mechanistic insights into parasite persistence into future drug discovery and disease control strategies. Such an integrated approach is essential for improving the durability of antiprotozoal therapies and advancing global efforts to control neglected protozoan diseases.

antiprotozoal therapy↗

PubMed2026

Exogenous ABA enhances cold tolerance of Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense under subzero temperature: integrating physiology, transcriptome, and proteome.

Low temperature limits the growth and ornamental value of evergreen shrubs. Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, an important ornamental shrub from Northeast China, frequently suffers freezing damage during winter. While exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) enhances cold tolerance in many plants, its molecular mechanisms at subzero temperatures remain poorly understood in non-model species lacking chromosome-level reference genomes. This study investigated the effects of exogenous ABA on freezing tolerance in R. yedoense var. poukhanense at -4 °C using an integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and proteomic approach. Cutting seedlings were subjected to four treatments: CK (22°C control), A (22°C + ABA), LT (-4°C), and ALT (-4°C + ABA). Photosynthetic pigments, osmotic regulation substances, antioxidant enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. Transcriptome sequencing and quantitative proteomics were performed, and transcriptome data were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) of 15 selected genes. ABA pretreatment reduced visible cold injury severity, partially preserved photosynthetic pigments, decreased MDA content by 28.7%, and promoted recovery of catalase (+43.6%), superoxide dismutase (+31.1%), and peroxidase (+20.0%) activities under freezing stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed 8, 444 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LT versus CK and 6, 481 DEGs in ALT versus CK, representing a 23% reduction in transcriptional reprogramming scope attributable to ABA priming. The ALT versus LT comparison identified only 1, 690 additional DEGs, indicating that most cold-responsive genes were pre-activated during the ABA priming phase. Proteome analysis identified 1, 461 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in ALT versus CK. Integrated analysis revealed extensive post-transcriptional regulation, with transcript-protein concordance of only 1.0-4.1%, and co-enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways in both omics layers. qRT-PCR validation confirmed high reliability of the transcriptome data (R2 = 0.8500). These findings demonstrate that exogenous ABA enhances freezing tolerance through multi-layered molecular regulation encompassing transcriptional buffering, translational reprogramming, and functional reallocation from photosynthesis to stress protection. This study provides the first integrated physiology-transcriptome-proteome framework for ABA-mediated freezing tolerance in an evergreen ornamental shrub and offers theoretical support for ABA-based winter protection strategies.

Rhododendron yedoense var. Poukhanense↗

PubMed1991

[Hazards of radiotherapy in the presence of a cardiac pacemaker].

A patient with cardiac pacing operated for cancer of the breast received subsequent radiotherapy, first with a linear accelerator, then with a betatron. The pacemaker was found deprogrammed as a sequel to irradiation although care was taken to keep it outside the irradiation field. After reprogramming the pacemaker changed a second time spontaneously the given parameters indicating permanent damage by the irradiation. In such cases the exchange of the pacemaker is recommended. Precautionary measures ranging from surveillance to possibilities for reprogramming and even reanimation or pacemaker replacement should be assured prior to irradiation of patients with cardiac pacing.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1990

Nuclear protein modifications in vitellogenic rooster liver.

The estrogenic regulation of vitellogenesis in chicken liver provides an unique perspective on cellular reprogramming because males can be induced experimentally. Transient exposure to estradiol (ES) completely alters established patterns of gene expression in rooster hepatocytes within 6 hrs., and triggers major structural and compositional changes in cell nuclei by 24 hrs. Concurrently, the total protein content of nuclei increases nearly 50% and the relative proportion of protein within the nucleoplasmic, chromatin and residual compartments, shifts markedly. These bulk quantitative changes in nuclear composition are accompanied by marked alterations in 2-D electrophoretic patterns of cytoplasmic, nuclear and nuclear matrix polypeptides. Although most individual proteins remain unidentified, several components clearly overlap both the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. Reciprocal changes in the 2-D patterns are also evident after ES stimulation, with progressive decline in some and relative increase in other proteins. Among known species, the lamins (La and Lb) decrease in prominence after hormone, while RNP-associated polypeptides become increasingly pronounced in the residual matrix fraction. The results are discussed in relation to other systems where large-scale nuclear reprogramming is known to occur.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Cardiac pacemaker inhibition by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.

The use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has increased in recent years for the management of chronic pain. One of its few contraindications is the presence of a cardiac pacemaker. Clinicians have recommended that cardiac monitoring be performed for a short interrupted period during the first application of TENS to ensure safety. We present two patients who were given trials of TENS for different chronic pain complaints. In both cases, electrocardiograms during the TENS trial did not reveal cardiac pacemaker dysfunction, but extended cardiac monitoring with the Holter monitor showed interference with pacemaker function. The abnormalities did not recur after reprogramming the sensitivity of the pacemakers. We suggest the use of extended cardiac monitoring for patients with cardiac pacemakers during the prolonged use of TENS to ensure safety and to determine any need for reprogramming of the pacemakers. Patients with cardiac pacemakers should not be excluded from the use of TENS, but careful evaluation and extended cardiac monitoring should be performed.

Aged↗

PubMed1985

[Reevaluation of pacemaker-induced reentry tachycardias: incidence, mechanisms and therapy].

To reassess incidence, mechanisms and therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of pacemaker-induced reentry tachycardias (RT) in patients with the second generation of DDD-pacemakers, 35 consecutive patients were studied prospectively by measuring VA conduction at implant and searching for RT clinically and by repeat 24-hour ECG monitoring. Reprogramming to the VVI mode because of atrial flutter and to the AAI mode because of lead displacement was necessary in 2 and 1 of the patients respectively. RT were detected in 7/32 patients (22%), 4 of whom were symptomatic. The triggering mechanism of RT was premature ventricular contraction in 4 patients, premature atrial contractions in 1, loss of atrial sensing in 1, and remained unclear in 1. Unlike the 30% of patients of an earlier consecutive series with first generation of physiologic PM who had RT and required permanent reprogramming to VVI stimulation in 10% of cases, RT was abolished in all patients maintaining physiologic pacing by prolonging the atrial refractory period, shortening the av delay, adjusting atrial output or atrial sensing, or by antiarrhythmic therapy.

Aged↗

PubMed1979

Long-term atrial pacing for sinus node disease with output-terminal programmagle pacemakers.

Long-term transvenous atrial pacing for symptomatic sinus node disease, in the absence of atrioventricular conduction disease, confers the advantages of increased cardiac performance and probable freedom from systemic thromboembolism. Conventional ventricular pacing has been preferred, however, because of the complications of atrial pacing, mainly those of electrical and mechanical instability of currently available atrial electrodes. These complications have been circumvented with a new pacemaker, programmable for output terminal. This has allowed the institution of atrial pacing in seven patients, with its attendant advantages and the ability to reprogram noninvasively to ventricular pacing should atrial pacing fail. Such reprogramming has been accomplished without difficulty in one patient who developed second-degree atrioventricular block and one with electrode microdisplacement.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

The biological significance of meiosis.

Four possible biological functions of meiosis are considered. First, the conventional view that it generates by recombination and sexual reproduction the genetic diversity on which natural selection can act. Second, that recombination at meiosis plays an important role in the repair of genetic defects in germ line cells. Third, that it is essential, at least in animals, for the reprogramming of gametes which give rise to the fertilized egg. Fourth, that it helps maintain the immortality of the germ line, possible by a process of rejuvenation involving the removal of faulty RNA and protein molecules, or by the elimination of defective meiocytes. A unified hypothesis is proposed which attempts to link these diverse functions. Evidence is now available which strongly indicates that the control of gene activity in higher organisms depends in part on the pattern of cytosine methylation in DNA, and that this pattern is inherited through the activity of a maintenance methylase. Epigenetic defects may arise by the loss of methyl groups which the methylase is unable to replace in somatic and also germ line cells, if de novo methylation cannot occur. There is also evidence that recombination at meiosis is largely confined to structural genes or adjacent DNA. It is proposed that the absence of a functionally important methyl group in a promotor or operater region produces a recombinator or signal for the initiation of recombination. The formation of hybrid DNA in this region then allows the lost methyl groups to be replaced by maintenance methylase activity. The removal of epigenetic defects by recombination during meiosis therefore becomes an essential part of a reprogramming and rejuvenation process. Assuming some epigenetic defects are nevertheless transmitted to the next generation, sexual reproduction and outbreeding would be advantageous because they provide the opportunity for their removal at the next meiosis. Inbreeding would be disadvantageous, because it increases the probability that epigenetic defects would become homozygous and could no longer be removed by recombination.

5-Methylcytosine↗

PubMed1983

[Re-entry tachycardias: a fragment problem during physiologic heart stimulation].

In a prospective study, reentry tachycardias (RT) due to retrograde VA-conduction were sought in 30 patients after implantation of an atrial synchronous (VDD, DDD) pacemaker (PM) by frequent clinical controls and by 24-hour Holter monitoring. At least one RT was detected in 9/30 patients (in 5 during clinical control, in 4 on Holter monitoring only). 6 patients had symptoms due to RT (6 had palpitations, 1 complained of dizziness and 1 of ischemic heart pain). RTs were initiated by VPBs in 6 patients, by sinus bradycardia in 2 (VDD) and by magnet application in 1. Rates of RT varied from 100 bpm to 128 bpm. RT necessitated reprogramming of the PM in 5 patients (in 3 of them reprogramming to VVI-stimulation). RTs are thus a frequent complication after implantation of an atrial synchronous pacemaker.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Activation of hepatic proliferation-associated transcription factors by lipopolysaccharide.

BACKGROUND: The hepatic acute-phase response is the result of reprogramming of gene expression in the liver. Similar acute-phase responses occur in regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy and are preceded by increases in the expression of a set of transcriptional regulatory proteins that are encoded by "immediate-early" genes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether acute systemic inflammation after lipopolysaccharide injection induces hepatic immediate-early genes that are induced by partial hepatectomy. METHODS: Two- to 4-month-old Balb/c mice received intraperitoneal Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (0111:B4; 100 micrograms), and total liver RNA, nuclear protein extracts, or total liver protein lysates were obtained at 0, 1, 3, 12, and 24 hours. RNA blot hybridization analysis was used to determine steady-state messenger RNA levels for c-jun, jun-B, jun-D, c-fos, fos-B, fra-1, nup475, and zif268. Specific nuclear protein-binding activity was determined by gel mobility shift assay. The protein c-Jun was detected by antibody-blocking experiments, and Jun-B was detected by gel supershift assay of the activating protein (AP-1) complex. Steady-state Jun-B levels were determined by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS: Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide is followed by induction (from fivefold to 13-fold) of c-jun, jun-B, c-fos, zif268, and nup475 messenger RNAs in the liver. Lipopolysaccharide induced increases in AP-1 and Zif268 consensus DNA-binding activity in mouse liver. The proteins c-Jun and Jun-B are detected in the AP-1 complex after administration of lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSIONS: The induction of hepatic immediate-early genes after lipopolysaccharide is similar to that that follows partial hepatectomy. These transcription factors likely have important roles in the reprogramming of gene expression that leads to the acute-phase response.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Models of neoplasia and their diagnostic implications: a historical perspective.

In comparison with normal cells, cancer cells have an enhanced ability to trap both nitrogen and energy; an enhanced operation of the glycolytic and direct oxidative pathways, leading to accumulation of lactate and increased production of NADPH; and a greater content of lysosomal hydrolases. These changes represent a reprogramming of gene expression, which, at its most specific, is accompanied by the reappearance in the cell and ultimately in the body fluids of oncodevelopmental proteins not normally found in mature adult tissues. The most florid stage of this reprogramming leads to the metastatic phenotype, which confers upon the cancer cell the ability to stimulate angiogenesis, invade the bloodstream and lymphatic vessel, and arrest and proliferate in distant tissues. The diagnostic implications of these phenotypic changes are illustrated for cancer of the cervix uteri and cancer of the colon. We also review the classical theories of neoplasia, including the cellular anoxia concept of Warburg, the deletion hypothesis of Potter, and various other mechanisms emphasizing genomic derepression and impaired immunity. The critical steps in chemical carcinogenesis are described, and the Vogelstein-Lane model is presented, emphasizing the stepwise and cumulative genomic changes affecting chromosomes 5q, 17p, 18q, and gene amplification of chromosome 12 as well as genomic instability resulting from reduced DNA methylation. The main consequences of these genomic alterations include overexpression or activation of oncogenes such as c-myc and k-ras, together with mutation or functional inactivation of suppressor genes such as p53. Finally, the implications of these findings for diagnosis and management are illustrated by reference to recent investigations in cancers of the breast, colon, and bladder, in which these genomic alterations can be detected by examination of appropriate cellular material and by detection in serum of antibodies to the p53 gene product.

History, 20th Century↗