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PubMed2005

Segregation at the SCN resistance locus rhg1 in soybean is distorted by an association between the resistance allele and reduced field emergence.

Segregation distortion has been reported repeatedly in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) inbred line populations segregating for the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) resistance gene rhg1. In each reported case, the frequency of the SCN resistance allele at the rhg1 locus was lower than expected. Segregation distortion was studied in 51 F4 populations by counting the number of plants predicted to be homozygous resistant, susceptible, and heterozygous for rhg1 based on the genetic markers Satt309, CTA, or TMA5. Significant (P<0.05) segregation distortion was observed in 44 out of the 51 F4 populations. When the heterozygotes were ignored, there were significantly fewer homozygous-resistant plants than expected in 33 populations. To study whether differential field emergence was a cause of the segregation distortion, three near isogenic line (NIL) populations segregating at the rhg1 locus for SCN resistance from plant introduction 88788 were tested. Population sizes ranged from 32 to 44 NILs and emergence was determined in field experiments in three environments. In each population, SCN-resistant NILs had significantly (P<0.05) less field emergence than susceptible NILs. In the population with the greatest effect, field emergence of resistant NILs was 6% less than susceptible NILs, with the entire population having an average emergence rate of 46%. Equations were derived to describe the effect of selection on segregation ratios over generations of population development and the observed emergence rates were transformed into fitness factors. Depending on assumptions of gene action, it was predicted from these fitness factors that segregation distortions were in the range of those reported previously for the rhg1 locus and were similar to what was observed on average across the 51 F4 populations. While other factors might also be involved, the results suggest that reduced field emergence associated with the SCN resistance allele contributes to previously reported segregation distortion at the rhg1 locus.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

Identification of 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms in human hepatocyte growth factor gene and association with blood pressure and carotid atherosclerosis in the Japanese population.

It has been suggested that circulating concentrations of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are increased in individuals with vascular endothelial damage, such as in hypertensive patients and subjects with atherosclerosis. Because the influence of genetic variation of HGF has not been examined, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HGF gene, and investigated the association between these SNPs and blood pressure or carotid atherosclerosis in the Japanese general population. We identified 21 SNPs in the HGF gene by direct sequencing in a test population of 32 Japanese subjects. Among them, considering allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium, three SNPs, C-1652T in the promoter, T43839A in intron 8, and T44222C in intron 9, were genotyped in 2412 members of the Japanese general population randomly selected from the residents in Suita city. None of the three SNPs were significantly associated with blood pressure. After adjusting for age, smoking habits, consumption of alcohol, and the presence of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, female subjects with the T allele of T43839A had more severe carotid atherosclerosis compared to individuals with the A allele. This study provides the first evidence that HGF may be a candidate susceptibility loci that affects the progression of atherosclerosis in Japanese subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Structure detection: a statistically certified unsupervised learning procedure.

We present a class of structure detection procedures (SDPs) that can extract the characteristic structures in an arbitrary population of images. An SDP adaptively augments the power of a novel, statistical, structure test to reject the null hypothesis that a randomly chosen image is devoid of structure. The core of the structure test consists of an orthonormal basis B of receptive fields that is refined into an increasingly sensitive detector of characteristic image structures. Adaptive refinement is accomplished as follows: for each image x in a random training sequence, B is updated by a planar rotation that decreases the p-value of a statistical structure test for x. This image-by-image refinement procedure is very efficient, obeying time and space constraints similar to those that limit processes of perceptual organization in real organisms. SDPs' capabilities are demonstrated in three test populations: natural images, faulty random number generators, and artificial images composed of mixtures of basis functions. (1) An SDP succeeds in rejecting the null hypothesis that the UNIX random number generator rand() is truly random. (2) When images are composed by adding arbitrary pairs of orthogonal component images, an SDP extracts the components. (3) For a large set of natural image patches, an SDP yields a basis B1 that detects structure with p-value < 0.005 in 88% of a new set of patches. B1's elements resemble the receptive fields of V1 simple cells. (4) Of special interest are biconvergent SDPs that derive in parallel a basis B, as well as a pointwise transformation f, specifically sensitized to evaluate the response values that result from applying B to images in the target population. A biconvergent SDP applied to natural image patches yields a basis B2 similar to B1, as well as a pointwise transformation f with vastly heightened sensitivity to extreme response values. We conjecture that sensory neurons have evolved cooperatively to maximize their collective power to reject the null hypothesis that their input is devoid of structure, thereby evolving receptive fields that efficiently represent characteristic input structures.

Form Perception↗
PubMed2005

Effectiveness of methoprene, an insect growth regulator, against temephos-resistant Aedes aegypti populations from different Brazilian localities, under laboratory conditions.

The susceptibility of Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae from several Brazilian populations to the juvenile hormone analog methoprene and the organophosphate insecticide temephos were investigated. Populations from Natal (northeastern region), Macapá (northern region), and Jardim América, Rio de Janeiro (southeastern region) are temephos-resistant (RR90 = 24.4, 13.3, and 15.8, respectively), whereas populations from Presidente Prudente (southeastern region) and Porto Velho (northern region) exhibit only an incipient temephos-altered susceptibility status (RR90 = 1.8 and 2.6, respectively). Biochemical assays revealed alterations of the enzymes implicated in metabolic resistance, glutathione S-transferase, mixed function oxidases and esterases, among these populations. Dose-response assays showed at most a low resistance to methoprene of all populations tested, irrespective of their temephos resistance level. However, sequential exposure of Macapá and Natal populations to temephos and methoprene indicated a potential cross-resistance when larvae are exposed to both insecticides. Nevertheless, susceptibility of the Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations to methoprene alone suggests this insect growth regulator could substitute for temephos in the control of the dengue vector in the country.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2006

Retroperitoneal anomalies in men with testicular germ cell tumours.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether vascular and other retroperitoneal anomalies are more frequent during retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for metastatic testicular tumours (when retroperitoneal masses persist after chemotherapy) than would be expected, based on the initial observations from one centre with a large experience of RPLND in the UK. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective series of 278 consecutive patients treated with RPLND for testicular tumours comprised the sample population. For each patient the presence or absence of four factors from the history was recorded. Each patient then underwent RPLND. During surgery, a template was constructed of the anatomy of the retroperitoneum and the information stored. Eight different retroperitoneal anatomical anomalies were identified in the sample population; the incidence of each was then compared with the largest available study of a normal population, and differences analysed statistically. RESULTS: Of the 278 patients who had RPLND, 55 had 59 anomalies (21%), found by history and as retroperitoneal vascular and urological anomalies; cryptorchidism was present in 7.6%, 9.5 times the incidence in the control population (P < 0.01). A left-sided inferior vena cava was present in 3.6% of patients, 21 times the incidence in the control population (P < 0.001); a retro-aortic left renal vein in 3.2%, four times that in the control population (P < 0.05); and ipsilateral renal agenesis had an incidence of 1% in the test population, 11 times greater than in the control population (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study of 278 RPLNDs provides evidence that some retroperitoneal anatomical anomalies are associated with testicular germ cell tumours. The link between maldescent and testicular tumours, rather than an isolated association, should be considered as part of a spectrum of retroperitoneal anomalies that occur in these men.

Cardiovascular Abnormalities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of three potential screening tests for diabetes mellitus in a biethnic population.

We tested the ability of three potential screening tests for diabetes (fasting plasma glucose value greater than or equal to 140 mg/dl, 1-h postglucose (PG) load value greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl, and 2-h PG value greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl) to detect non-insulin-dependent diabetes in 130 diabetic Mexican Americans (MAs) and 50 diabetic Anglo Americans (AA) using the National Diabetes Data Group criteria as the standard. The sensitivity of the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) cutpoint in detecting diabetes was low in both AAs (36.0%) and MAs (59.3%) and was related to the age-adjusted prevalence rates of diabetes in the two ethnic groups (AAs, 4.9%; MAs, 10.9%). The 2-h PG load cutpoint had good sensitivity (greater than 93%) and specificity (greater than 99%) in both ethnic groups. The ethnic difference in the sensitivity of the FPG cutpoint appeared to be related to the greater hyperglycemia of diabetic MAs compared with diabetic AAs. Nearly 30% of diabetic MAs had FPG values greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl as contrasted with only 10% of diabetic AAs. The difference in severity of hyperglycemia between the ethnic groups appears to be unrelated to ethnic differences in adiposity, pharmacologic treatment, or delay in diagnosis, although longer disease duration in MAs may explain part of the difference.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Indirect fluorescent antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of CSF testing with an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystis neurona. SAMPLE POPULATION: Test results of 428 serum and 355 CSF samples from 182 naturally exposed, experimentally infected, or vaccinated horses. PROCEDURE: EPM was diagnosed on the basis of histologic examination of the CNS. Probability distributions were fitted to serum IFAT results in the EPM+ and EPM-horses, and correlation between serum and CSF results was modeled. Pairs of serum-CSF titers were generated by simulation, and titer-specific likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities of EPM at various pretest probability values were estimated. Post-test probabilities were compared for use of a serum-CSF test combination, a serum test only, and a CSF test only. RESULTS: Post-test probabilities of EPM increased as IFAT serum and CSF titers increased. Post-test probability differences for use of a serum-CSF combination and a serum test only were < or = 19% in 95% of simulations. The largest increases occurred when serum titers were from 40 to 160 and pre-test probabilities were from 5% to 60%. In all simulations, the difference between pre- and post-test probabilities was greater for a CSF test only, compared with a serum test only. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CSF testing after a serum test has limited usefulness in the diagnosis of EPM. A CSF test alone might be used when CSF is required for other procedures. Ruling out other causes of neurologic disease reduces the necessity of additional EPM testing.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of maturity in drawing in childhood. I. Evaluation and validation of a graphomotor test in a population of normal children].

INTRODUCTION: The tests for measuring the ability of a child for copy a drawing take no less than 15 minutes and require a direct attention to the patient. This makes them almost impossible to use in the neurological or paediatric consultation. OBJECTIVE: In this report a new test of drawing copy, the grafomotor test, is presented. It is composed by 8 easy figures: diamond, stair, cross, flower, clock, house, cube and bicycle and the score method is simple. The progressive maturation of drawing in childhood and the reliability and validity of the test are studied. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two studies were done: a) 210 children aged 5 12 (all the children belonging to two classes of every age ) of a medium high socioeconomic level primary school made the test, remade it again after 24 hours, and them were scored blindly by a neuropediatrician and a school psychologist. b) 133 children (5 11 year old) of a paediatric consultation of a medium low socioeconomic level. Every child who wanted draw the test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 1. The score system proposed is easy and takes less than 1 minute to do. The perfect test get a score of 0, and the worst possible a score of 20; 2. Result show high reliability: interobserver Pearson s correlation coefficient r> 0.92, and reliability Cronbach alpha coefficient= 0.97; test retest reliability r> 0,91 and alpha= 0,95. 3. It is a valid tool to measure visuomotor maturation in childhood. Average scores are different at every age until 11 years. 4. There is no difference in scores between children of the two socioeconomic levels studied. 5. The test is easy, and fast to do and to score. It takes 5 10 minutes and can be passed in the same neurological or paediatric consultation, while talking with the parents. Results depend on mental or drawing level, not on the socioeconomic status. 6. GT is, therefore, proposed as another tool to add to the neurological clinical examination.

Art↗
PubMed2000

Sambunigrin and cyanogenic variability in populations of Sambucus canadensis L. (Caprifoliaceae).

The presence or absence of cyanogenic glycosides was determined for individuals from nine populations of Sambucus canadensis L. (elderberry) of east-central Illinois. In most of the populations tested, all or most of the individuals did not produce these compounds, in one, all were cyanogenic, whereas in another population this trait was highly variable. Addition of the enzyme emulsin to negative tests did not result in any further release of cyanide. The glycoside responsible is (S)-sambunigrin.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Pesticide avoidance behavior in Anopheles albimanus, a malaria vector in the Americas.

The behavioral responses of 4 populations of Anopheles albimanus females to DDT, permethrin, and deltamethrin were characterized in excito-repellency tests. One test population (ST) from El Salvador has been maintained as a colony for 20 years. A second population (ES) from Guatemala was colonized in 1992. Third and fourth populations consisted of field-caught specimens from Toledo District (TO) of southern Belize in 1994 and Corozal District (CO) of northern Belize, respectively. Females of ES, TO, and CO populations rapidly escaped from direct contact with treated surfaces for each of the 3 insecticides. Similarities in escape responses of insecticide-resistant (ES) versus insecticide-susceptible populations (TO, CO) suggest that there is no relationship between physiological and behavioral responses of An. albimanus populations to DDT, permethrin, and deltamethrin. Females from all but the ST colony escaped in greater numbers from chambers without direct contact with treated surfaces than from control chambers (P < 0.05). Few females from the ST colony escaped from test chambers, regardless of which insecticide was used or whether contact was allowed, indicating that the ST colony has lost its capability to respond to insecticides. Repellent responses were significant; but they were not pronounced in 30-min exposures, and they were very pronounced in 4-h exposures. We conclude that irritant and repellent responses of malaria vectors to insecticides are important components of malaria control operations.

Americas↗
PubMed2006

Cross-generational environmental effects and the evolution of offspring size in the Trinidadian guppy Poecilia reticulata.

The existence of adaptive phenotypic plasticity demands that we study the evolution of reaction norms, rather than just the evolution of fixed traits. This approach requires the examination of functional relationships among traits not only in a single environment but across environments and between traits and plasticity itself. In this study, I examined the interplay of plasticity and local adaptation of offspring size in the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Guppies respond to food restriction by growing and reproducing less but also by producing larger offspring. This plastic difference in offspring size is of the same order of magnitude as evolved genetic differences among populations. Larger offspring sizes are thought to have evolved as an adaptation to the competitive environment faced by newborn guppies in some environments. If plastic responses to maternal food limitation can achieve the same fitness benefit, then why has guppy offspring size evolved at all? To explore this question, I examined the plastic response to food level of females from two natural populations that experience different selective environments. My goals were to examine whether the plastic responses to food level varied between populations, test the consequences of maternal manipulation of offspring size for offspring fitness, and assess whether costs of plasticity exist that could account for the evolution of mean offspring size across populations. In each population, full-sib sisters were exposed to either a low- or high-food treatment. Females from both populations produced larger, leaner offspring in response to food limitation. However, the population that was thought to have a history of selection for larger offspring was less plastic in its investment per offspring in response to maternal mass, maternal food level, and fecundity than the population under selection for small offspring size. To test the consequences of maternal manipulation of offspring size for offspring fitness, I raised the offspring of low- and high-food mothers in either low- or high-food environments. No maternal effects were detected at high food levels, supporting the prediction that mothers should increase fecundity rather than offspring size in noncompetitive environments. For offspring raised under low food levels, maternal effects on juvenile size and male size at maturity varied significantly between populations, reflecting their initial differences in maternal manipulation of offspring size; nevertheless, in both populations, increased investment per offspring increased offspring fitness. Several correlates of plasticity in investment per offspring that could affect the evolution of offspring size in guppies were identified. Under low-food conditions, mothers from more plastic families invested more in future reproduction and less in their own soma. Similarly, offspring from more plastic families were smaller as juveniles and female offspring reproduced earlier. These correlations suggest that a fixed, high level of investment per offspring might be favored over a plastic response in a chronically low-resource environment or in an environment that selects for lower reproductive effort.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Female family doctors: their work and well-being.

BACKGROUND: The role of female physicians, which often involves combining medicine, marriage, and motherhood, may cause stress for some women. The purpose of this research was to identify correlates of depression, stress, and self-esteem among a sample of female Canadian family physicians. METHODS: All female family physicians in London, Ontario, who met study eligibility criteria were asked to participate in a questionnaire study. Sixty-two physicians were surveyed and asked to complete four psychological survey instruments: the Cognition Checklist, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, the People in Your Life Scale, and the Work Response Questionnaire. RESULTS: The response rate was 83.3%. Sixty-five percent of subjects felt overloaded or overwhelmed at least once per week. These women, on average, worked more hours than subjects who reported not feeling overwhelmed (r = .48). Subjects had lower depression scores than did other populations tested with similar survey instruments. Subjects' self-esteem was similar to that found in other populations and was positively correlated with opportunities to acquire new skills (r = .34) and perceived lack of difficulty in developing lasting relationships (r = .41). CONCLUSIONS: Depression appears to be less common among female family physicians than among other populations, but nearly two thirds of female family physicians feel overloaded or overwhelmed by their multiple responsibilities, as often as once per week.

Canada↗
PubMed2002

Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in an Australian high school student population.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections among an Australian high school adolescent population. METHODS: Over a 4 year period, 14 high schools were selected in which an infertility prevention programme targeting C. trachomatis was delivered to senior student populations. Coded first catch urine specimens were analysed by Amplicor PCR and infected students treated. Data retrospectively obtained from chlamydia screening programmes conducted among disadvantaged young people detached from formal education were also collated for comparison. RESULTS: Of a total student test population of 1174, 15 (1.3%; 95% CI 0.7% to 2.1%) were diagnosed with C. trachomatis. Of 516 females and 658 males, 12 (2.3%; 95% CI 1.1% to 4.1%) and 3 (0.5%; 95% CI 0.1% to 1.4%) were tested positive respectively. Data collated for three populations of disadvantaged youth returned at total of 89 C. trachomatis infections out of 560 people (15.9% 95%CI 13.0-19.2%). CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of C. trachomatis infection among this population of senior high school adolescents is low, and significantly differs from the higher chlamydia rates detected in disadvantaged adolescents detached from formal schooling (p<0.0001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Lack of clinical utility of folate levels in the evaluation of macrocytosis or anemia.

PURPOSE: Folate levels are routinely ordered in the evaluation of macrocytosis with or without frank anemia, yet the value of these tests is questionable. We evaluated the clinical utility of folate testing in routine clinical practice. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all serum and erythrocyte folate assays performed over a one-year period at three hospitals. We determined the frequency of low values, then reviewed the medical records of all patients with low values to determine whether low folate levels changed clinician behavior. We also performed a cost analysis to determine the cost of testing per case in which behavior changed. RESULTS: Only 2.3% of the 2,998 folate levels obtained during the study period were low. The low levels were noted in the record in 53% of cases, and folic acid was prescribed or continued at discharge in only 24%. The cost analysis showed that nearly $10,000 was spent in folate testing per patient in which behavior changed. CONCLUSIONS: Folate values were rarely low in the population tested, and low values infrequently led to a change in clinician behavior. Given the limited clinical value of folate tests, we propose that, in cases of macrocytosis with or without anemia, to minimize cost and prevent missed cases of true folate deficiency, empirical supplementation with folic acid should be used in place of testing for deficiency.

Anemia↗
PubMed2003

CCR5-Delta32 allele frequencies in Ashkenazi Jews.

This study was carried out to determine the 32-bp deletion allele frequencies in the CCR5 gene (CCR5-Delta32) in various populations of Jews of eastern European origin (Ashkenazi Jews). The total population sample (n = 351) represented Ashkenazi Jews originating from seven geographic groups in Europe. The overall frequency of the CCR5-Delta32 allele was elevated (13.7%), although some important differences in frequencies occurred among the seven countries included in the survey; the frequency was highest (25.9%) in those of Lithuanian origin. There is an apparent trend (r = 0.74) involving a lowering of the Delta32 allele frequencies moving from north to south in the seven populations tested. The Delta32 frequencies obtained were compared to those already published for non-Jewish populations inhabiting the same countries and the differences in frequencies were not significant, with the exception of Lithuania (chi(2) = 2.20, p < 0.03). Founder effect and genetic drift are proposed to explain the elevated values observed in Ashkenazi Jews and those originating from Lithuania.

Alleles↗
PubMed2002

Systematic quantitative overviews of the literature to determine the value of diagnostic tests for predicting acute appendicitis: study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Suspected acute appendicitis is the most frequent cause for emergency operations in visceral surgery worldwide. In approximately twenty percent of all cases however, the diagnosis is incorrect and patients undergo surgery without having acute appendicitis. Operations of bland appendices put patients at risk and entail a serious waste of resources. Several highly accurate tests have been introduced to diagnose acute appendicitis. The false positive rate however, has not changed over the last twenty years. Given the variation that exists in both practice and research, the uncertainty regarding the quality of the underlying evidence, there is a clear need for comprehensive, systematic and quantitative overviews of the diagnostic value of the various tests purported to be predictive of acute appendicitis. METHODS: Literature will be identified searching general bibliographic databases (MEDLINE and EMBASE), specialist computer databases (DARE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, conference proceedings, MEDION, SCISEARCH, BIOSIS) without language restrictions. We will contact experts and the manufacturers of tests. Hand-searching will complete our searches. Identified articles will be selected according to populations, tests, outcomes and study design. Papers meeting the selection criteria will be appraised to rate their methodological quality. Analysis will include exploration of heterogeneity in results. We will conduct meta-analyses to generate summary estimates of test accuracy measures and summary ROC curves where appropriate. If meta-analysis is considered to be inappropriate, we will describe the identified evidence in the context of appraised quality. DISCUSSION: These reviews should lead to formulation of recommendations for current practice and future research.

Appendicitis↗
PubMed1991

Clinical experience with the triple test for Down's syndrome screening.

The introduction of maternal serological screening for chromosome disorders in pregnancy in women aged over 30 years at the estimated date of delivery was monitored in two hospitals. The test used involved measurement of three substances in maternal serum combined with maternal age (the triple test). This is the first report of such screening applied to an unselected antenatal clinic population. Test uptake was high but there was no overall increase in amniocentesis numbers because the increase in younger mothers was compensated for by a decrease in older women who previously, without serological testing, might have gone directly to amniocentesis. It is anticipated that widespread introduction of such testing will lead to improved detection of Down's syndrome as predicted from retrospective studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Reliability for an imaging test: evaluation of scintigraphy to reveal liver state in gastrointestinal cancer.

In 185 consecutive, surgical patients with suspected or proven gastrointestinal cancer a preoperative liver scintigraphy was performed; liver metastases were bioptically verified in 28 patients. A seven-class descriptive system was used for blind classification of the scintigraphies according to conferential consensus. Two years later (with the knowledge of the verified incidence of metastatic liver disease) the scintigraphies were reclassified. Considering the verified state of the patients, the latter classification was substantially improved. Probability for metastatic disease increased with more abnormal class label. At best, reliability for a twice interpreted scintigraphy as a binary test to denote the true state of the liver was 92 percent. The best cut-off level for diagnostic purposes yields a probability of 1.00 for an abnormal scintigraphy to denote liver metastases, accepting that 54 percent of patients with liver metastases were not found. For screening purposes, at best, a probability of 0.98 for a normal scintigraphy to denote no liver metastases was noted; thus, 83 percent of patients with normal liver state were missed. In conclusion, we find the liver scintigraphy classification system useful to find or exclude metastases in the test population and we think the procedure applied could be useful as a vehicle to report test results for any imaging modality.

Gastrointestinal Neoplasms↗